| Description |
This paper shows that the different migration policies reflect the national concern with alleviating the
burden the increasing population imposes on national resources. On the one hand, Egyptian laws favor
temporary labor migration as a labor distress mechanism and seek to create new opportunities via
bilateral agreements. On the other hand, Egyptian laws reject the integration of non-nationals in Egypt
and impose strict conditions regarding work and residency permits and naturalization. The paper
assesses Egyptian migration laws dealing with migration, both into or out of Egypt, against the criteria
of circular migration and shows that the existing framework currently enforces a quasi-circular
migration at best.
In the examination of Egypt as a sending country, the paper shows that migration law does in fact
provide a legal framework that meets most of the criteria favoring circular migration. Nevertheless,
legislation suffers from shortcomings within the context of management, in terms of readmitting
returned migrants or creating incentives for their return. The paper also points to discriminatory
provisions regarding fundamental rights among the different groups of foreigners in Egypt, where the
most disadvantaged are refugees and asylum seekers. The paper highlights the need for policies that
improve the economic and social conditions of migrants, and to include refugees in circular migration
programs as well as reduce the recourse to illegal migration among refugees and Egyptians alike.
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