Return policies

Results displayed in this section refer to research on policies, laws, legislation, regulation or measures concerning return migration. Return migration means the process of going back to the country of departure, or homeland; it can be voluntary or forced. When it is not voluntary, it involves deportation and repatriation. When the return is voluntary, it can either be assisted or independent. Assisted voluntary return refers to  programs that provide assistance and support to rejected asylum seekers, victims of trafficking in human beings, stranded migrants, qualified nationals or other migrants unable or unwilling to remain in the host country, and can include reintegration support (AVRR).

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Returning Rejected Asylum Seekers: Challenges and good practices – Luxembourg

Authors Linda Dionisio, Noemi Marcus, Adolfo Sommarribas, ...
Description
The issue of non-return of rejected international protection applicants does not enjoy a high political profile on its own, but has been discussed as part of a global debate on asylum. Significant efforts are required when considering the wide spectrum of possible reasons of non-return, some reasons depending on the countries of destination, others on the returnee himself/herself. In this respect, reasons of non return range from the non-respect of deadlines, the issuance of travel documents, postponement of removal for external reasons to the returnee, for medical reasons, the resistance of the third-country national and the lack of diplomatic representation of Luxembourg, to name but a few. In regards to the procedure, in Luxembourg the rejection of the international protection application includes the return decision. The Minister in charge of Immigration, through the Directorate of Immigration, issues this decision. The return decision only becomes enforceable when all appeals are exhausted and the final negative decision of rejection of the competent judicial authority enters into force, as appeals have suspensive effects. This decision also sets out the timeframe during which the rejected international protection applicant has to leave the country. In case the applicant does not opt for a voluntary return, the decision will also include the country to which s/he will be sent. In general, the decision provides for a period of 30 days during which the applicant has the option to leave voluntarily and to benefit from financial support in case of assisted voluntary return through the International Organization for Migration (IOM). There are two exceptions to this rule: the applicant who is considered a threat to national security, public safety or homeland security and the applicant who has already been issued a return decision before. The declaration and documentation provided during the procedure of international protection can be used to facilitate return. Subsequent applications are possible, in particular if new evidence of facts appears resulting in an increased likelihood of the applicant to qualify for international protection. For rejected international protection applicants who did not opt for voluntary return and did not receive any postponement of removals, a certain (limited) support is available while waiting for the execution of the enforceable return decision. As such, they continue to stay in reception facilities and to receive certain social benefits unless they transgress any internal rules. If an urgent need exists, rejected applicants may be granted a humanitarian social aid. However, they are not entitled to access the labour market or to receive ‘pocket money’ or the free use of transport facilities. They benefit from an access to education and training, however this access cannot constitute a possible reason for non-return. These benefits are available to rejected applicants until the moment of their removal. In order to enforce the return decision and prevent absconding, the Minister may place the rejected international applicant in the detention centre, especially if s/he is deemed to be obstructing their own return. Other possible measures include house arrest, regular reporting surrendering her/his passport or depositing a financial guarantee of 5000€. Most of these alternatives to detention were introduced with the Law of 18 December 2015 which entered into force on 1st January 2016. As a consequence, detention remains the main measure used to enforce return decisions. A number of challenges to return and measures to curb them are detailed in this study. A part of these measures have been set up to minimize the resistance to return from the returnee. First and foremost is the advocacy of the AVRR programme and the dissemination of information relating to this programme but also the establishment of a specific return programme to West Balkan countries not subject to visa requirements. Other measures aim at facilitating the execution of forced returns, such as police escorts or the placement in the detention centre. Finally, significant efforts are directed towards increasing bilateral cooperation and a constant commitment to the conclusion of readmission agreements. No special measures were introduced after 2014 in response to the exceptional flows of international protection applicants arriving in the EU. While the Return service within the Directorate of Immigration has continued to expand its participation to European Networks and in various transnational projects in matters of return, this participation was already set into motion prior to the exceptional flows of 2014. As for effective measures curbing challenges to return, this study brings to light the AVRR programme but especially the separate return programme for returnees from West Balkan countries exempt of visa requirements. The dissemination of information on voluntary return is also considered an effective policy measure, the information being made available from the very start of the international protection application. Among the cases where return is not immediately possible, a considerable distinction has to be made in regards to the reasons for the non-return. Indeed, in cases where the delay is due to the medical condition of the returnee or to material and technical reasons that are external to the returnee, a postponement of removal will be granted. This postponement allows for the rejected applicant to remain on the territory on a temporary basis, without being authorized to reside and may be accompanied by a measure of house arrest or other. In cases of postponement for medical reasons and of subsequent renewals bringing the total length of postponement over two years, the rejected applicant may apply for a residence permit for private reasons based on humanitarian grounds of exceptional seriousness. Nevertheless, apart from this exception, no official status is granted to individuals who cannot immediately be returned. Several measures of support are available to beneficiaries of postponement to removal: they have access to accommodation in the reception centres they were housed in during their procedure, they may be attributed humanitarian aid, they continue to be affiliated at the National Health Fund, they continue to have access to education and professional training and they are allowed to work through a temporary work authorization. The temporary work authorization is only valid for a single profession and a single employer for the duration of the postponement to removal, although this is an extremely rare occurrence in practice. OLAI may allocate a humanitarian aid might be allocated if the individual was already assisted by OLAI during the procedure of her/his international protection application. All of these measures apply until the moment of return. The study also puts forth a number of best practices such as the Croix-Rouge’s involvement in police trainings, their offer of punctual support to vulnerable people through international networking or the socio-psychological support given to vulnerable people placed in the detention centre among others. A special regard has to be given to AVRR programmes and their pre-departure information and counselling, the dissemination of information and the post-arrival support and reintegration assistance. Indeed, stakeholders singled the AVRR programme out as a best practice and the Luxembourgish government has made voluntary return a policy priority for a long time. However, this increased interest in voluntary returns has to be put into perspective as research shows that sustainable success of voluntary return and reintegration measures is only achieved for a very restricted number of beneficiaries (namely for young, autonomous and dynamic returnees with sizeable social networks and who were granted substantial social capital upon return). Hence, returning women remains a sensitive issue, especially if they were fleeing abusive relationships. Another factor contributing to hardship set forth by research is the difficult reintegration of returnees that have lived outside of their country of return for a prolonged period of time and are therefore unable to rely on social networks for support or for a sense of belonging. Based on these considerations, NGOs and academia cast doubts on the ‘voluntary’ nature of these return programmes, their criticism targeting the misleading labelling of these policy measures.
Year 2016
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
1 Report

Zurück nach Pakistan: Die politische Ökonomie der Emotionen in der Remigration

Principal investigator Martin Sökefeld (Principal Investigator)
Description
Das beantragte Forschungsprojekt untersucht Abschiebungen und "freiwillige" Rückkehr aus Deutschland nach Pakistan und fokussiert dabei auf die "politische Ökonomie der Emotionen" in der Remigration, verstanden als Produktion, Austausch und Zirkulation von Emotionen im Gefüge von Beziehungen, Erfahrungen, Verpflichtungen und Erwartungen zwischen (Re-)Migranten, verwandtschaftlichen, lokalen und transnationalen Kontexten, sowie staatlichen und nichtstaatlichen Institutionen. Nachdem Deutschland in den vergangenen Jahren vermehrt zum Zielland pakistanischer Migranten geworden ist, nehmen im Zuge verschärfter Asylpolitik Abschiebungen und die Förderung "freiwilliger" Rückkehr zu. Das Projekt geht davon aus, dass Migration nie ein rein "rationales", "interessengeleitetes" Phänomen ist, sondern dass Migration, Remigration eingeschlossen, stark mit Emotionen verbunden ist. Das Projekt gliedert sich ein in das wachsende ethnologische Forschungsinteresse an Abschiebungen, das jedoch bislang vor allem auf Afrika und Lateinamerika gerichtet ist. Die Untersuchung beginnt mit der sehr unübersichtlichen Situation hinsichtlich Abschiebung und Rückkehrförderung in Deutschland. Darauf aufbauend werden die Emotionen, mit denen die Motivationen, Erwartungen und Erfahrungen der (Re)Migration einhergehen, untersucht, bezogen sowohl auf pakistanische Migranten in Deutschland, denen eine Rückkehr bevorsteht, als auch auf Remigrierte, die schon in Pakistan angekommen sind. Schließlich will das Projekt die gesellschaftlichen Konsequenzen und Effekte der Abschiebung und/oder "freiwilligen" Rückkehr in Pakistan erforschen, indem es das soziale Umfeld von Remigranten (Familie, Verwandtschaftsnetzwerke, peer groups, Dorf oder urbane Nachbarschaft, soziale Netzwerke), seine ökonomischen und (lokal-)politischen Strukturen, und die in diesem Kontext produzierten und zirkulierenden Emotionen untersucht. Neben der empirisch-ethnographischen Untersuchung von Abschiebung und Remigration nach Pakistan beabsichtigt das Projekt, einen theoretischen und methodologischen Beitrag zur Rolle von Emotionen im Kontext von Remigration und Abschiebung zu erarbeiten und damit einen Beitrag zur "anthropology of removal" (N. Peutz) zu leisten.
Year 2018
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
2 Project

Machbarkeitsstudie zur Im/Mobilität ausreisepflichtiger Personen in Deutschland

Principal investigator Laura Peitz (Researcher), Randy Stache (Researcher), Lisa Johnson (Researcher)
Description
Die durch das Forschungszentrum des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) konzipierte MIMAP soll empirisch-fundierte und anwendungsbezogene Erkenntnisse zu Verbleib, Rückkehr und Weiterwanderung Ausreisepflichtiger liefern und ein besseres Verständnis darüber ermöglichen, warum ausreisepflichtige Personen trotz geringer rechtlicher Bleibe- und Partizipationsperspektiven und Angeboten zur freiwilligen Rückkehr in Deutschland verbleiben. Darüber hinaus soll der empirische Zugang zur Untersuchungsgruppe Ausreisepflichtiger erprobt werden. Der Schwerpunkt der MIMAP liegt auf ausreisepflichtigen Personen mit Asylbezug, von denen der überwiegende Teil im Besitz einer Duldung ist. Die Forschungserkenntnisse sollen Impulse für die Weiterentwicklung der rückkehrpolitischen und aufenthaltsverstetigenden Maßnahmen geben.
Year 2021
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
3 Project

“Voluntary Return” without Civil Society?

Authors Reinhard Schweitzer
Year 2022
Journal Name Migration and Society
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
4 Journal Article

Les Migrations entre l'Afrique et l'Europe

Principal investigator Cris Beauchemin (Principal Investigator)
Description
L’objectif principal du projet de recherche MAFE est de fournir des données quantitatives et originales sur les caractéristiques et les comportements des migrants d’Afrique subsaharienne. Il vise à palier à l’absence de données complètes sur les causes des migrations et les modes de circulation entre l’Afrique et l’Europe. Les retours, la circulation et les pratiques transnationales des migrants doivent être correctement compris pour concevoir de meilleurs politiques de migration. Le projet MAFE étudie les flux migratoires entre l’Europe et le Sénégal, la République Démocratique du Congo et le Ghana, qui représentent plus du quart des migrations africaines vers l’Europe. Thème 1 : rendre compte des tendances des migrations entre l’Afrique et l’Europe. Thème 2 : Expliquer les départes, mais aussi les retours. Thème 3 : Intégration et réintégration des migrants. Thème 4 : Migrations internationales et changements familiaux.
Year 2006
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
13 Project

Averting forced migration in countries in transition

Authors S Martin
Year 2002
Journal Name International Migration
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
14 Journal Article

Las políticas de retorno desde una perspectiva transnacional: el caso de España y Colombia

Year 2017
Journal Name Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios (RIEM)
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
15 Journal Article

Conditionality, migration control and bilateral disputes: The view from the Greek–Turkish borders in the Aegean

Authors Maria Gregou
Year 2019
Journal Name Mediterranean Politics
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
16 Journal Article

Responses to long-term irregularly staying migrants: practices and challenges in EU Member States and Norway

Authors European Migration Network (EMN)
Description
This study aims to provide an overview of existing policies and practices in the EU Member States and Norway towards third-country nationals in a prolonged situation of irregular stay. The overall focus is on those third-country nationals subject to a return decision but whose return was not enforced or was postponed, and those without a return decision who are unknown to the authorities. The study explores the responses and approaches by central and local authorities to end those situations and mitigate the social consequences for the third-country nationals affected. It examines access by these groups to mainstream services. The status of third-country nationals who cannot be returned due to legal or practical obstacles varies within and across the Member States as it does not rely on a harmonisation at EU level and usually depends on individual circumstances. Services provided to long-term irregular migrants with some form of status/authorisation are limited compared to those provided to regular migrants, often discretionary, and difficult to access, especially concerning social protection benefits and employment. Services available to undetected migrants with no authorisation to stay are even more limited and essentially rely on the application of standards set out in international human rights law. The main service providers for long-term irregular migrants are national authorities and municipalities, with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) providing complementary and/or autonomous services. In order to end irregular stay in general, not only focusing on long-term specifically, (voluntary) return is prioritised in the Member States, whereas regularisation is only marginally addressed in policy. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the situation of migrants who cannot be returned or who remain undetected by the authorities, due to the urgency in ensuring universal access to medical care. In a limited number of cases, labour market shortages in essential sectors due to border closures led to regularisation of workers with skills in shortage areas.
Year 2021
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
17 Report

Intergovernmental relations and return - Part 2: From paper to practice?

Authors Research and Documentation Centre (WODC), Arjen Leerkes, Mieke Maliepaard, ...
Description
Each year the Member States of the European Union issue around 500,000 return decisions to persons who do not, or no longer, have legal stay. A return decision requires the person to leave the territory of the state issuing the return decision and to go to a country where he/she does have legal stay, usually his/her country of citizenship. If persons do not leave themselves, they risk being returned by force. The implementation of assisted and forced return often requires cooperation by the countries of citizenship of the person receiving the return decision, and thus partially depends on the intergovernmental relations between EU+ (EU Member States plus Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) and non-EU+ countries. The WODC has conducted three interrelated studies on the influence of these relations on return. Having developed a fitting analytical strategy, and with awareness of the data’s limitations, Part 2 (Leerkes, Maliepaard and Van der Meer, 2022) set about answering the main research questions of the project. We employed advanced quantitative analysis to estimate the effects of different intergovernmental return frameworks on the rate of enforced return from EU+ countries to non-EU+ countries. The term intergovernmental return framework pertains to all texts in which states describe how they will cooperate on enforced return (examples are ‘Readmission Agreement’, ‘Memorandum of Understanding’, ‘Mobility Partnership’, ‘Exchange of letters’, and so forth).
Year 2022
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
18 Report

Mapping Specific Incentives for Countries of Origin to Facilitate Cooperation on Return

Principal investigator Albert Kraler (Project Team Member), Bernhard Perchinig (Project Team Member)
Description
This project aims at identifying need-based potentials for cooperation, which can lead to opportunities for improved cooperation between countries wishing to return persons not holding residence rights and five countries (Algeria, Morocco, Nigeria, Tunisia, Iran) in the field of return and readmission. More specifically, and based on the analysis of relevant international relations theories as well as on insights from expert interviews, the study will examine: • Options for the development of strategies for the creation of incentive based cooperation schemes in the field of return and readmission and to determine which incentives could be offered to the countries of origin of illegally resident third-country nationals without jeopardizing the EU's objectives in this area, and ultimately its own interests. • Experiences of selected EU-countries (Italy, the Netherland, the UK, Sweden) in cooperation with the above mentioned countries in the field of return. • Necessary conditions for the establishment of sustainable cooperation in the field of return (based on theoretical considerations and results of the empirical investigations) In addition, the project aims at producing five country specific case studies including information on: • the general situation with regard to migration and the corresponding third country. • the current state of cooperation between Austria and the third country • perceived problems in the area of repatriation • European experiences • positive incentives
Year 2017
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
20 Project

Mapping Specific Incentives for Countries of Origin to Facilitate Cooperation on Return

Principal investigator Albert Kraler (Project Team Member), Bernhard Perchinig (Project Team Member)
Description
This project aims at identifying need-based potentials for cooperation, which can lead to opportunities for improved cooperation between countries wishing to return persons not holding residence rights and five countries (Algeria, Morocco, Nigeria, Tunisia, Iran) in the field of return and readmission. More specifically, and based on the analysis of relevant international relations theories as well as on insights from expert interviews, the study will examine: • Options for the development of strategies for the creation of incentive based cooperation schemes in the field of return and readmission and to determine which incentives could be offered to the countries of origin of illegally resident third-country nationals without jeopardizing the EU's objectives in this area, and ultimately its own interests. • Experiences of selected EU-countries (Italy, the Netherland, the UK, Sweden) in cooperation with the above mentioned countries in the field of return. • Necessary conditions for the establishment of sustainable cooperation in the field of return (based on theoretical considerations and results of the empirical investigations) In addition, the project aims at producing five country specific case studies including information on: • the general situation with regard to migration and the corresponding third country. • the current state of cooperation between Austria and the third country • perceived problems in the area of repatriation • European experiences • positive incentives
Year 2017
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
21 Project

Advisory report: The strategic country approach to migration: between ambition and reality

Authors Adviesraad Migratie, Adviescommissie voor Vreemdelingenzaken or Members of the Advisory Committee on Migration Affairs (ACVZ)
Description
Since 1996 the problem of countries that do not cooperate or cooperate insufficiently in the return of their nationals has repeatedly been the subject of political debate in the Netherlands. In the intervening decades, the Netherlands has developed various policy strategies aimed at inducing countries of origin to improve their cooperation in forced return. Since 2011, when the first government led by Prime Minister Rutte took office, these strategies have been subsumed under the heading ‘strategic country approach to migration’. The Advisory Committee on Migration Affairs (ACVZ) describes this approach as follows. Description of the strategic country approach to migration A strategic country approach to migration exists if a link is made between forced return policy and one or more other policy areas. These policy areas may lie within or outside migration policy and be the responsibility of ministries other than the Ministry of Security and Justice. A customised approach is the key. Both positive and negative measures may be employed to achieve the aim. These incentives may be offered to countries of origin provided they cooperate in readmission. This is known as ‘conditionality’. In addition the message to cooperate in forced return is repeatedly transmitted in all contacts and at every level in relations with the country concerned. The State Secretary of Security and Justice and the Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation asked the ACVZ to carry out an evaluation and issue an advisory report on the strategic country approach to migration. This report complies with that request. The research questions are: • How has the strategic country approach to migration been shaped in the Netherlands in recent years and what are the results? • To what extent can the strategic country approach to migration be more effectively deployed as an instrument in migration policy? The preference under Dutch migration policy is for independent return by foreign nationals who are not allowed to remain. Forced return is seen as a necessary element of a consistent return policy. This advisory report confines itself to measures to obtain the cooperation of countries of origin in the forced return of their nationals. They consist of undocumented or insufficiently documented failed asylum-seekers and other persons residing illegally in the Netherlands who have the nationality of the country of origin and who do not leave independently, with or without assistance. The ACVZ’s research was focused on the 32 countries of origin on the Focus Country acvz -july 2015 8 The str ategic country approach to migr ation List of January 2015 drawn up by the Repatriation and Departure Service (DT&V).1 The government has awarded priority to nine countries on this list (known as the ‘Cabinet countries’): Afghanistan, Algeria, China, Egypt, Ghana, India, Iraq, Morocco and Somalia/Somaliland.
Year 2015
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
22 Report

De som inte får stanna: Att implementera återvändandepolitik

Authors Henrik Malm Lindberg
Description
Under de senaste två decennierna, 1999–2018, har svenska myndigheter fattat beslut om mer än 300 000 återvändanden, knappt 20 000 per år i snitt varav det stora flertalet under den senare delen av perioden. Alla dessa människor som inte har fått stanna förväntas återvända frivilligt, men vi vet av erfarenhet att en stor andel inte gör det. På politisk nivå sägs återvändandefrågorna vara prioriterade i regleringsbrev och genom olika lagstiftnings- och andra initiativ. Mot denna bakgrund syftar denna Delmi-rapport till att undersöka återvändandefrågorna från ett styrnings- och implementeringsperspektiv. Huvudfrågan för undersökningen lyder: Varför är diskrepansen mellan mål och utfall så pass stor på återvändandeområdet? Den handlar om hur styrmedel utnyttjas i politiken. Empiriskt bygger rapporten på ett 40-tal semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstemän och frontbyråkrater, alltså personal på fältet, inom Migrationsverket, Polisen och Justitiedepartementet, men också andra offentliga myndigheter samt civilsamhällesorganisationer. Med hjälp av intervjuer, insamlade interna rapporter och andra underlag från berörda myndigheter samt offentliga utredningar har en rad iakttagelser och fenomen systematiserats. Analysen har byggt på en implementeringsmodell med tre frågor i centrum: Hur förstå, kunna och vilja genomföra återvändandepolitiken? Utgångspunkten är att de myndigheter som ska genomföra de målsättningar som politiker ställt upp om ett effektivt, rättssäkert och humant återvändande kännetecknas av att vara ”StreetLevel bureaucracies”. Där skapar frontbyråkraterna egna rutiner och sätt att arbeta för att hantera sina uppgifter samtidigt som de också är styrda av regler och rättsstatens ideal av likabehandling. Resultaten från undersökningen visar att återvändandefrågorna i sig innehåller väsentliga målkonflikter som är svåra att hantera. En sådan konflikt finns mellan de tre värden som ska genomsyra återvändandepolitiken, nämligen effektivitet, rättssäkerhet och humanitet. Målet om ett effektivt återvändande i termer av många och snabbt verkställda beslut (helst på frivillig basis) måste ställas i relation till de andra båda målen, men också till mål på andra politikområden – såsom snabb etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Målet om att verkställa fattade beslut på återvändandeområdet får ofta stå tillbaka för andra mål. Utgångspunkten är att de som befinner sig i en asylprocess kan förväntas att verkligen vilja stanna i landet och deras förtroende för de myndigheter som har ett annat uppdrag kan förväntas vara litet. Myndigheternas uppdrag och intention är att avoch utvisa de med lagakraftvunna avslagsbesked samt irreguljära migranter från landet. Detta ska ske så snabbt och (kostnads)effektivt som möjligt, men också under humana och rättssäkra former. Rättsstatens ideal med rätten till en individuell prövning samt att humanitära hänsynstaganden ska gälla också på detta område utgör i sig en viss restriktion för effektivitetsmålet. Men den målsättning som myndigheterna jobbar utifrån är frivilligt återvändande, vilket innebär lägre kostnader för både individen och för samhället samt en mindre traumatisk upplevelse för alla parter. I första hand vill man således att individer med återvändandebeslut ska återvända frivilligt efter att ha ordnat med erforderliga rese- och identitetshandlingar samt varit tillmötesgående under processen. I utbyte erbjuds ekonomisk hjälp i form av olika slags återvändarbidrag, in-kind (i natura) eller monetära bidrag. När varken morötter eller predikningar hjälper så finns piskan där i form av förvarstagande och assistans från Polisen och Kriminalvårdens transportenhet för att verkställa beslutet. De verktyg och policyredskap som används i form av piskor, morötter och predikningar och som ska ge incitament att återvända och inte stanna i landet, lever inte upp till önskvärd nivå. Asylprocessen innehåller många olika spår och möjligheter som skickar signaler genom systemet att ett nej inte alltid är ett nej. Spårbytesmöjligheten, inklusive möjligheter att överklaga spårbytet, erbjuder en ny chans att få stanna och hör ihop med politikens mål om etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Signalen från samhällets sida om att man får arbeta och då får en andra chans, skapar samtidigt en förväntan att få stanna. Möjligheten att anföra verkställighetshinder, inklusive möjligheter att överklaga, är snarare ett sätt att tillgodose behovet av rättssäkerhet i asylprocessen. Regularisering, att få en ny chans till prövning, är en möjlighet som företrädesvis uppstår som ett svar på att gruppen irreguljära migranter växer i omfattning och lever gömda. Skälen till de regulariseringsbeslut som fattas brukar då vara humanitet gentemot en åsidosatt grupp som lever under svåra villkor. Därutöver är det tydligt att återvändande betraktas och behandlas som en lågstatussyssla hos de myndigheter som ansvarar för frågorna. Området må prioriteras i regleringsbrev under senare år. Men det röner inte samma uppmärksamhet hos myndighetsledningarna, vilket illustreras i både personalförsörjning och resursfördelning, något som torde påverka tjänstemän och frontbyråkrater i förväntad riktning. Sammanfattningsvis visar våra resultat att återvändandepolitiken har åtskilliga utmaningar att hantera. Inte minst gäller det de målkonflikter som finns på området, att verksamheten inte alltid prioriteras på myndigheter med huvudansvar och att politiken på återvändandeområdet inte alltid är konsekvent. Därutöver är de omgivande faktorerna inte heller direkt gynnsamma, vilket gör att de policyverktyg som används bemöts med effektiva motstrategier.
Year 2020
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
23 Report

Deterrence and protection in the EU migration policy

Authors Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Angeliki DIMITRIADI
Year 2014
Journal Name [Global Governance Programme], [Cultural Pluralism]
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
25 Journal Article

Return visits and other return mobilities

Authors Md Farid Miah
Year 2022
Book Title Handbook of Return Migration
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
26 Book Chapter

THE STRUCTURING OF ETHNICITY IN HONG-KONG - ENTERING THE TRANSITION PHASE

Authors GA POSTIGLIONE
Year 1988
Journal Name International Journal of Intercultural Relations
Citations (WoS) 3
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
27 Journal Article

Intergovernmental relations and return - Part 3: Beyond return frameworks

Authors Research and Documentation Centre, A. Leerkes, M. Van der Meer, ...
Description
Each year the Member States of the European Union issue around 500,000 return decisions to persons who do not, or no longer, have legal stay. A return decision requires the person to leave the territory of the state issuing the return decision and to go to a country where he/she does have legal stay, usually his/her country of citizenship. If persons do not leave themselves, they risk being returned by force. The implementation of assisted and forced return often requires cooperation by the countries of citizenship of the person receiving the return decision, and thus partially depends on the intergovernmental relations between EU+ (EU Member States plus Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) and non-EU+ countries. The WODC has conducted three interrelated studies on the influence of these relations on return. this study explores whether or not the Netherlands and Norway can learn from the experiences and strategies of one another by comparing the experiences and strategies of the two countries in relation to enforced return to Afghanistan3, Iran, and Iraq. Such comparisons may lead to useful new insights as different EU+ countries – despite the EU’s attempts at harmonisation – have developed somewhat different approaches to enforced return (cf. Leerkes & Van Houte, 2020). This raises the question of how different EU+ states strive to accomplish enforced return to the same origin states, and with what ‘quantitative’ and ‘qualitative’ outcomes (e.g., what rates of enforced return do they achieve, and do states enforce returns within the norms that matter in liberal democracies, including migrants’ fundamental rights and a commitment to accepted principles of sound administration?). This exploratory study was thus guided by two research questions: What are the experiences of the Netherlands and Norway with regards to enforced return (forced and assisted return) to Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq? What (inter)governmental strategies have the Netherlands and Norway developed with a view to effecting enforced return to Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq?
Year 2022
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
28 Report

Annual report on migration and asylum 2017 – Luxembourg

Authors Sarah Jacobs, Kelly Adao Do Carmo, David Petry, ...
Description
Le présent rapport fait la synthèse des principaux débats et des évolutions majeures concernant les migrations et l’asile au Luxembourg en 2017. Le nombre de personnes demandant une protection internationale est resté élevé en 2017 (2 322 demandes) par rapport aux niveaux enregistrés avant la « crise migratoire » (1 091 en 2014). Toutefois, ce nombre est resté relativement stable par rapport aux deux années précédentes (2 447 en 2015 et 2 035 en 2016). Cette stabilité relative s’est également reflétée dans le débat public et politique dans le domaine des migrations et de l’asile. Depuis 2016, l’accent n’a cessé de se déplacer d’un discours « d’urgence » axé sur la mise en œuvre de mesures et de conditions d’accueil vers des discussions sur des mesures et des politiques d’intégration à plus long terme. À cet égard, le nouveau parcours d’intégration accompagné (PIA) peut être considéré comme un projet phare de l’OLAI, l’Office luxembourgeois de l’accueil et de l’intégration des étrangers. Le PIA vise à autonomiser les demandeurs et les bénéficiaires d’une protection internationale et à les soutenir dans le développement de leur projet de vie. Le parcours, obligatoire pour tous les demandeurs adultes de protection internationale, se compose d’une composante linguistique et d’une composante civique, et il est divisé en trois phases. Bien que l’augmentation des capacités d’hébergement des demandeurs de protection internationale (DPI) figure parmi les priorités des autorités nationales, le logement des DPI reste très problématique et a déclenché un débat à l’échelle nationale. Outre l’accès à la formation, les problèmes liés au logement des DPI ont été parmi les questions les plus fréquemment soulevées en 2017. La pression sur le logement des DPI et des bénéficiaires de protection internationale (BPI) est importante : le manque de logements abordables sur le marché privé, le nombre croissant de réunifications familiales et la progression du nombre de BPI et de personnes qui ont fait l’objet d’une décision de retour mais qui restent hébergées dans les structures de l’OLAI ont été identifiés comme facteurs de pression. Les difficultés liées à la construction de structures modulaires d’hébergement ont également persisté en 2017. Une certaine réticence de la population à l’égard de la construction de ces « villages conteneurs », prévue en réponse à l’afflux croissant qui a commencé en août 2015, était visible dans les recours introduits devant les tribunaux administratifs pour annuler les plans d’occupation des sols liés aux projets. Les conditions de vie au sein des structures d’accueil ont également fait l’objet de discussions. Elles portaient notamment sur l’absence d’équipement en cuisines de plusieurs lieux d’accueil, les différents systèmes d’approvisionnement en nourriture et les types de nourriture disponibles. Afin de répondre au nombre toujours important de DPI en provenance des pays des Balkans occidentaux, une procédure ultra-accélérée a été mise en place. Cette procédure a été instaurée pour diminuer les pressions sur les structures d’accueil et pour éviter de créer de faux espoirs pour les séjours de longue durée. En avril 2017, la structure d’hébergement d’urgence au Kirchberg (SHUK) a été mise en place, afin d’héberger les DPI pour lesquels le Luxembourg n’est pas compétent pour examiner les demandes en vertu de l’application du règlement de Dublin. Ce nombre a fortement progressé. Le placement à la SHUK correspond à une assignation à résidence, donc à une alternative à la rétention. La structure nouvellement créée ainsi que les conditions d’affectation ont néanmoins été critiquées par la société civile. Plusieurs acteurs de la société civile ont manifesté leur opposition face à une disposition de la loi du 8 mars 2017 qui a étendu la période de rétention des adultes ou familles avec enfants de 72 heures à 7 jours afin de rendre plus efficiente l’organisation du retour. Un premier bilan du fonctionnement du Centre de rétention a été publié en 2017. Une commission chargée d’évaluer l’intérêt des mineurs non accompagnés dans le cadre d’une décision de retour a été créé fin 2017. La commission est chargée de mener à bien des évaluations individuelles concernant l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant dans le but de prendre une décision de retour ou d’accorder une autorisation de séjour. Parmi les éléments pris en considération lors de cette évaluation et dans le contexte d’une éventuelle décision de retour figurent également les informations fournies par l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM). Cette dernière a conclu un accord avec la Direction de l’immigration pour rechercher les parents de mineurs non accompagnés dans le pays d’origine. Comme les débats s’orientent lentement vers l’intégration à long terme, le Conseil de gouvernement a également approuvé l’élaboration d’un nouveau plan d’action national sur l’intégration. Le plan sera basé sur deux axes : l’accueil et le suivi des demandeurs de protection internationale et l’intégration des résidents non luxembourgeois au Luxembourg. L’Agence pour le Développement de l’Emploi (ADEM) a créé une cellule BPI au sein de son Service employeurs. Cette cellule fournit aux employeurs des renseignements sur les demandes d’emploi et les évaluations des compétences des BPI. Une nouvelle loi sur la nationalité luxembourgeoise est entrée en vigueur le 1er avril 2017. Cette loi s’inscrit dans le contexte démographique particulier du Luxembourg, caractérisé par une augmentation continue de la population totale avec, en parallèle, une diminution de la part des Luxembourgeois dans la population totale. A travers cette loi, le législateur veut favoriser l’intégration sociétale et politique des citoyens non luxembourgeois et renforcer la cohésion au sein de la communauté nationale. Les principaux changements introduits par la loi consistent en la réduction de la durée de résidence pour la naturalisation (de 7 à 5 ans), l’introduction du droit du sol de la première génération, la réinstauration de voies simplifiées d’acquisition de la nationalité luxembourgeoise par « option », ainsi que de nouveaux scénarios pour éviter les cas d’apatridie. La loi maintient les exigences linguistiques antérieures tout en procédant à quelques ajustements afin d’empêcher que les exigences linguistiques ne deviennent un obstacle insurmontable. En vue des élections communales du 8 octobre 2017, le ministère de la Famille, de l’Intégration et à la Grande Région a lancé une campagne d’information et de sensibilisation intitulée « Je peux voter » en janvier 2017. Cette campagne avait pour but d’inciter la population étrangère du Luxembourg à s’inscrire sur les listes électorales pour les élections communales. L’intention du Gouvernement de légiférer sur la dissimulation du visage était sans doute l’un des sujets les plus débattus dans le domaine lié à la vie au sein de la société au Luxembourg et l’intégration au sens large du terme, tant à la Chambre des députés que dans les médias et la sphère publique. Le projet de loi n° 7179 vise à modifier l’article 563 du Code pénal et à créer l’interdiction de dissimuler le visage dans certains espaces publics. Il définit la dissimulation du visage comme le fait de couvrir une partie ou la totalité du visage de façon à rendre l’identification de la personne impossible. Des vues opposées entre les parties prenantes – les partis politiques, les institutions publiques, la société civile ou les médias – se sont exprimées au sujet de la nécessité de légiférer en la matière et dans l’affirmative, sur les motifs et l’étendue de l’interdiction de la dissimulation du visage. Le phénomène des migrations a eu aussi comme conséquence de renforcer l’hétérogénéité de la population scolaire. Pour faire face à cette situation, les autorités scolaires ont continué à diversifier l’offre en matière d’éducation et de formation. Parmi les mesures mises en place, on peut signaler notamment l’élargissement des offres de cours d’alphabétisation et de formation de base, l’extension de l’offre au niveau des écoles internationales et européennes et la mise en place d’un programme d’éducation plurilingue au niveau de la petite enfance. Dans le domaine de l’immigration, les changements les plus importants concernent la politique d’admission de certaines catégories de ressortissants de pays tiers. À cet égard, le projet de loi n° 7188 vise principalement à transposer la Directive européenne 2016/801 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 11 mai 2016 sur les conditions d’entrée et de séjour des ressortissants de pays tiers à des fins de recherche, d’études, de formation, de volontariat, de programmes d’échanges d’élèves ou de projets éducatifs et de travail au pair. La directive vise à faire de l’Union européenne un centre mondial d’excellence en matière d’études et de formation, tout en favorisant les contacts entre les personnes et leur mobilité, deux éléments importants de la politique extérieure de l’Union européenne. Le projet de loi vise à faciliter et à simplifier les procédures de mobilité intraeuropéenne des chercheurs et des étudiants qui sont des ressortissants de pays tiers. De plus, certaines modifications comprennent des mécanismes incitatifs pour retenir les étudiants et les chercheurs. À cette fin, il propose que les étudiants et les chercheurs, une fois leurs études ou recherches terminées, puissent se voir délivrer un titre de séjour pour « raisons privées » pour une durée maximum de 9 mois en vue de trouver un emploi ou de créer une entreprise. Enfin, le projet de loi entend réglementer le regroupement familial d’un chercheur séjournant au Luxembourg dans le cadre d’une mobilité à court et à long terme. Le législateur a par ailleurs transposé la Directive 2014/36 sur les travailleurs saisonniers et la Directive 2014/66 sur le transfert temporaire intragroupe en droit national, et a adapté le dispositif de l’immigration aux besoins de l’économie en introduisant entre autres, une autorisation de séjour pour les investisseurs. L’organisation de l’admission du séjour et de la délivrance des autorisations de séjour était également un élément clé de l’Accord entre le Luxembourg et le Cap-Vert relatif à la gestion concertée des flux migratoires et au développement solidaire. L’accord approuvé par la loi du 20 juillet 2017 poursuit en outre les objectifs suivant : promouvoir la mobilité des personnes, lutter contre l’immigration irrégulière, préciser les procédures de réadmission, renforcer l’intégration légale des ressortissants concernés, ainsi que mobiliser les compétences et les ressources des migrants en faveur d’un développement solidaire.
Year 2018
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
29 Report

Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited

Authors Jean-Pierre Cassarino
Year 2004
Journal Name International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 2008, 10, 2, 95-105
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30 Journal Article

Intergovernmental relations and return - Part 1: Measuring enforced return to Europe

Authors Research and Documentation Centre, Mieke Maliepaard, Manon van der Meer, ...
Description
Each year the Member States of the European Union issue around 500,000 return decisions to persons who do not, or no longer, have legal stay. A return decision requires the person to leave the territory of the state issuing the return decision and to go to a country where he/she does have legal stay, usually his/her country of citizenship. If persons do not leave themselves, they risk being returned by force. The implementation of assisted and forced return often requires cooperation by the countries of citizenship of the person receiving the return decision, and thus partially depends on the intergovernmental relations between EU+ (EU Member States plus Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) and non-EU+ countries. The WODC has conducted three interrelated studies on the influence of these relations on return. In Part 1 of the study, the results of which are reported here, we explore the validity and reliability of Eurostat return data. The aim is to investigate whether and how Eurostat return data can be used to answer research questions on factors influencing return rates across EU Member States and across third countries. We pose two research questions: 1. What can be said about the validity and reliability of the EU data on returns and return decisions? 2. If there are issues pertaining to the validity and reliability of EU data on returns and return decisions, what methodologies are suitable to research the effects of return frameworks on return outcomes and/or to identify differences between comparable corridors in the level and/or type (e.g., forced vs. voluntary) of return?
Year 2022
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31 Report

Retur som avtalt? En effektivitetsstudie av Norges returavtaler

Authors Silje Sønsterudbråten, Kristian Takvam Kindt, Vigdis Vevstad, ...
Year 2016
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32 Report

Who leaves? The outmigration of the foreign-born

Authors GJ Borjas, B Bratsberg
Year 1996
Journal Name The Review of Economics and Statistics
Citations (WoS) 284
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33 Journal Article

Unpacking longings to return: Guatemalans and Salvadorans in Phoenix, Arizona

Authors M Moran-Taylor, Cecilia Menjivar
Year 2005
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 23
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34 Journal Article

Evaluation on the Application of the Return Directive (2008/115/EC)

Description
The Research Team supports ICMPD’s IMR Competence Centre in drafting and quality control of several case studies being written in the framework of the project "Evaluation on the Application of the Return Directive (2008/115/EC)". Objectives: The project will provide input to the Commission report to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of the Directive. The report will also be made available to the Member States' authorities, relevant stakeholders and the general public to facilitate an informed debate on possible further development of the EU Return Policy. Specifically, the evaluation will: • map and analyse the practical implementation of the benchmarks (common standards) set out by the Return Directive and identify potential shortcomings; • analyse the extent to which the Return Directive has changed return policy in Member States (within the scope of the directive) to date (2013) as compared to the situation before 2008; • analyse the extent to which the changes brought about by the Return Directive have led to greater convergence at the EU level; • identify return policy aspects that are not/inadequately covered by the Return Directive, which should be addressed by the directive in the future/for which legislation in the field should be further harmonised; • identify the scope for possible non-legislative initiatives that would enhance the effectiveness of the application of the directive. The results of the study will: • feed into the application report, • complete the study on the legal transposition (currently undertaken by TIPIK), and • inform the debate on possible further development of EU Return Policy. Implementing Agencies: MATRIX (lead) ICMPD; ECRE; CEPS; TIPIK; ODYSSEUS
Year 2013
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36 Project

Conditions of Modern Return Migrants

Year 2008
Journal Name International Journal on Multicultural Societies
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37 Journal Article

Why do migrants return to poor countries? Evidence from Philippine migrants' responses to exchange rate shocks

Authors Dean Yang
Year 2006
Journal Name The Review of Economics and Statistics
Citations (WoS) 71
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38 Journal Article

Return migration to Jamaica and its development potential

Authors E Thomas-Hope
Year 1999
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 50
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39 Journal Article

Negotiated and Involuntary Return: COVID-19 Pandemic and Return Migration of Bangladeshi Temporary Labour Migrant Men

Authors Md. Mohaiminul Islam
Year 2023
Journal Name Migration Letters
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40 Journal Article

Negotiated and Involuntary Return: COVID-19 Pandemic and Return Migration of Bangladeshi Temporary Labour Migrant Men

Authors Md. Mohaiminul Islam
Year 2023
Journal Name Migration Letters
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41 Journal Article

Terugkeer: verschillende belangen en perspectieven

Authors Research and Documentation Centre (WODC), Djamila Schans, Manon van der Meer, ...
Year 2022
Journal Name Justitiële verkenningen
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42 Journal Article

The Consequences of Refugee Return

Authors Carlos Vargas-Silva
Year 2016
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
43 Policy Brief

Ethnic return migration: An Estonian case

Authors H Kulu
Year 1998
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 19
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44 Journal Article

Detention as Punishment: Can indefinite detention be Greece’s main policy tool to manage its irregular migrant population?

Authors Anna Triandafyllidou, Danai Angeli, Angeliki DIMITRIADI
Year 2014
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45 Policy Brief

The Dilemmas of Policy Towards Return Migration. The Case of Poland After the EU Accession

Year 2013
Journal Name Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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46 Journal Article

From Potential to Actual Social Remittances? Exploring How Polish Return Migrants Cope with Difficult Employment Conditions

Year 2016
Journal Name Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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47 Journal Article

Return Migration of Foreign Students [The Netherlands]

Authors Govert E. Bijwaard, Qi Wang
Year 2014
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49 Working Paper

STARTING A CAREER - AN INTERCULTURAL CHOICE AMONG OVERSEAS ASIAN STUDENTS

Authors MS Singer
Year 1993
Journal Name International Journal of Intercultural Relations
Citations (WoS) 2
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50 Journal Article

“It Is Better to Do Business in Africa than in Europe” – Socio-Economic Positionings among Business-Minded European Somalis Moving to Kenya

Authors Tabea Scharrer
Year 2020
Journal Name Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies
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51 Journal Article

Return Migration as a Channel of Brain Gain

Authors Karin Mayr, Giovanni Peri
Year 2008
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52 Working Paper

THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN THE U.S. WAGE STRUCTURE ON RECENT IMMIGRANTS' EARNINGS

Authors Darren Lubotsky
Year 2011
Journal Name The Review of Economics and Statistics
Citations (WoS) 7
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53 Journal Article

Retour de demandeurs de protection internationale déboutés: défis et bonnes pratiques

Authors Adolfo Sommarribas, Linda Dionisio, Noemie Marcus, ...
Description
Cette note de synthèse présente les principaux résultats de l’étude réalisée en 2016 par le Point de contact luxembourgeois du Réseau européen des migrations intitulée « Retour de demandeurs de protection internationale déboutés: défis et bonnes pratiques ». L’étude se situe dans le contexte de l’accroissement récent des demandes des personnes en recherche de protection et des demandeurs de protection internationale (ci-après dpi) déboutés. Elle s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux raisons qui font que les dpi déboutés ne peuvent ou ne veulent retourner ainsi qu’aux mesures adoptées par les États Membres pour faciliter et encourager les retours.
Year 2017
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54 Report

The stalemate: Motivational interviewing at a carceral junction

Authors Katrine Syppli Kohl
Year 2022
Journal Name Incarceration
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55 Journal Article

Youth mobility and the development of human capital: is there a Southern European model?

Authors Barbara Staniscia, Luca Deravignone, Beatriz González-Martín, ...
Year 2019
Journal Name Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
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56 Journal Article

Favoriser la réintégration sociale et professionnelle des migrants de retour nord-africains. Une comparaison des cas du Maroc et de la Tunisie

Authors Lorenzo Gabrielli, Ferruccio Pastore, Jesús García-Luengos, ...
Description
1Résumé exécutifCe rapport vise à analyser la manière dont le Maroc et la Tunisie abordent la question de la réinsertion sociale et professionnelle des migrants de retour et à identifier les lacunes à combler. L’étude propose d’abord de cartographier à la fois les connaissances empiriques existantes et le phénomène dans les deux pays. À cette fin, des données primaires et secondaires, tant qualitatives que quantitatives, ont été collectées, en particulier au moyen de deux études empiriques - menées dans le cadre de deux missions de terrain au Maroc (fin octobre 2018) et en Tunisie (début novembre 2018) - permettant de recueillir dans chaque pays 13 entretiens semi-dirigés en face à face auprès des principaux acteurs institutionnels, des organisations internationales et des institutions des pays tiers, de la société civile, ainsi que des universités et des experts.Après une analyse détaillée des données collectées, il a été possible de procéder à une analyse comparative des stratégies des deux pays en matière de politiques de retour et de réintégration des citoyens migrants. Certains éléments se dégagent concernant ces programmes de réintégration, leurs forces, leurs faiblesses et leurs lacunes, ainsi que leur évaluation.En particulier, il convient de noter que dans les deux cas étudiés, le cadre institutionnel sur les questions de réintégration des migrants de retour est généralement peu développé en raison d’un intérêt politique très limité en ce sens. Les accords bilatéraux de protection sociale conclus avec les pays d’immigration des ressortissants des deux pays sont vraisemblablement le principal instrument dans les deux cas. Au Maroc, il existe quelques initiatives supplémentaires, notamment en termes d’investissements des migrants de retour, tandis qu’en Tunisie, la complexité de l’architecture gouvernementale après le printemps arabe a rendu difficile les progrès dans ce domaine. La fragmentation institutionnelle de l’expertise sur le terrain et la centralisation administrative jouent un rôle important pour expliquer l’absence de mécanismes spécifiques. Compte tenu du petit nombre d’initiatives nationales, il convient de mentionner un nombre important d’initiatives promues par les pays européens, l’UE, les ONG et les organisations internationales, qui sont étroitement liées à l’importance de la question du retour, tant volontaire que forcé, au niveau européen. Il est évident que cette question est particulièrement pertinente en Europe et que les acteurs européens ont une influence importante sur la mise en place de mécanismes de retour et de réintégration dans les deux pays.En ce qui concerne le type de programmes et de projets existants, il y a un déséquilibre entre les initiatives suivant la dichotomie entre les migrants de retour « de succès » et non volontaires : les premiers sont les principaux bénéficiaires des mesures existantes, les seconds ne sont pas considérés comme prioritaires. Il y a aussi des domaines de mesures de soutien pour la réinsertion oubliés : l’emploi et le développement des compétences, mais aussi le soutien psychosocial et la scolarisation des enfants, entre autres. Là encore, il est très difficile d’établir l’impact des initiatives existantes, tant endogènes qu’exogènes, étant donné l’insuffisance des activités de suivi et d’évaluation.En conclusion, un certain nombre de recommandations ad hoc ont été formulées pour appuyer le renforcement des initiatives existantes et l’élaboration de programmes de réintégration plus solides
Year 2019
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57 Report

Dashboard of indicators for measuring policy and institutional coherence for migration and development (PICMD)

Description
The dashboard of indicators for measuring policy and institutional coherence for migration and development (PICMD) is a user-friendly tool that has been developed by the KNOMAD Thematic Working Group on Policy and Institutional Coherence. The dashboard aims to measure the extent to which public policies and institutional arrangements are coherent with international best practices to minimise the risks and maximise the development gains of migration, and can be used by domestic policy makers and other stakeholders such as researchers, civil society and international organisations. For policy makers, the dashboard should serve as a particularly useful tool during the policy formulation, evaluation and adjustment process. Indicators are organised around the following five policy dimensions: promote institutional coherence, reduce the costs of migration, protect the rights of migrants and their family, promote reintegration, enhance the development impact of migration. There are two distinct dashboards – one from the perspective of countries of origin and the other from the perspective of countries of destination – with separate indicators except in the area of institutional coherence. Any given country can be considered both a country of origin and a country of destination. The Thematic Working Group is currently operationalising the dashboard in 15 pilot countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cabo Verde, Germany, Jamaica, Kenya, Moldova, Morocco, the Philippines, Portugal, the Netherlands, Serbia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, and Trinidad and Tobago.
Year 2016
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
59 Data Set

ISSUES OF INTEGRATION ABROAD AND READJUSTMENT TO JAPAN OF JAPANESE RETURNEES

Authors W ENLOE, P LEWIN
Year 1987
Journal Name International Journal of Intercultural Relations
Citations (WoS) 12
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60 Journal Article

Samen werken aan terugkeer. Advies over effectiviteit en zorgvuldigheid van vreemdelingenbewaring

Authors The Dutch Advisory Committee on Migration Affairs (ACVZ)
Description
Migranten die hier niet rechtmatig verblijven, moeten Nederland verlaten. Als ze zelfstandig willen vertrekken, kunnen ze daar hulp bij krijgen. Als ze niet zelfstandig vertrekken, kunnen ze worden uitgezet. Als het risico bestaat dat ze zich aan het toezicht onttrekken, kunnen ze worden vastgezet om de uitzetting voor te bereiden. Dat noemen we vreemdelingenbewaring. Het kabinet wil het terugkeerbeleid verbeteren. Daarom heeft het de Adviescommissie voor Vreemdelingenzaken (ACVZ) gevraagd te adviseren over: a) de effectiviteit van bewaring (hoe vaak leidt bewaring tot vertrek?), b) de zorgvuldigheid van de besluiten waarmee de bewaring wordt opgelegd en c) de zorgvuldigheid van het proces van inbewaringstelling. Het onderzoek dat we hebben uitgevoerd heeft betrekking op de periode 2015-2019. We hebben gekeken naar alle bewaringen behalve naar bewaring van migranten in de grensprocedure (grensdetentie).
Year 2021
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61 Report

Barriers to (Re)integration: The Roma Return to the Western

Authors Zana Vathi
Year 2019
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62 Working Paper

Migrantes retornados de España y los Estados Unidos: Perfiles y situación laboral en Ecuador

Year 2017
Journal Name Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios (RIEM)
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63 Journal Article

The race gallery: The return of racial science - Kohn,M

Authors JP Rushton
Year 1997
Journal Name SOCIETY
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64 Journal Article

Temporary migration, integration and the role of Policies

Principal investigator Herbert Brücker (Principal Investigator), Stella Capuano (Principal Investigator)
Description
"Durch die stetige Reduktion der Reise- und Telekommunikationskosten bei nahezu gleichbleibenden Einkommensunterschieden in Europa wird Migration und Rückwanderung zu einem weit verbreiteten Phänomen. Das TEMPO Forschungsprojekt erweitert unser Wissen über dieses wichtige Forschungsfeld hinsichtlich verschiedener Dimensionen. Zuerst werden verschiedene Datensätze aufgebaut mit deren Hilfe die Ursache und Wirkung temporärer Migration untersucht wird. Zweitens wird die Integration der Migranten in das Wirtschaftssystem analysiert und die Zeitdimension der Migrationsentscheidung in Verbindung gesetzt. Schließlich werden die politischen Entscheidungsprozesse hinsichtlich temporärer Migration und Rückmigration untersucht und deren Wohlfahrtseffekte analysiert. Projektziel Untersuchung der Arbeitsmarktwirkungen temporärer Migration Beteiligte Institute Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Economics Universität Wien, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre Hamburgisches WeltWirtschaftsInstitut "
Year 2009
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65 Project

The Role of International Migration in Australia's Research Workforce

Authors G Hugo
Year 2014
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
Citations (WoS) 1
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66 Journal Article

Economic opportunity in Mexico and return migration from the United States

Authors DP Lindstrom
Year 1996
Journal Name Demography
Citations (WoS) 132
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67 Journal Article

Palestinian Refugees' Strategies of Conflict Resolution: Reconciling Citizenship Rights and Return

Principal investigator Ruba Salih (Principal Investigator ), Sophie Richter-Devroe (Principal Investigator )
Description
Die Sozialanthropologin Dr. Ruba Salih und die Nahostwissenschaftlerin Dr. Sophie Richter-Devroe beschäftigen sich im Rahmen ihres Forschungsprojekts mit dem Rückkehrrecht der palästinensischen Flüchtlinge. Dabei konzentrieren sie sich auf die Frage, wie palästinensische Flüchtlinge im Westjordanland, in Jordanien und im Libanon ihre Forderung nach einem Recht auf Rückkehr nach Palästina / Israel mit Strategien zur Stärkung ihrer Position im jeweiligen Gastland verbinden.
Year 2012
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
69 Project

Return Migration, State Policy and Integration of Returnees – the Case of Poland

Year 2012
Book Title Welcome Home? Challenges and Chances of Return Migration
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70 Book Chapter

Holocaust Historiography: The Return of Antisemitism and Ethnic Stereotypes as Major Themes

Authors D. Ofer
Year 1999
Journal Name Patterns of Prejudice
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71 Journal Article

Recent Developments and Implications of Policies on Ethnic Return Migration in Korea

Authors Dong-Hoon Seol, Yean-Ju Lee
Year 2011
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
Citations (WoS) 1
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72 Journal Article

Through thick and thin: Layers of social ties and urban settlement among Thai migrants

Authors K Korinek, B Entwisle, A Jampaklay
Year 2005
Journal Name American Sociological Review
Citations (WoS) 76
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73 Journal Article

Testing the cultural identity model of the cultural transition cycle: sojourners return home

Authors NM Sussman
Year 2002
Journal Name International Journal of Intercultural Relations
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75 Journal Article

Irregular workers or ethnic kin? Post-1990s labour migration from Bulgaria to Turkey

Authors Ayse Parla
Year 2007
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 20
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76 Journal Article

Detention and alternatives to detention in international protection and return procedures in Luxembourg

Authors Adolfo Sommarribas, Ralph Petry, Birte Nienaber
Year 2021
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77 Report

Governing Irregular and Return Migration in the 2020s: European Challenges and Asian Pacific Perspectives

Authors Anna Triandafyllidou, Alexandra Ricard-Guay
Year 2019
Journal Name Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies
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80 Journal Article

Of Skilled Migration, Brain Drains and Policy Responses

Authors Ronald Skeldon
Year 2009
Journal Name International Migration
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81 Journal Article

Who's Best Interests ? Exploring Unaccompanied Minor's Rights Through the Lens of Migration and Asylum Procedures

Principal investigator Mateja Sedmak (Principal Investigator), Daniel Senovilla Hernández (Investigator)
Description
The project “In whose best interest? Exploring Unaccompanied Minors’ Rights Through the Lens of Migration and Asylum Procedures (MinAs)” is a research project carried out in four European countries (Slovenia, Austria, France and United Kingdom) in the period from June 2014 to December 2015. European Commission finances the project and its main aim is to identify and recommend better procedures and protection measures for unaccompanied minors (UAM). The project examines UAMs’ reception, protection, asylum and return procedures and focuses on: 1. The concept of best interests of the child (BIC). 2. The formal processes of best interests determination (BID). The project looks at both concepts in the actual legal framework for UAM in reception, protection, asylum and return procedures in the four EU countries. Many European countries have not yet introduced best interests determination procedures into their national legislation for UAM. In these cases, lack of appropriate safeguards for UAM are most likely to be identified, leaving the possibility of (too) flexible interpretation of the child’s best interests, which in some cases may be subjected to nationalist, xenophobic and racist discourse. In order to contribute to fulfilling the national obligations set out by international law, as well as following the aims of the European Commission, the project analyses the practical, philosophical and phenomenological dimensions of the best interests of the child, which will enable a deeper understanding of the best interests of children as well providing a solid basis for proper implementation of the principle in practice.
Year 2014
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82 Project

Transnationalism from above and below: Migration management and how migrants manage

Principal investigator May-Len Skilbrei (Project Leader), Erlend Paasche (), Özlem Gürakar-Skribeland (), Tara Søderholm (), Maja Janmyr (), Sine Plambech (), Jørgen Carling ()
Description
Transnationalism from above and below: Migration management and how migrants manage (MIGMA) examines European attempts to return Nigerian migrants, enacting a project of exclusion and excision in the pursuit of governance. MIGMA will offer a theoretically informed empirical exploration of legal instruments central to the sustainability of current migration management, and explore their effects and efficiency. The aim of the research is to contribute with knowledge relevant to European policy development, by linking migration management to wider circuits of migration and understanding it in a broader comparative framework.
Year 2015
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85 Project

ETHNIC-IDENTITY AMONG JAPANESE-AMERICANS IN HAWAII - A CRITIQUE OF HANSEN 3RD-GENERATION RETURN HYPOTHESIS

Authors BJ NEWTON, EB BUCK, DT KUNIMURA, ...
Year 1988
Journal Name International Journal of Intercultural Relations
Citations (WoS) 6
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86 Journal Article

Motives for Turkish return migration from Western Europe: home, sense of belonging, discrimination and transnationalism

Authors Filiz Kunuroglu, Kutlay Yagmur, Fons J. R. Van De Vijver, ...
Year 2018
Journal Name Turkish Studies
Citations (WoS) 5
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88 Journal Article

Bangladesh

Authors Mohammad Jalal Uddin Sikder
Year 2008
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
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89 Journal Article

Skilled Temporary Migration from Asia-Pacific Countries to Australia

Authors SE Khoo, P McDonald, G Hugo
Year 2009
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
Citations (WoS) 13
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90 Journal Article

The Philippines

Authors Maruja M. B. Asis
Year 2008
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
Citations (WoS) 16
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91 Journal Article

Interpretatie en implementatie van de Terugkeerrichtlijn

Authors The Dutch Ministry of Justice and Security, Research and Documentation Centre (WODC), Universiteit Leiden, ...
Description
Het onderzoek betreft een analyse van zowel de Europese regelgeving en jurisprudentie met betrekking tot de Terugkeerrichtlijn, als de Nederlandse wetgeving en rechtspraak. Er tevens is een beschrijvende analyse van de beschikbare data van DT&V gemaakt. De hoofdvraag hierbij is welke invloed heeft de implementatie van de Terugkeerrichtlijn en de interpretatie van bijhorende jurisprudentie met focus op de inbewaringstelling van derdelanders in Nederland gehad? Daarnaast is een vergelijkend onderzoek uitgevoerd naar de effecten van de implementatie van de Terugkeerrichtlijn in België, Denemarken, Duitsland, en Noorwegen. INHOUD: 1. Inleiding, 2. De Terugkeerrichtlijn en de jurisprudentie van het HvJ, 3. Implementatie van de Terugkeerrichtlijn in het Nederlandse vreemdelingenrecht, 4. De data en de observaties van respondenten, 5. Implementatie van de Terugkeerrichtlijn in andere Europese staten, 6. Conclusies
Year 2021
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92 Report

Benchmark study on asylum practices in Switzerland, Denmark and United Kingdom regarding Iraqi, Somali and Eritrean asylum seekers

Principal investigator Martin Wagner (Project Coordinator)
Description
The Swiss Federal Office for Migration (BFM) has commissioned the ICMPD to undertake a comparative study of asylum procedures in Switzerland, Denmark and United Kingdom regarding claims of particularly Iraqi, Somali and Eritrean asylum seekers. Objectives The study aims to comparatively describe current developments in asylum policies and practices in the selected countries and to relate them to: • changes in the number of asylum claims submitted by the target group • changes in the perception of attractiveness of the destination countries: CH, DK, UK Outcomes • Comparative analysis of asylum and return policies in CH, DK, UK. • Statistical analysis on asylum claims of Iraqi, Somali and Eritrean asylum seekers submitted in CH, DK, UK.
Year 2008
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93 Project

Indonesia

Authors Sukamdi
Year 2008
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
Citations (WoS) 3
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94 Journal Article

Senegalese migrants in Italy: Beyond the assimilation/transnationalism divide

Authors Bruno Riccio, Stefano degli Uberti
Year 2013
Journal Name Urban anthropology and studies of cultural systems and world economic development
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95 Journal Article

RETURNED EXCHANGE STUDENTS - BECOMING MEDIATING PERSONS

Authors AH WILSON
Year 1985
Journal Name International Journal of Intercultural Relations
Citations (WoS) 4
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96 Journal Article

EXPECTATION-EXPERIENCE DISCREPANCIES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT DURING CROSS-CULTURAL REENTRY

Authors J ROGERS, C Ward
Year 1993
Journal Name International Journal of Intercultural Relations
Citations (WoS) 56
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97 Journal Article

Thailand

Authors Supang Chantavanich, Pairin Makcharoen
Year 2008
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
Citations (WoS) 2
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98 Journal Article

World Population Policies Database

Description
Since the mid-1970s, the World Population Policies Database, last updated in 2015, provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the population policy situation and trends for all Member States and non-member States of the United Nations. Among several areas, the database shows the evolution of government views and policies with respect to internal and international migration. The migration strand covers internal migration, immigration, emigration, and return. The Database is updated biennially by conducting a detailed country-by-country review of national plans and strategies, programme reports, legislative documents, official statements and various international, Inter-governmental and non-governmental sources, as well as by using official responses to the United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development.
Year 2015
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99 Data Set

Malaysia

Authors Vijayakumari Kanapathy
Year 2008
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
Citations (WoS) 8
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100 Journal Article
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