Taxonomy

An Institutional Approach to Bordering in Islands: The Canary Islands on the African-European Migration Routes

Authors	Dirk Godenau
Year	2012
Journal Name	ISLAND STUDIES JOURNAL
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1 Journal Article

(Re)locating the border: Pre-entry tuberculosis (TB) screening of migrants to the UK

Authors	Adam Warren
Year	2013
Journal Name	Geoforum
Citations (WoS)	3
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2 Journal Article

Intelligent Portable Border Control System

Description	iBorderCtrl envisages to enable faster thorough border control for third country nationals crossing the borders of EU, with technologies that adopt the future development of the Schengen Border Management. The project will present an optimal mixture of an enhanced, voluntary form of a Registered Traveller Programme and an auxiliary solution for the Entry/Exit System based on involving bona fide travellers. iBorderCtrl designs and implements a system that adopts mobility concepts and consists of a two-stage procedure, designed to reduce cost/time spent per traveller at the crossing station. It leverages software and hardware technologies ranging from portable readers/scanners, various emerging and novel subsystems for automatic controls, wireless networking for mobile controls, and secure backend storage and processing. The two-stage procedure includes: (A) the registration before the travel to gather initial personal, travel document and vehicle data, perform a short, automated, non-invasive interview with an avatar, subject to lie detection and link the traveller to any pre-existing authority data. Utilizing multifactor analytics and risk-based approach, the data registered is processed and correlated with publicly open data or external systems such as the SIS II. Processing will need the travellers consent as set in EU legislation and national law. (B) the actual control at the border that complements pre-registered information with results of security controls that are performed with a portable, wireless connected iBorderCtrl unit that can be used inside buses/trains or any point. Multiple technologies check validity and authenticity of parameters (e.g. travel documents, visa, face recognition of traveller using passport picture, real-time automated non-invasive lie detection in interview by officer, etc.). The data collected are encrypted, securely transferred and analysed in real time, providing an automated decision support system for the border control officers. Read More
Year	2016
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3 Project

Neither opaque nor transparent: A transdisciplinary methodology to investigate datafication at the EU borders

Authors	Ana Valdivia, Claudia Aradau, Tobias Blanke, ...
Year	2022
Citations (WoS)	9
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4 Journal Article

Frontex Risk Analysis Network (FRAN) Quarterly Report

Description	Statistical analysis of quarterly changes of eight irregular-migration indicators and one asylum indicator, provided by MS border-control authorities. Indicators: Detections of illegal border-crossing between Border Crossing Points (BCPs); Detections of illegal border-crossing at BCPs; detections of suspected facilitators; detections of illegal stay; refusals of entry; asylum applications; detections of false documents; return decisions for illegally staying third-country nationals; returns of illegally staying third-country nationals)
Year	2012
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5 Data Set

Efficient Integrated Security Checkpoints

Description	Illegal immigration and illicit material detection is a growing concern at the European borders; in that respect border security checkpoints must be particularly efficient against any kind of threat. If airport checkpoints controls are today technically improving, land and seaport checkpoints differ strongly from airports ones and are more complex to process. During the last years, most of the efforts were devoted to develop new solutions addressing new security challenges in airports. We can expect that very shortly authorities will have to guarantee the same level of security controls for all types of borders. The global objective of EFFISEC, a mission oriented project, is to deliver to border authorities more efficient technological equipment: • providing higher security level of identity and luggage control of pedestrians and passengers inside vehicles, at land and maritime checkpoints, • while maintaining or improving the flow of people crossing borders, • and improving work conditions of border inspectors, with more powerful capabilities, less repetitive tasks, and more ergonomic equipment. EFFISEC will provide border officers with up-to-dated technologies: • allowing systematic in depth controls of travellers, luggage and vehicles, for pedestrians and people inside vehicles, through the use of automatic gates and portable identity check and scanning equipment, • providing objective criteria for submitting some travellers/vehicles/luggage to an extensive check in specific lanes. Based on a detailed analysis of the operational requirements (including ergonomics, security and legal issues) for all types of borders, EFFISEC will focus on four technical key issues: documents and identity check, detection of illicit substances, video surveillance and secured communications. The technology proposed will be demonstrated for pedestrians, and travellers using cars and buses; standardisation aspects will be considered and results disseminated. Read More
Year	2009
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6 Project

Surveillance at sea: The transactional politics of border control in the Aegean

Authors	Huub Dijstelbloem, Rogier van Reekum, Willem Schinkel
Year	2017
Journal Name	Security Dialogue
Citations (WoS)	7
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7 Journal Article

The Pressure Cooker: How Border Security Keeps Increasing the Chaos

Authors	Ruben Andersson
Year	2015
Journal Name	Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares
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8 Journal Article

Regulating Movement of the Very Mobile: Selected Legal and Policy Aspects of Ukrainian Migration to EU Countries

Authors	Monika Szulecka
Book Title	Ukrainian Migration to the European Union
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9 Book Chapter

Frontex Annual Risk Analysis Report

Description	The Frontex Risk Analysis Report concentrates on the current scope of Frontex operational activities, which focuses on irregular migration at the external borders of the EU and Schengen Associated Countries. Central to the concept of integrated border management (IBM), border management should also cover security threats present at the external borders. Indicators used: Detections of illegal border-crossings between Border Crossing Points (BCPs); Detections of illegal border-crossing at BCPs; detections of suspected facilitators; detections of illegal stay; refusals of entry;reasons of refusal; detections of false documents; return decisions; effective returns; and passenger flow (when available).
Year	2011
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10 Data Set

Public health in/as 'national security': tuberculosis and the contemporary regime of border control in Australia

Authors	Jed Horner, James G. Wood, Angela Kelly
Year	2013
Journal Name	Critical Public Health
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11 Journal Article

Agencification as a Key Component of the EU Externalisation Toolkit. Observations on a Silent Escape from the Rule of Law

Authors	Daniela Vitiello
Year	2018
Book Title	EU external migration policies in an era of global mobilities : intersecting policy universes
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12 Book Chapter

Reclaiming Control over Europe’s Technological Borders

Authors	Albert Meijer, Huub Dijstelbloem, Frans Brom
Book Title	Migration and the New Technological Borders of Europe
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13 Book Chapter

A secure, modular and distributed mobile border control solution for European land border crossing points

Description	MobilePass will focus on research and development towards technologically advanced mobile equipment at land border crossing points. This will allow border control authorities to check European, visa-holding and frequent third country travellers in a comfortable, fast and secure way. The mobile solution incorporates new technologies needed in mobile scenarios and embeds them in the actual border crossing workflow to speed up control procedures. MobilePass brings together system- and component producers, research institutions and governmental authorities. The entire innovation process, from development to integration, will continuously be evaluated by border guard authorities. Promoting both security and mobility within the EU Border control is a major challenge for member states border control authorities. Travellers request a minimum delay and a convenient, non-intrusive border crossing, while border guards must fulfil their obligation to secure the EUs borders against illegal immigration, terrorisms, crime and other threats. The MobilePass development process addresses both requirements with equal emphasis, keep security at the highest level while increasing the speed and the comfort for all legitimate travellers. Aspects of a fast border crossing by legitimate travellers are a (i) reliable and convenient capture of biometric and passport data, (ii) dependable, secure wireless data transfer, (iii) and a modular mobile equipment optimized to the border control workflow. Improved traveller identification technologies, such as contactless fingerprint capture and advanced mobile facial capture will increase the security, minimise spoofing and evasion, while making the control less cumbersome for passengers. A system evaluation and demonstration will be done in two different member states. Compliance with European societal values and citizens’ rights is central to the acceptance of the developed technologies, and will accompany the development throughout the project. Read More
Year	2014
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14 Project

Analyzing the Homeland Security of the US-Mexico Border

Authors	Lawrence M. Wein, Yifan Liu, Arik Motskin
Year	2009
Journal Name	RISK ANALYSIS
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15 Journal Article

Artificial sniffer using linear ion trap technology

Description	The research will develop a universal gas sensor using modular technologies to function as an artificial sniffer. It will detect a range of substances, including but not limited to people, drugs, explosives (including weapons) and CBRNe. The technology will complement trained sniffer dogs. The technology proposed is based on linear ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometry (MS). MS techniques have been increasingly deployed in security sniffing applications in the USA. MS is a non-intrusive high-resolution technique able to detect single atoms and complex molecules through their charged species (ions) or fragmentation pattern. The technique is capable of detecting a wide range of substances rapidly, with high accuracy and with a stand-off capability – critically it is able to detect trace levels below parts per million. Once the MS fingerprint of a unknown substance is measured it can be compared online with a database of known substances enabling real-time rapid identification. Sniffles will develop a LIT MS based device with a larger mass range than other comparable MS techniques. Methods for miniaturisation and modularisation will be applied to allow reduced vacuum demand and upgradeability. Miniaturisation will be made possible through improved designs based on results from modelling, novel manufacturing techniques and improvements in the MS drive electronics and vacuum system. These advances will bring benefits including reduced acquisition/operating costs, greater mobility, user friendliness and flexibility. Sniffles has the potential to significantly impact on National Security and border control and enable exploitation of International Markets. Performance will be benchmarked against a state-of-the-art conventional MS system and security sniffer dogs – within the context of a border security checkpoint. Sniffles aims to demonstrate an automated portable MS-based sniffer device, tested and evaluated for a range of security applications and markets by end-users. Read More
Year	2012
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16 Project

Privacy, ethical, regulatory and social no-gate crossing point solutions acceptance

Description	The increasing number of travellers crossing European borders is putting a mounting pressure on the everyday handling of border checks. On one side, border control authorities have to process a higher number of checks in an increasingly reduced amount of time to avoid congestion or cope with limited resources. As a consequence, the experience of both European and third country travellers is deteriorating due to the extra time they have to spend at the border checkpoints. Such a continuous need calls for flexible, automated and scalable “no-gate” border security solutions. On the other side, the intensive use of technologies bears the risk to invading people’s privacy, and the societal and political acceptance of technologies for contactless border security solutions is required prior to their implementation. A pivotal element of PERSONA project is to design and establish unified and tailored impact assessment method to appropriately assess the effects of new border-controlling technologies and ensure that these solutions meet the requirements and expectations of both governments, LEAs and border crossing individuals. PERSONA will carry out comprehensive assessment of the acceptability of wide range of contactless crossing point technologies, taking into account human behaviour, gender, legal frameworks, privacy concerns, societal issues and potential risk of discrimination. The established method for assessment will provide important information for decision makers in form of potential risks, mitigation measures and guidelines, in order to drive the innovation and deployment of future solutions by industry and border authorities. Read More
Year	2018
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17 Project

"Crimmigration Control" across Borders: The Convergence of Migration and Crime Control through Transnational Biometric Databases

Authors	Nina Amelung
Year	2021
Citations (WoS)	8
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18 Journal Article

Technical Border Needs Assessment: Armenia (Site Visits to Bavra BCP and Zvartnots International Airport)

Year	2011
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19 Book

E-Terrify: Securitized Immigration and Biometric Surveillance in the Workplace

Authors	Daniel M. Goldstein, Carolina Alonso-Bejarano
Year	2017
Journal Name	Human Organization
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20 Journal Article

Technical Border Needs Assessment: Armenia (Site Visits to Bavra BCP and Zvartnots International Airport) (Armenian)

Year	2011
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21 Book

Borders as Places of Control. Fixing, Shifting and Reinventing State Borders. An Introduction

Authors	Fabian Guelzau, Steffen Mau, Kristina Korte
Year	2021
Journal Name	HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG
Citations (WoS)	6
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22 Journal Article

Not so fast! Data temporalities in law enforcement and border control

Authors	Matthias Leese, Silvan Pollozek
Year	2023
Citations (WoS)	5
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23 Journal Article

Guarding the borders through technological devices to control people, their bodies and their habits

Authors	Ana M. Gonzalez Ramos
Year	2020
Journal Name	TRANS-PASANDO FRONTERAS
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24 Journal Article

Border work: surveillant assemblages, virtual fences, and tactical counter-media

Authors	Tamara Vukov, Mimi Sheller
Year	2013
Journal Name	SOCIAL SEMIOTICS
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25 Journal Article

EARLY WARNING FOR INCREASED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

Description	This project proposal EARLY WARNING FOR INCREASED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (EWISA) is addressing the FP7 Theme for Security Research the work programme topic SEC-2013.3.2-1 Pre-Operational Validation (POV) on land borders, the topic Area 10.3.2 Land borders as is aimed to promote further cooperation between public authorities as the end-users on developing new solutions to improve the quality and efficiency of public services related to security issues on topics of common European interest. The proposal is in the area of Activity 10.3, regarding the Intelligent Surveillance and Border Security with the specific funding scheme Pre-Operational Validation (POV), a Combination of Collaborative Project and Coordination (CP-CSA) and Support Action. The project implements the actual strategic approach of Frontex, expressed in EuroSur , through which an intelligence picture of possible threats against MS is obtained, picture created outside the MS and Schengen area, through the combination of radar pictures with video pictures and with the intelligence collected from the sensor stations together with the ones from the MS partners, from checked sources. The threats which are subject to analysis in this project are the following: a) illegal migration, b) smuggling, c) trafficking in drugs and forbidden materials, d) trafficking in weapons The project will provide not only the assessment of a stand-alone technology, but also assessment of the integration into current surveillance infrastructure of the new capabilities provided by the industry. The objective is to increase intelligence in video surveillance. The approach is a process like entity, which consists of: • camera-specific processes • a modular implementation of successive analysis layers, which is applied for optimal situational awareness: chaining, motion, figure. • In addition to the camera's processing capabilities, the network consists of: sensors, network analysis and system for control room. Read More
Year	2014
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26 Project

FastPass: A harmonized, modular reference system for all European automatic border crossing points

Description	Automatic border controls are an increasingly relevant mode by which borders are crossed, both in the European Union and around the world. The Fastpass project aims to establish and demonstrate a next generation harmonised, modular approach for Automated Border Control (ABC) systems. To do so, it brings together key stakeholders involved throughout the development of an ABC system: system and component producers, research institutions, governmental authorities and end users. The ICMPD Research Department is particularly involved in engaging users and other stakeholders, as well as analysing the needs and requirements necessary for an ABC system. The ICMPD Border Management and Visa Competence Centre is also involved in interacting with and training border guards to use the system, as well as ensuring the needs of the end user group of border guards are also included. Objectives: • Integration of the Smart Border components of an exit-entry system and a registered traveller programme within the system; • Harmonised use of the system across a variety of countries, based on feedback from travellers and border guards; • Development of an innovative border crossing concept that interfaces with existing security and infrastructure processes at air, land and sea borders; • Design and inclusion of innovative technology with regard to ABC systems; • Establishment of a European ABC solution, and a new European ABC suppliers network Project Partners: Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (AIT), Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT, Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior, Österreichische Staatsdruckerei GmbH, Fraunhofer IOSB, Interdisciplinary Center for Law and ICT of K.U. Leuven, Finnish Border Guard RVL, Secunet Security Networks AG, Mirasys Ltd, Regula Baltija Ltd, University of Reading, University of Tampere, Gunnebo Entrance Control Ltd, Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, MODI Modular Digits GmbH, Magnetic Autocontrol GmbH, European Commission Joint Research Center, ITTE Sp.z.o.o., Deltabit Oy, Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford, Romanian Border Guard, Finavia Cooperation, Port of Mykonos, Fraport AG, Flughafen Wien AG, Intrepid Minds. Read More
Year	2013
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27 Project

The Humanitarian Politics of European Border Policing: Frontex and Border Police in Evros

Authors	Polly Pallister-Wilkins
Year	2015
Journal Name	International Political Sociology
Citations (WoS)	66
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28 Journal Article

Digital placemaking as survival tactics: Sub-Saharan migrants' videos at the Moroccan-Spanish border

Authors	Irene Gutierrez, Miguel Fernandez Labayen
Year	2021
Journal Name	Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
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29 Journal Article

Walls, Barriers, Checkpoints, Landmarks, and " No-Man's-Land." A Quantitative Typology of Border Control Infrastructure

Authors	Fabian Guelzau, Steffen Mau
Year	2021
Journal Name	HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG
Citations (WoS)	12
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30 Journal Article

The Interiorisation and Localisation of Border Control: A US Case

Authors	Ron Magalit Rodriguez
Book Title	New Border and Citizenship Politics
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31 Book Chapter

Revisiting Bordering Practices: Irregular Migration, Borders, and Citizenship in Malaysia

Authors	Blanca Garces-Mascarenas
Year	2015
Journal Name	International Political Sociology
Citations (WoS)	6
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32 Journal Article

Expansion of Advanced Border Control and Management Technologies in Armenia

Year	2008
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35 Book

The Exceptional Becomes Everyday: Border Control, Attrition and Exclusion from Within

Authors	Regina C. Serpa
Year	2021
Journal Name	SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL
Citations (WoS)	6
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36 Journal Article

Smart Trust: Secure Mobile ID for Trusted Smart Borders

Description	Smart-Trust introduces a new technological enabler for Mobile ID which drastically increases the reliability and trust levels of identity verification at European borders, thus increasing the security of member states. The platform is compatible with a seamless self-service experience based on biometrics on the move which provides freedom of movements to citizens while ensuring their privacy safeguarded according to Privacy by Design principles. Smart-Trust will simultaneously address the business needs of governments, airports, airlines and border police in major pilots in the international airports of Lisbon and Schiphol. After establishing requirements sought by the various stakeholders, and integrating the Smart-Trust platform into the airport and border control infrastructure, we will define KPIs for assessing the business cases and design experiments to measure them. Smart-Trust will be implemented by delivering an agile, highly configurable, modular and open architecture platform with the following robust, versatile and scalable core components: • Mobile ID services and app, mobile identity enrolment and verification services. • TrustChain, a blockchain-based infra-structure to assert citizen transactions in a distributed and self-regulatory fashion. • Workflow Orchestration, a workflow management component which caters for stakeholder-driven business rules. • Analytics and Risk-Assessment, an industrial-strength real time analytics platform able to deliver professional customized monitoring dashboards as well as detecting passenger trends and anomalies. These components will be developed as part of Vision-Box’s overarching Services Platform and hence compatible with standard Vision-Box services such as Automated Border Control, including Advance Passenger Information Systems (APIS) and Entry-Exit System (EES), and Happy Flow, the first 100% self-service passenger processing system allowing passengers to go from curb to boarding by simple presenting their face. Read More
Year	2018
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37 Project

Migratory Flows from Central America and United States Border Control

Authors	Victor Cabral
Year	2024
Journal Name	Mediações - Revista de Ciências Sociais
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38 Journal Article

Border closures and the externalization of immigration controls in the Mediterranean: a comparative analysis of Morocco and Turkey

Authors	Aysen Ustubici, Ahmet Icduygu
Year	2019
Journal Name	New Perspectives on Turkey
Citations (WoS)	1
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39 Journal Article

Expansion of Advanced Border Control and Management Technologies in Armenia - Armenian

Year	2008
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40 Book

Autonomous maritime surveillance system

Description	The Autonomous Maritime Surveillance System (AMASS) will be for the observation and security of wide critical maritime areas in order to reduce actual and potential illegal immigration and the trafficking of drugs, weapons and illicit substances. The surveillance system will consist of autonomous, unmanned surveillance buoys with active and passive sensors, the key sensors being un-cooled thermal imagers connected as a network with wideband radio. Further sensors will include hydrophone arrays and possibly other sensors e.g. CCD camera. A sophisticated data fusion process will enable the transmission of relevant information. Alarms from the system will be displayed on a map system in blue border surveillance command centres providing information on location and direction. It will also be possible for the operator to switch directly to a video stream to view the detected image. AMASS will be a capability for integrated blue border surveillance. In order to realise this system a number of advances in the state of the art are required such as the development of stable autonomous maritime platforms and “Hot Spot” detection in the difficult maritime environment. The consortium includes the European market leader for optronic border surveillance technology, 4 SMEs, 1 University, 3 Institutes (including one charged with the search and rescue control network coordination for the Canary Islands) and one national armed forces responsible for border protection.
Year	2008
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41 Project

Border closures and the externalization of immigration controls in the Mediterranean: A comparative analysis of Morocco and Turkey

Authors	Ayşen Üstübici, Ahmet İçduygu
Year	2018
Journal Name	New Perspectives on Turkey
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42 Journal Article

Border closures and the externalization of immigration controls in the Mediterranean: A comparative analysis of Morocco and Turkey

Authors	Aysen Ustubici, Ahmet Icduygu
Year	2018
Journal Name	New Perspectives on Turkey
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43 Journal Article

A normative assessment of the aims and practices of the European border management agency Frontex

Year	2012
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44 Working Paper

Deterrence and Protection in the EU’s Migration Policy

Authors	Anna Triandafyllidou, Angeliki Dimitriadi
Year	2014
Journal Name	The International Spectator Italian Journal of International Affairs
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45 Journal Article

The American Fence: Liberal Political Theory and the Immorality of Membership

Authors	Phillip Cole
Book Title	Citizenship Acquisition and National Belonging
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46 Book Chapter

Protection of European seas and borders through the intelligent use of surveillance

Description	PERSEUS contributes to Europe’s efforts to monitor illegal migration and combat related crime and goods smuggling by proposing a large scale demonstration of a EU Maritime surveillance System of Systems, on the basis of existing national systems and platforms, enhancing them with innovative capabilities and moving beyond EUROSUR’s 2013 expectations, addressing key challenges:  supporting the network created by National Contact Centres, Frontex and EMSA through increased capabilities, including transnational exchange of useful and available information, and associated procedures and mechanisms, thereby supporting the creation of a common information sharing environment  generation of a common situational picture  improved detection and identification of non collaborative/suspicious small boats and low flying aircraft  enhanced and increasingly automated detection of abnormal vessel behaviours, identification of threats and tracking of reporting and non-reporting vessels PERSEUS articulates this demonstration through 5 exercises grouped in 2 campaigns, implementing missions of drug trafficking and illegal migration control and delivering surveillance continuity from coastal areas to high seas. PERSEUS delivers a comprehensive set of validated and demonstrated recommendations and proposes standards. PERSEUS has assembled major users and providers, ensuring privileged access to existing surveillance systems and assets for an optimised coverage of the area of interest. These users will define, assess and validate the alignment of PERSEUS’s recommendations to their needs. PERSEUS also includes an evolution mechanism to enlarge the user base and integrate emerging technologies during its lifetime. PERSEUS will augment the effectiveness of operational capabilities of the existing systems – a relevant and coordinated contribution to the establishment of an integrated European-wide maritime border control system Read More
Year	2011
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47 Project

Watchful Citizens: Immigration Control, Surveillance and Societal Participation

Authors	James P. Walsh
Year	2014
Journal Name	Social & Legal Studies
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48 Journal Article

Education or enforcement? Enrolling universities in the surveillance and policing of migration

Authors	James P. Walsh
Year	2019
Journal Name	Crime, Law and Social Change
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49 Journal Article

A harmonized, modular reference system for all European automated border crossing points

Description	FastPass will establish and demonstrate a harmonized, modular approach for Automated Border Control (ABC) gates. FastPass brings together key players of the entire ABC value chain - system and component producers, research institutions, governmental authorities and end-users. The development of a harmonized ABC gate will be accomplished with continuous end-user involvement. The entire innovation process, from components development to the final design of the user interface, will continuously be evaluated by the two end user groups, travellers and border guards. Border control is a major challenge for security and mobility within the EU. Travellers request a minimum delay and a speedy border crossing, while Border Guards must fulfil their obligation to secure the EUs borders against illegal immigration and other threats. Fastpass will serve both demands at the same time to keep security at the highest level while increasing the speed and the comfort for all legitimate travellers at all border control points. The FastPass ABC process will be designed to address both requirements with equal emphasis. One aspect of a speedy border crossing by legitimate travellers is a harmonised user interface. This will allow frequent travellers from Europe and third country states to pass through an ABC with minimum delay, using the full potential of ID documents. Improved traveller identification technologies, such as new biometric modules will increase the security of the ABC process and minimise spoofing. A demonstration and evaluation at all types of border (air, land and sea) will be implemented in at least three different member states. Compliance with European societal values and citizens’ rights is central to the acceptance of the developed technologies, and will accompany the development and end-user interaction throughout the project. FastPass will develop a reference architecture for ABC gates, and will pursue a European initiative for a global standard in ABC technology. Read More
Year	2013
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50 Project

Collaborative evaLuation Of border Surveillance technologies in maritime Environment bY pre-operational validation of innovativE solutions

Description	CLOSEYE comes to life with the aim of providing the EU with an operational and technical framework that would increase situational awareness and improve the reaction capability of authorities surveying the external borders of the EU. This initiative also comes in response to an urgent sudden major challenge for the control of the migratory pressure from the North African coast and to a limited market providing innovative solutions for the accomplishment of major operational objectives. CLOSEYE articulates this POV through three phases encompassing the necessary activities to: • identify the problem and the alternatives • demonstrate that there are existing innovative solutions which provide the required additional capabilities • to assess the performance levels of these solutions • and to evaluate the experimentation results and promote their extensibility to future solutions. The CLOSEYE consortium has assembled the most representative public authorities in charge of the surveillance of the southern EU maritime border, ensuring not only a remarkable expertise at technical and operational level, but also a privileged positioning with respect to the main hot spots for maritime irregular cross-border activities and ensuring access to the existing surveillance systems and assets to support the validation process. The second pillar of the project will be the security industry, which will be called to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of specific solutions in order to fulfill real user demands. The assessment of the performance levels of the solutions proposed by the industry will be conducted through a series of exercises, both technical and operational, in at least two different scenarios. By promoting this competitive testing and assessment of the potential solutions, CLOSEYE will pave the way towards the definition of future in integrated surveillance solutions from a fact-checked perspective, validated by users. Read More
Year	2013
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51 Project

Border Externalization in the Western Mediterranean: Mobilities, Violence and the Politics of Compassion

Authors	Mercedes G. Jimenez-Alvarez
Year	2015
Journal Name	Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares
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54 Journal Article

The political economy of bordering and the reproduction of borders in the case of Frontex

Authors	Dominik Winkler
Year	2023
Journal Name	Human Geography
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55 Journal Article

Les stratégies de gestion des frontières du Niger à l’ère de l’externalisation des politiques migratoires de l’UE : vers des frontières itinérantes ?

Authors	Rhoumour Ahmet Tchilouta
Year	2023
Journal Name	Espace Politique
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56 Journal Article

Control or rescue at sea? Aims and limits of border surveillance technologies in the Mediterranean Sea

Authors	Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert
Year	2018
Journal Name	Disasters
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57 Journal Article

Borders and Populations in Flux: Frontex’s Place in the European Union’s Migration Management

Authors	Bernd Kasparek
Book Title	The Politics of International Migration Management
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58 Book Chapter

Crossing Boundaries: Nature of Corruption At Nigeria’s Boundary with Benin

Authors	Ngozi Louis Uzomah
Year	2024
Journal Name	IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
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60 Journal Article

Borders and the mobility of migrants in Germany

Authors	Jana Beinhorn, Simone Gasch, Birgit Glorius
Year	2019
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61 Working Paper

Cooperative security policies and fight against organized crime in the Tri-border Area

Authors	Elias David Morales Martinez, Thulio Manoel Costa de Oliveira
Year	2021
Journal Name	JOURNAL OF IBERIAN AND LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH
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62 Journal Article

SIS II - Second generation Schengen Information System

Description

Operational management of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) which entered into operation on 09 April 2013 replacing SIS1. SIS II, the largest information system for public security in Europe, allows information exchanges between national border control, customs and police authorities ensuring that the free movement of people within the EU can take place in a safe environment. It also contains alerts on missing persons, in particular children, as well as information on certain property, such as banknotes, cars, vans, firearms and identity documents that may have been stolen, misappropriated or lost. Currently SIS II is used by 29 countries (25 EU MS + 4 Associated Countries). 25 EU: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Associated Countries connected to SIS II are: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. Statistics are available to the public as analyses presented in studies on annual basis. **Statistics of interest:** Refusals of entry -> statistics on alerts art 24 SIS II Regulation “refused entry or stay in the Schengen area when the authorities had already made a decision that they should not enter”

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64 Data Set

The abandonment of Australians in India: an analysis of the right of entry as a security right in the age of COVID-19

Authors	Diego S. Silva
Year	2022
Citations (WoS)	4
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65 Journal Article

Recentering the human in the continuums of in/mobility and in/security: Perceptions from two emblematic borders

Authors	Anitta Kynsilehto, Angel Iglesias Ortiz
Year	2023
Journal Name	Relaciones Internacionales
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66 Journal Article

Specific groups and individuals migrant workers : report : addendum

Authors	Gabriela Rodríguez Pizarro, UN. Commission on Human Rights. Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants
Description	The Special Rapporteur's aim on her visit to Italy was to compile information on border control and security and the system for the administrative detention of undocumented immigrants, and to assess the impact of the recent reform of immigration legislation on policies for the integration of the immigrant population.
Year	2004
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67 Report

Pervasive and UseR Focused BiomeTrics BordEr ProjeCT

Description	The goal of the PROTECT project is an enhanced biometric-based person identification system that works robustly across a range of border crossing types and that has strong user-centric features. The system will be deployed in Automated Border Control (ABC) areas supporting border guards to facilitate smooth and non-intrusive rapid crossing by travellers based on deployment of the next generation of biometric identification detection methods. The ability for the system to efficiently process low-risk travellers, combined with increased levels of accuracy, security and privacy standards and enabling border guards to concentrate resource on higher-risk travellers, are central ambitions of the project. To achieve these goals, a multi-biometric enrollment and verification system is envisaged, taking into account current and next-generation e-Passport chips, mobile equipment and person identification ‘on the move’. Research will be undertaken into optimization of currently deployed biometric modalities, application of emerging biometrics (including contactless finger vein, speaker recognition and angthropometrics), multi-modal biometrics and counter-spoofing, for border control scenarios. An integral part of the project is collection and dissemination of new border-realistic biometric datasets, and systematic evaluation of the developed biometric methods including vulnerability and privacy assessment. The PROTECT project is strongly user-driven and demonstration of the developed biometric system will be conducted at two different border crossing sites. Finally, the PROTECT project will make contributions to facilitating border crossing of bona-fide non-EU citizens as well as evolving standards in biometric systems. Read More
Year	2016
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68 Project

Gaps in Border Controls Are Related to Quarantine Alien Insect Invasions in Europe

Authors	Steven James Bacon, Sven Bacher, Alexandre Aebi
Year	2012
Journal Name	PLOS ONE
Citations (WoS)	50
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69 Journal Article

Canadian Policy on Human Trafficking: A Four-year Analysis1

Authors	Jacqueline Oxman-Martinez, Jill Hanley, Fanny Gomez
Year	2005
Journal Name	International Migration
Citations (WoS)	7
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70 Journal Article

Outsourcing Border Control

Authors	Federica Infantino
Year	2016
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71 Book

Constructing Voluntarism: Technologies of ‘intent management’ in Australian Border Controls

Authors	Sharon Pickering, Leanne Weber
Book Title	New Border and Citizenship Politics
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72 Book Chapter

European Global Border Environment

Description	The GLOBE project will provide a comprehensive framework in which an integrated global border management system must be developed. The project will take into account the current and future technological environment. Additionally, GLOBE’s scope reaches even further by looking into other key aspects of border management beyond isolated technology, such as the legal and political environment, the social and economic impact of border problems and, more specifically, the impact on information management and integration. The proposal has been built up on the conceptualisation of the end users needs. These needs are well known by the partners of the consortium due to the close relationship with these institutions through the hands-on experience that all companies have in the different border control areas. End users from several countries have participated in the conceptualization of the proposal to make sure it includes what they consider to be the most relevant issues in their areas of expertise. The GLOBE proposal has been prepared in such a way that as to cover the full scope of an integrated border management system, moving throughout the four main layers of border control (Country of origin, transit areas, regulated and unregulated border lines and internal territory). As a result, GLOBE will identify what already exists, what is being done, what needs to be improved, how to integrate all the information together and how to present it so it proves useful for all relevant EU and national institutions to make better decisions for dealing with issues of such importance as illegal immigration and movements of illegal goods and materials. GLOBE has been awarded the eSEC (Spanish Security and Trust Technological Platform) certification of integration within the Research Agenda established by the Spanish Electronics, Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries Association. Read More
Year	2008
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73 Project

Study Report on Community Integration and Perceptions of Border security in the Agadez Region

Year	2018
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74 Book

Recommendations for Reliable Breeder Documents Restoring e-Passport Confidence and Leveraging Extended Border Security

Description	The project ORIGINS aims to study the security of the extended border and more particularily passport breeder document security. The underlying idea of ORIGINS is to improve the security and therefore to restore the confidence in the application process and issuance of e-passports, by filling the gaps in security of breeder documents. Indeed, while some assurance approaches have been implemented in a few countries, they remain insufficient to provide breeder documents in complete security and trustworthiness at a time when this is increasingly necessary. This project will therefore investigate exhaustively the current state of passport breeder documents requirements and issuing practices in Member States/Associated Countries. The identification of common security gaps will lead to the recommendation of possible solutions to overcome the security weaknesses in breeder documents. The project will provide support for issuance bodies and border control communities. It will also promote the standardisation of breeder documents by creating a dedicated working group at a European level. These objectives will be achieved through the establishment of a strong networking environment between key actors in the sector (passport breeder document and e-passport communities, border control community, ministries, industry, SMEs, universities, NGOs, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council, …), exchange and dissemination of good practices between relevant communities, the definition and organisation of joint or common initiatives, meetings, conferences, events and with an appropriate management of the action. Broad communication and dissemination actions will be undertaken throughout the project lifecycle. At the same time, it is expected that ORIGINS’ results will continue to live beyond the end of the project, in particular via think-tank groups built during the project, standardisation groups and the implementation of ORIGINS’ recommendations. Read More
Year	2014
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75 Project

Everyday violence, structural racism and mistreatment at the US-Mexico border

Authors	Samantha Sabo, Susan Shaw, Maia Ingram, ...
Year	2014
Journal Name	Social Science & Medicine
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76 Journal Article

Border policies and migrant deaths at the Turkish-Greek border

Authors	Orcun Ulusoy, Martin Baldwin-Edwards, Tamara Last
Year	2019
Journal Name	New Perspectives on Turkey
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77 Journal Article

The Arab Spring and the Crisis of the European Border Regime: Manufacturing Emergency in the Lampedusa Crisis

Authors	Giuseppe CAMPESI
Year	2011
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78 Working Paper

From the American dream to the Mexican nightmare : how US border control enforcement and migratory policies are fueling violence in Mexico

Year	2017
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79 Doctoral Dissertation

European Governments’ Responses to the ‘Refugee Crisis’

Authors	Dimitris Skleparis
Year	2017
Journal Name	Southeastern Europe
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80 Journal Article

Treatment of third country nationals at the EU’s external borders

Principal investigator	Anna Triandafyllidou (PI)
Description	Over 300 million persons, both European Union citizens and third-country nationals, cross the external borders of the EU every year. The Schengen Borders Code stresses that EU citizens and persons enjoying freedom of movement in the Union, such as family members of EU citizens, should be subject to minimum border checks. By contrast, third-country nationals must be subject to thorough checks which include purpose of stay, means of subsistence during the stay as well as verification in databases. Third-country nationals intercepted or rescued at sea and/or land borders of the EU, often have their fundamental rights violated, both civil and social rights. The project “Treatment of third country nationals at the EU’s external borders” focuses on the treatment of third-country nationals in relation to their civil and social rights. Information will be collected from irregular migrants at entry points and reception centers of the participating countries, local authorities, fishermen and sea patrol, border guards and informed persons. By identifying possible shortcomings as well as good practices in the way border checks are conducted at the main entry points into the European Union, the project seeks to assist policymakers and practitioners to enhance the quality of border checks at crossing points. This is a two-phase project, with Phase I starting in 2011, focusing on the sea border of the EU and Phase II, expected to begin in the end of 2011, concentrating on the land border of the EU. Complementing the innovative primary research is a review of the training received by border guards on Fundamental Rights. The aim of this review will be to highlight the effectiveness, sufficiency and potential gaps of the training offered. Read More
Year	2011
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81 Project

Asylum Policies and Protests in Austria

Authors	Verena Stern, Nina Merhaut
Book Title	Protest Movements in Asylum and Deportation
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82 Book Chapter

Scalable Measures for Automated Recognition Technologies

Description	Automated recognition of individuals and/or pre-determined traits or risk factors/criteria lies at the basis, indeed is the very raison d’être, of smart surveillance systems. Yet new EU regulations and specifically those on information sharing between police and security forces explicitly prohibit automated decision-taking regarding individuals unless “authorised by a law which also lays down measures to safeguard the data subject’s legitimate interests” (art 7, CFD 2008/977/JHA). Where are these laws, what can these measures be and what else should the laws contain? Can the laws be technology-neutral but sector specific, thus permitting a measured approach to the appropriateness of smart surveillance technologies in key security applications? Can they be extended to all security applications of smart surveillance, even those not covered by CFD 2008/977/JHA or the proposed directive set to replace it? This project (SMART) addresses these and other questions through a comprehensive approach which combines a technical review of key application areas by sector with a review of existing pertinent legislation to then produce a set of guidelines and a model law compliant with CFD 2008/977/JHA and EU Directive 46/95 and the proposed successor legislation. The project first focuses on one meaning of “measures” i.e. it uses expertise from police and security forces from inside and outside the EU to “measure” (as in “calculate”) risk factors in a number of priority application areas for smart surveillance technologies including border control, crowd-control, counter-terrorism and e-government. Bringing together some of Europe’s leading experts on data protection with senior police officers responsible for using surveillance in the most CCTV-intensive cities in the world, SMART evaluates the appropriateness and available safeguards for on-line surveillance and associated risks inherent in data-sharing and exchange. Having thus identified appropriate instances of application as well as a number of technical, procedural and legal options for safeguards, the project moves on to create a tool-kit which would be useful to system designers, policy makers and legislative draughtsmen across Europe (and hopefully beyond). At this stage the project turns to a second meaning of “measures” i.e. it would bring to bear significant EU-wide expertise in data protection legislation in order to prepare a draft model law which would contain a number of measures providing adequate safeguards for the data subject and thus rendering use of smart surveillance compliant with CFD 2008/977/JHA and its proposed successor and other applicable regulations. Read More
Year	2011
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83 Project

Treatment of third country nationals at EU's external borders

Description	The project examines the treatment of third-country nationals at the external borders of the European Union in light of the existing fundamental rights framework. Two specific situations are taken into consideration: (1) treatment of third country nationals on the Southern maritime borders of the European Union (Phase I) and (2) treatment of third country nationals at selected land and airport border crossing points (Phase 2). The geographical scope of the research in Phase 1 covers 7 maritime border sectors in Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta and Spain; while in Phase 2 - eleven border crossing points at the external Schengen border, including six land border crossing points (BCPs between Bulgaria and Turkey, between Greece and Turkey, between Slovakia and Ukraine, between Hungary and Serbia, between Poland and Ukraine and between Spain and Morocco, and five border crossing points at selected airports (Paris C.d.Gaulle, Amsterdam/Schiphol, Rome/ Fiumicino, Frankfurt and Manchester). Phase 1 (Maritime borders) Objectives • to examine challenges that emerge during interception and rescue at sea and immediately after disembarkation of migrants • to enhance the protection of fundamental rights during rescue or interception operations at sea, by supporting those in charge of border management to deal with the fundamental rights challenges they may encounter on a daily basis. In Phase 1 the study is based on qualitative research with third country nationals, authorities, fishermen and shipmasters, non-participant observation at maritime borders, and focus group interviews with stakeholder groups, both in EU and third countries. Phase 2 (Land and airport border crossing points) Objectives • to review existing procedures and practices in order to identify whether third-country nationals are treated in accordance with applicable fundamental rights standards (complementation of the Schengen Evaluation system) • to review if commitments related to the Schengen Borders Code (respect for human dignity, non-refoulement, non-discriminatory conduct) are respected during first and second line border checks as well as in facilities used for persons refused admission. In Phase 2 the study is based on non-participant observation at border crossing points, quantitative and qualitative research with third country nationals, and interviews with civil society actors. Outcomes Maritime border research Empirical case studies (phase 1) • 7 case studies of maritime border sectors • 5 sets of country fact sheets (maritime borders), covering 7 themes • Comparative report of fundamental rights challenges relating to surveillance and control of maritime borders Human rights training related to rescue and interception at sea • 5 country reports on Fundamental Rights training • Recommendations for training of border guards Land and air border research • 11 case studies of border crossing points • 9 sets of country fact sheets on 4 themes • Comparative report on border crossing points Read More
Year	2010
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84 Project

robusT Risk basEd Screening and alert System for PASSengers and luggage

Description	With regards to modalities, TRESSPASS project includes air, maritime and land (including car and train) border crossing points, and specifically also travel routes that combine different modalities. It excludes border crossings outside of border crossing points, such as happens with boats of refugees on the Mediterranean. With regards to threats, this includes smuggling, irregular immigration, cross border crime, and terrorism, including threats to the transport itself (so, including e.g. aviation security – per the topic text). It excludes other threats such as posed by state-actors. This proposal includes all tiers of the four-tier access model: (1) measures undertaken in, or jointly with third countries or service providers; (2) cooperation with neighbouring countries; (3) border control and counter-smuggling measures, and (4) control measures within the area of free movement. TRESSPASS will (1) develop a single cohesive risk-based border management concept (2) develop three pivoting pilot demonstrators (3) demonstrate the validity of the single cohesive risk-based border management concept by using red teaming and simulations (4) prepare for the further development of this concept beyond this project by linking to other known risk-based border management projects (in- and outside EU, within EU research frameworks and on national levels), and describe how their results contribute to a single cohesive risk-based border management concept
Year	2018
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85 Project

Dynamics of immigration control

Authors	Slobodan Djajić
Year	1999
Journal Name	Journal of Population Economics
Citations (WoS)	21
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86 Journal Article

Border control technologies: introduction

Authors	Nina Amelung, Vasilis Galis
Year	2023
Journal Name	Science as Culture
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87 Journal Article

Other Border Control Measures

Authors	Elspeth Guild, Steve Peers, Jonathan Tomkin
Year	2018
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88 Book Chapter

Solving the Border Control Problem: Evidence of Enhanced Face Matching in Individuals with Extraordinary Face Recognition Skills

Authors	Anna Katarzyna Bobak, Sarah Bate, Andrew James Dowsett
Year	2016
Journal Name	PLOS ONE
Citations (WoS)	29
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89 Journal Article

The impact of the Lisbon Treaty on the development of EU immigration legislation

Authors	Lehte ROOTS
Year	2009
Journal Name	Croatian yearbook of European law and policy, 2009, Vol. 5, pp. 261-281
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90 Journal Article

An Analysis of Turkey's Bordering Processes: Why and Against Whom?

Authors	Denız Genç
Year	2015
Journal Name	Turkish Studies
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91 Journal Article

EFFECTS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SCHENGEN BORDER REGIME ON BORDER PERMEABILITY: THE CASE OF THE SLOVENE-CROATIAN BORDER

Authors	Milan Bufon, Vesna Markelj
Year	2010
Journal Name	ANNALES-ANALI ZA ISTRSKE IN MEDITERANSKE STUDIJE-SERIES HISTORIA ET SOCIOLOGIA
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92 Journal Article

THE ASYLUM-SEEKING PROCESS: AN AMERICAN TRADITION

Authors	Gil Richard Musolf
Year	2019
Journal Name	CONFLICT AND FORCED MIGRATION: ESCAPE FROM OPPRESSION AND STORIES OF SURVIVAL, RESILIENCE, AND HOPE
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93 Journal Article

Keeping the Nazi Menace Out: George Lincoln Rockwell and the Border Control System in Australia and Britain in the Early 1960s

Authors	Evan Smith
Year	2020
Citations (WoS)	2
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94 Journal Article

The U.S. 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act and undocumented migration to the United States

Authors	Michael J. White, Frank D. Bean, Thomas J. Espenshade
Year	1990
Journal Name	Population Research and Policy Review
Citations (WoS)	34
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95 Journal Article

A European ‘Border’ Surveillance System under Construction

Authors	Dennis Broeders
Book Title	Migration and the New Technological Borders of Europe
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96 Book Chapter

Diplomatic Side-Effects of the EU's Externalization of Border Control and the Emerging Role of "Transit States" in Migration Diplomacy

Authors	Lena Laube
Year	2021
Citations (WoS)	6
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97 Journal Article

The Social Life of the First Reception Regime: Human rights, dignity and hospitality on irregular migrant maritime routes into the EU

Principal investigator	Daniela DeBono (Project Leader), Maja Povrzanović Frykman (Participant), Anna Triandafyllidou (Participant), Robert Schuman (Participant)
Description	Alongside the increase in EU border control, there are efforts by the European Union (EU) and its Member States to mainstream human rights principles in external border control and in the construction of fair asylum systems. The safeguarding of human rights is critically important for migrants, especially at first reception and in border activity when migrants are at their most vulnerable physically, legally and politically, socio-culturally and economically. The responsibility for ensuring that the dignity and human rights of the migrants are safeguarded is recognised by the EU and its Member States. First reception activity is officially regulated by four sets of policies and procedures, which are usually conducted within a few days or weeks. These are rescue at sea, immigration, reception/detention and asylum procedures. They are policies that involve a vast range of stakeholders and, as such, the complex interactions between their activities need to be carefully managed in order for the whole first reception system to function. Research has so far focused on the analysis of policy and institutions, but not so much on what happens on the ground. This project proposes to contribute to these efforts by examining the treatment of irregular migrants in the first reception systems of Italy and Malta. These are two countries which lie on the Central Mediterranean Maritime Route, an important route for irregular entry into the EU. Whereas there have been few maritime arrivals in Malta in the last years, Italy triggered the EU hotspot approach to help in processing irregular maritime migrants. This study aims to produce both ethnographic descriptions of the everyday implementation of the reception activity on the ground, and also critical approaches to the mainstreaming of human rights at the border. It also seeks to contribute towards discussions on the controversial use of detention at entry of all arrivals which is the premise up on which first reception is enacted. This is done through long term and multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork. The outcome of this independent academic project, funded by EU Marie Curie research funds, is the publication of articles in academic journals. Read More
Year	2016
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98 Project

CSOs and EU Border Management: Cooperation or Resistance? The Case of Frontex Consultative Forum

Authors	Leila Giannetto
Year	2019
Journal Name	American Behavioral Scientist
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99 Journal Article

Migrant cohort size, enforcement effort, and the apprehension of undocumented aliens

Authors	Thomas J. Espenshade, Dolores Acevedo
Year	1995
Journal Name	Population Research and Policy Review
Citations (WoS)	15
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100 Journal Article

Border control

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