Contrôle des frontières

Results displayed in this section refer to research on policies, laws, legislation, regulation or measures concerning border control. Border control consists of actions taken by a country or a group of countries to monitor the borders and regulate the cross-border movements of people, goods and animals. Regarding migration, border controls enable the regulation of entry and exit of people, and thus the management of  legal and irregular cross-border movements. Other terms used in the literature are border surveillance, border management, passport control, etc. 

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Intelligent Portable Border Control System

Description
iBorderCtrl envisages to enable faster thorough border control for third country nationals crossing the borders of EU, with technologies that adopt the future development of the Schengen Border Management. The project will present an optimal mixture of an enhanced, voluntary form of a Registered Traveller Programme and an auxiliary solution for the Entry/Exit System based on involving bona fide travellers. iBorderCtrl designs and implements a system that adopts mobility concepts and consists of a two-stage procedure, designed to reduce cost/time spent per traveller at the crossing station. It leverages software and hardware technologies ranging from portable readers/scanners, various emerging and novel subsystems for automatic controls, wireless networking for mobile controls, and secure backend storage and processing. The two-stage procedure includes: (A) the registration before the travel to gather initial personal, travel document and vehicle data, perform a short, automated, non-invasive interview with an avatar, subject to lie detection and link the traveller to any pre-existing authority data. Utilizing multifactor analytics and risk-based approach, the data registered is processed and correlated with publicly open data or external systems such as the SIS II. Processing will need the travellers consent as set in EU legislation and national law. (B) the actual control at the border that complements pre-registered information with results of security controls that are performed with a portable, wireless connected iBorderCtrl unit that can be used inside buses/trains or any point. Multiple technologies check validity and authenticity of parameters (e.g. travel documents, visa, face recognition of traveller using passport picture, real-time automated non-invasive lie detection in interview by officer, etc.). The data collected are encrypted, securely transferred and analysed in real time, providing an automated decision support system for the border control officers.
Year 2016
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2 Project

(Re)locating the border: Pre-entry tuberculosis (TB) screening of migrants to the UK

Authors Adam Warren
Year 2013
Journal Name Geoforum
Citations (WoS) 3
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3 Journal Article

Frontex Risk Analysis Network (FRAN) Quarterly Report

Description
Statistical analysis of quarterly changes of eight irregular-migration indicators and one asylum indicator, provided by MS border-control authorities. Indicators: Detections of illegal border-crossing between Border Crossing Points (BCPs); Detections of illegal border-crossing at BCPs; detections of suspected facilitators; detections of illegal stay; refusals of entry; asylum applications; detections of false documents; return decisions for illegally staying third-country nationals; returns of illegally staying third-country nationals)
Year 2012
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5 Data Set

Efficient Integrated Security Checkpoints

Description
Illegal immigration and illicit material detection is a growing concern at the European borders; in that respect border security checkpoints must be particularly efficient against any kind of threat. If airport checkpoints controls are today technically improving, land and seaport checkpoints differ strongly from airports ones and are more complex to process. During the last years, most of the efforts were devoted to develop new solutions addressing new security challenges in airports. We can expect that very shortly authorities will have to guarantee the same level of security controls for all types of borders. The global objective of EFFISEC, a mission oriented project, is to deliver to border authorities more efficient technological equipment: • providing higher security level of identity and luggage control of pedestrians and passengers inside vehicles, at land and maritime checkpoints, • while maintaining or improving the flow of people crossing borders, • and improving work conditions of border inspectors, with more powerful capabilities, less repetitive tasks, and more ergonomic equipment. EFFISEC will provide border officers with up-to-dated technologies: • allowing systematic in depth controls of travellers, luggage and vehicles, for pedestrians and people inside vehicles, through the use of automatic gates and portable identity check and scanning equipment, • providing objective criteria for submitting some travellers/vehicles/luggage to an extensive check in specific lanes. Based on a detailed analysis of the operational requirements (including ergonomics, security and legal issues) for all types of borders, EFFISEC will focus on four technical key issues: documents and identity check, detection of illicit substances, video surveillance and secured communications. The technology proposed will be demonstrated for pedestrians, and travellers using cars and buses; standardisation aspects will be considered and results disseminated.
Year 2009
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6 Project

The Pressure Cooker: How Border Security Keeps Increasing the Chaos

Authors Ruben Andersson
Year 2015
Journal Name Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares
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8 Journal Article

Frontex Annual Risk Analysis Report

Description
The Frontex Risk Analysis Report concentrates on the current scope of Frontex operational activities, which focuses on irregular migration at the external borders of the EU and Schengen Associated Countries. Central to the concept of integrated border management (IBM), border management should also cover security threats present at the external borders. Indicators used: Detections of illegal border-crossings between Border Crossing Points (BCPs); Detections of illegal border-crossing at BCPs; detections of suspected facilitators; detections of illegal stay; refusals of entry;reasons of refusal; detections of false documents; return decisions; effective returns; and passenger flow (when available).
Year 2011
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9 Data Set

Agencification as a Key Component of the EU Externalisation Toolkit. Observations on a Silent Escape from the Rule of Law

Authors Daniela Vitiello
Year 2018
Book Title EU external migration policies in an era of global mobilities : intersecting policy universes
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12 Book Chapter

Reclaiming Control over Europe’s Technological Borders

Authors Albert Meijer, Huub Dijstelbloem, Frans Brom
Book Title Migration and the New Technological Borders of Europe
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13 Book Chapter

A secure, modular and distributed mobile border control solution for European land border crossing points

Description
MobilePass will focus on research and development towards technologically advanced mobile equipment at land border crossing points. This will allow border control authorities to check European, visa-holding and frequent third country travellers in a comfortable, fast and secure way. The mobile solution incorporates new technologies needed in mobile scenarios and embeds them in the actual border crossing workflow to speed up control procedures. MobilePass brings together system- and component producers, research institutions and governmental authorities. The entire innovation process, from development to integration, will continuously be evaluated by border guard authorities. Promoting both security and mobility within the EU Border control is a major challenge for member states border control authorities. Travellers request a minimum delay and a convenient, non-intrusive border crossing, while border guards must fulfil their obligation to secure the EUs borders against illegal immigration, terrorisms, crime and other threats. The MobilePass development process addresses both requirements with equal emphasis, keep security at the highest level while increasing the speed and the comfort for all legitimate travellers. Aspects of a fast border crossing by legitimate travellers are a (i) reliable and convenient capture of biometric and passport data, (ii) dependable, secure wireless data transfer, (iii) and a modular mobile equipment optimized to the border control workflow. Improved traveller identification technologies, such as contactless fingerprint capture and advanced mobile facial capture will increase the security, minimise spoofing and evasion, while making the control less cumbersome for passengers. A system evaluation and demonstration will be done in two different member states. Compliance with European societal values and citizens’ rights is central to the acceptance of the developed technologies, and will accompany the development throughout the project.
Year 2014
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14 Project

Analyzing the Homeland Security of the US-Mexico Border

Authors Lawrence M. Wein, Yifan Liu, Arik Motskin
Year 2009
Journal Name RISK ANALYSIS
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15 Journal Article

Artificial sniffer using linear ion trap technology

Description
The research will develop a universal gas sensor using modular technologies to function as an artificial sniffer. It will detect a range of substances, including but not limited to people, drugs, explosives (including weapons) and CBRNe. The technology will complement trained sniffer dogs. The technology proposed is based on linear ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometry (MS). MS techniques have been increasingly deployed in security sniffing applications in the USA. MS is a non-intrusive high-resolution technique able to detect single atoms and complex molecules through their charged species (ions) or fragmentation pattern. The technique is capable of detecting a wide range of substances rapidly, with high accuracy and with a stand-off capability – critically it is able to detect trace levels below parts per million. Once the MS fingerprint of a unknown substance is measured it can be compared online with a database of known substances enabling real-time rapid identification. Sniffles will develop a LIT MS based device with a larger mass range than other comparable MS techniques. Methods for miniaturisation and modularisation will be applied to allow reduced vacuum demand and upgradeability. Miniaturisation will be made possible through improved designs based on results from modelling, novel manufacturing techniques and improvements in the MS drive electronics and vacuum system. These advances will bring benefits including reduced acquisition/operating costs, greater mobility, user friendliness and flexibility. Sniffles has the potential to significantly impact on National Security and border control and enable exploitation of International Markets. Performance will be benchmarked against a state-of-the-art conventional MS system and security sniffer dogs – within the context of a border security checkpoint. Sniffles aims to demonstrate an automated portable MS-based sniffer device, tested and evaluated for a range of security applications and markets by end-users.
Year 2012
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17 Project

Privacy, ethical, regulatory and social no-gate crossing point solutions acceptance

Description
The increasing number of travellers crossing European borders is putting a mounting pressure on the everyday handling of border checks. On one side, border control authorities have to process a higher number of checks in an increasingly reduced amount of time to avoid congestion or cope with limited resources. As a consequence, the experience of both European and third country travellers is deteriorating due to the extra time they have to spend at the border checkpoints. Such a continuous need calls for flexible, automated and scalable “no-gate” border security solutions. On the other side, the intensive use of technologies bears the risk to invading people’s privacy, and the societal and political acceptance of technologies for contactless border security solutions is required prior to their implementation. A pivotal element of PERSONA project is to design and establish unified and tailored impact assessment method to appropriately assess the effects of new border-controlling technologies and ensure that these solutions meet the requirements and expectations of both governments, LEAs and border crossing individuals. PERSONA will carry out comprehensive assessment of the acceptability of wide range of contactless crossing point technologies, taking into account human behaviour, gender, legal frameworks, privacy concerns, societal issues and potential risk of discrimination. The established method for assessment will provide important information for decision makers in form of potential risks, mitigation measures and guidelines, in order to drive the innovation and deployment of future solutions by industry and border authorities.
Year 2018
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18 Project

Borders as Places of Control. Fixing, Shifting and Reinventing State Borders. An Introduction

Authors Fabian Guelzau, Steffen Mau, Kristina Korte
Year 2021
Journal Name HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG
Citations (WoS) 6
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21 Journal Article

Migratory Flows from Central America and United States Border Control

Authors Victor Cabral
Year 2024
Journal Name Mediações
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25 Journal Article

The Humanitarian Politics of European Border Policing: Frontex and Border Police in Evros

Authors Polly Pallister-Wilkins
Year 2015
Journal Name International Political Sociology
Citations (WoS) 66
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27 Journal Article

EARLY WARNING FOR INCREASED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

Description
This project proposal EARLY WARNING FOR INCREASED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS (EWISA) is addressing the FP7 Theme for Security Research the work programme topic SEC-2013.3.2-1 Pre-Operational Validation (POV) on land borders, the topic Area 10.3.2 Land borders as is aimed to promote further cooperation between public authorities as the end-users on developing new solutions to improve the quality and efficiency of public services related to security issues on topics of common European interest. The proposal is in the area of Activity 10.3, regarding the Intelligent Surveillance and Border Security with the specific funding scheme Pre-Operational Validation (POV), a Combination of Collaborative Project and Coordination (CP-CSA) and Support Action. The project implements the actual strategic approach of Frontex, expressed in EuroSur , through which an intelligence picture of possible threats against MS is obtained, picture created outside the MS and Schengen area, through the combination of radar pictures with video pictures and with the intelligence collected from the sensor stations together with the ones from the MS partners, from checked sources. The threats which are subject to analysis in this project are the following: a) illegal migration, b) smuggling, c) trafficking in drugs and forbidden materials, d) trafficking in weapons The project will provide not only the assessment of a stand-alone technology, but also assessment of the integration into current surveillance infrastructure of the new capabilities provided by the industry. The objective is to increase intelligence in video surveillance. The approach is a process like entity, which consists of: • camera-specific processes • a modular implementation of successive analysis layers, which is applied for optimal situational awareness: chaining, motion, figure. • In addition to the camera's processing capabilities, the network consists of: sensors, network analysis and system for control room.
Year 2014
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28 Project

Digital placemaking as survival tactics: Sub-Saharan migrants' videos at the Moroccan-Spanish border

Authors Irene Gutierrez, Miguel Fernandez Labayen
Year 2021
Journal Name Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
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29 Journal Article

FastPass: A harmonized, modular reference system for all European automatic border crossing points

Description
Automatic border controls are an increasingly relevant mode by which borders are crossed, both in the European Union and around the world. The Fastpass project aims to establish and demonstrate a next generation harmonised, modular approach for Automated Border Control (ABC) systems. To do so, it brings together key stakeholders involved throughout the development of an ABC system: system and component producers, research institutions, governmental authorities and end users. The ICMPD Research Department is particularly involved in engaging users and other stakeholders, as well as analysing the needs and requirements necessary for an ABC system. The ICMPD Border Management and Visa Competence Centre is also involved in interacting with and training border guards to use the system, as well as ensuring the needs of the end user group of border guards are also included. Objectives: • Integration of the Smart Border components of an exit-entry system and a registered traveller programme within the system; • Harmonised use of the system across a variety of countries, based on feedback from travellers and border guards; • Development of an innovative border crossing concept that interfaces with existing security and infrastructure processes at air, land and sea borders; • Design and inclusion of innovative technology with regard to ABC systems; • Establishment of a European ABC solution, and a new European ABC suppliers network Project Partners: Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (AIT), Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT, Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior, Österreichische Staatsdruckerei GmbH, Fraunhofer IOSB, Interdisciplinary Center for Law and ICT of K.U. Leuven, Finnish Border Guard RVL, Secunet Security Networks AG, Mirasys Ltd, Regula Baltija Ltd, University of Reading, University of Tampere, Gunnebo Entrance Control Ltd, Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, MODI Modular Digits GmbH, Magnetic Autocontrol GmbH, European Commission Joint Research Center, ITTE Sp.z.o.o., Deltabit Oy, Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford, Romanian Border Guard, Finavia Cooperation, Port of Mykonos, Fraport AG, Flughafen Wien AG, Intrepid Minds.
Year 2013
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30 Project

Walls, Barriers, Checkpoints, Landmarks, and " No-Man's-Land." A Quantitative Typology of Border Control Infrastructure

Authors Fabian Guelzau, Steffen Mau
Year 2021
Journal Name HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG
Citations (WoS) 12
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31 Journal Article

Sea Border Surveillance

Description
The SeaBILLA proposal aims to 1) define the architecture for cost-effective European Sea Border Surveillance systems, integrating space, land, sea and air assets, including legacy systems; 2) apply advanced technological solutions to increase performances of surveillance functions; 3) develop and demonstrate significant improvements in detection, tracking, identification and automated behaviour analysis of all vessels, including hard to detect vessels, in open waters as well as close to coast. SeaBILLA is based on requirements for Sea Border Surveillance defined by experienced operational users. These requirements have been transformed into Scenarios, included in Annex to this proposal, representative of gaps and opportunities for fruitful cooperative information exchange between Members States a) for fighting drug trafficking in the English Channel; b) for addressing illegal immigration in the South Mediterranean; c) for struggling illicit activities in open-sea in the Atlantic waters from Canary Islands to the Azores; in coherence with the EU Integrated Maritime Policy, EUROSUR and Integrated Border Management, and in compliance with Member States sovereign prerogatives. The project will provide concrete added value and benefits for users, by providing a solution that can be implemented at national and EU level to increase effectiveness, pool resources and address Maritime Security and Safety challenges; for world competitiveness of EU industries, by increasing knowledge and reducing risks for future product investments; for European citizens, by providing effectively deployable solutions for law enforcement along the European sea borders. SeaBILLA will be carried out by a reliable team of major European system integrators, technology providers and leading research organizations, establishing strong links with several EU and national projects and assuring worldwide exploitation of project results.
Year 2010
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32 Project

The Interiorisation and Localisation of Border Control: A US Case

Authors Ron Magalit Rodriguez
Book Title New Border and Citizenship Politics
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33 Book Chapter

Revisiting Bordering Practices: Irregular Migration, Borders, and Citizenship in Malaysia

Authors Blanca Garces-Mascarenas
Year 2015
Journal Name International Political Sociology
Citations (WoS) 6
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34 Journal Article

Drone futures

Authors Camilla Fojas
Year 2019
Journal Name Cultural Dynamics
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35 Journal Article

Smart Trust: Secure Mobile ID for Trusted Smart Borders

Description
Smart-Trust introduces a new technological enabler for Mobile ID which drastically increases the reliability and trust levels of identity verification at European borders, thus increasing the security of member states. The platform is compatible with a seamless self-service experience based on biometrics on the move which provides freedom of movements to citizens while ensuring their privacy safeguarded according to Privacy by Design principles. Smart-Trust will simultaneously address the business needs of governments, airports, airlines and border police in major pilots in the international airports of Lisbon and Schiphol. After establishing requirements sought by the various stakeholders, and integrating the Smart-Trust platform into the airport and border control infrastructure, we will define KPIs for assessing the business cases and design experiments to measure them. Smart-Trust will be implemented by delivering an agile, highly configurable, modular and open architecture platform with the following robust, versatile and scalable core components: • Mobile ID services and app, mobile identity enrolment and verification services. • TrustChain, a blockchain-based infra-structure to assert citizen transactions in a distributed and self-regulatory fashion. • Workflow Orchestration, a workflow management component which caters for stakeholder-driven business rules. • Analytics and Risk-Assessment, an industrial-strength real time analytics platform able to deliver professional customized monitoring dashboards as well as detecting passenger trends and anomalies. These components will be developed as part of Vision-Box’s overarching Services Platform and hence compatible with standard Vision-Box services such as Automated Border Control, including Advance Passenger Information Systems (APIS) and Entry-Exit System (EES), and Happy Flow, the first 100% self-service passenger processing system allowing passengers to go from curb to boarding by simple presenting their face.
Year 2018
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36 Project

The Exceptional Becomes Everyday: Border Control, Attrition and Exclusion from Within

Authors Regina C. Serpa
Year 2021
Journal Name SOCIAL SCIENCES-BASEL
Citations (WoS) 6
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38 Journal Article

Migratory Flows from Central America and United States Border Control

Authors Victor Cabral
Year 2024
Journal Name Mediações - Revista de Ciências Sociais
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39 Journal Article

Autonomous maritime surveillance system

Description
The Autonomous Maritime Surveillance System (AMASS) will be for the observation and security of wide critical maritime areas in order to reduce actual and potential illegal immigration and the trafficking of drugs, weapons and illicit substances. The surveillance system will consist of autonomous, unmanned surveillance buoys with active and passive sensors, the key sensors being un-cooled thermal imagers connected as a network with wideband radio. Further sensors will include hydrophone arrays and possibly other sensors e.g. CCD camera. A sophisticated data fusion process will enable the transmission of relevant information. Alarms from the system will be displayed on a map system in blue border surveillance command centres providing information on location and direction. It will also be possible for the operator to switch directly to a video stream to view the detected image. AMASS will be a capability for integrated blue border surveillance. In order to realise this system a number of advances in the state of the art are required such as the development of stable autonomous maritime platforms and “Hot Spot” detection in the difficult maritime environment. The consortium includes the European market leader for optronic border surveillance technology, 4 SMEs, 1 University, 3 Institutes (including one charged with the search and rescue control network coordination for the Canary Islands) and one national armed forces responsible for border protection.
Year 2008
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45 Project

Deterrence and Protection in the EU’s Migration Policy

Authors Anna Triandafyllidou, Angeliki Dimitriadi
Year 2014
Journal Name The International Spectator Italian Journal of International Affairs
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46 Journal Article

The American Fence: Liberal Political Theory and the Immorality of Membership

Authors Phillip Cole
Book Title Citizenship Acquisition and National Belonging
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47 Book Chapter

Protection of European seas and borders through the intelligent use of surveillance

Description
PERSEUS contributes to Europe’s efforts to monitor illegal migration and combat related crime and goods smuggling by proposing a large scale demonstration of a EU Maritime surveillance System of Systems, on the basis of existing national systems and platforms, enhancing them with innovative capabilities and moving beyond EUROSUR’s 2013 expectations, addressing key challenges:  supporting the network created by National Contact Centres, Frontex and EMSA through increased capabilities, including transnational exchange of useful and available information, and associated procedures and mechanisms, thereby supporting the creation of a common information sharing environment  generation of a common situational picture  improved detection and identification of non collaborative/suspicious small boats and low flying aircraft  enhanced and increasingly automated detection of abnormal vessel behaviours, identification of threats and tracking of reporting and non-reporting vessels PERSEUS articulates this demonstration through 5 exercises grouped in 2 campaigns, implementing missions of drug trafficking and illegal migration control and delivering surveillance continuity from coastal areas to high seas. PERSEUS delivers a comprehensive set of validated and demonstrated recommendations and proposes standards. PERSEUS has assembled major users and providers, ensuring privileged access to existing surveillance systems and assets for an optimised coverage of the area of interest. These users will define, assess and validate the alignment of PERSEUS’s recommendations to their needs. PERSEUS also includes an evolution mechanism to enlarge the user base and integrate emerging technologies during its lifetime. PERSEUS will augment the effectiveness of operational capabilities of the existing systems – a relevant and coordinated contribution to the establishment of an integrated European-wide maritime border control system
Year 2011
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48 Project

Watchful Citizens: Immigration Control, Surveillance and Societal Participation

Authors James P. Walsh
Year 2014
Journal Name Social & Legal Studies
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49 Journal Article

Collaborative evaLuation Of border Surveillance technologies in maritime Environment bY pre-operational validation of innovativE solutions

Description
CLOSEYE comes to life with the aim of providing the EU with an operational and technical framework that would increase situational awareness and improve the reaction capability of authorities surveying the external borders of the EU. This initiative also comes in response to an urgent sudden major challenge for the control of the migratory pressure from the North African coast and to a limited market providing innovative solutions for the accomplishment of major operational objectives. CLOSEYE articulates this POV through three phases encompassing the necessary activities to: • identify the problem and the alternatives • demonstrate that there are existing innovative solutions which provide the required additional capabilities • to assess the performance levels of these solutions • and to evaluate the experimentation results and promote their extensibility to future solutions. The CLOSEYE consortium has assembled the most representative public authorities in charge of the surveillance of the southern EU maritime border, ensuring not only a remarkable expertise at technical and operational level, but also a privileged positioning with respect to the main hot spots for maritime irregular cross-border activities and ensuring access to the existing surveillance systems and assets to support the validation process. The second pillar of the project will be the security industry, which will be called to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of specific solutions in order to fulfill real user demands. The assessment of the performance levels of the solutions proposed by the industry will be conducted through a series of exercises, both technical and operational, in at least two different scenarios. By promoting this competitive testing and assessment of the potential solutions, CLOSEYE will pave the way towards the definition of future in integrated surveillance solutions from a fact-checked perspective, validated by users.
Year 2013
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50 Project
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