Socio-cultural consequences

"Das Teilprojekt wird im Rahmen des BIM-Forschungs-Interventions-Cluster ""Solidarität im Wandel?"" durchgeführt, das durch die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration gefördert wird. Das Projekt untersucht exemplarisch am Beispiel polnischstämmiger, in Deutschland lebender Frauen, wie sich Migrant*innen aus Osteuropa für Geflüchtete engagieren, was sie dazu motiviert und welche Werteeinstellungen diesem Engagement zugrunde liegen. Diese Fragen interessieren vor allem im Kontext der Solidarisierung in Europa und der kontrastierenden Positionen osteuropäischer EU-Mitgliedstaaten, die sich gegen die Aufnahme von Geflüchteten aussprechen. Diese Positionen gehen mit einer vergleichsweise hohen Fremdenfeindlichkeit und Nationalisierung der Bevölkerung in Osteuropa einher. Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse zeigen diesbezüglich, dass Migrantinnen aus Polen häufig in der Arbeit mit Geflüchteten in Deutschland engagiert sind, obwohl sie in Polen nie aktiv gewesen sind. Diese Einstellung „erlernen“ sie vielmehr nach der Migration. Durch den Vergleich der Ergebnisse dieser Studie mit Umfragen in Polen sollen die Auswirkungen der Migration auf ehrenamtliches Engagement nun bestimmt werden. Da die Migrant*innen soziale Netzwerke in das Herkunftsland pflegen, kann eine Änderung von Werten und Einstellungen auch auf Nicht-Migrant*innen wirken. Auch durch ihr Wahlverhalten in Deutschland und Polen können Migrant*innen die Prozesse der Solidarisierung in Europa beeinflussen."

The planned study aims at the investigation of the phenomenon what is known as marriage migration (also called transnational marriage) to Germany by male Muslim migrants. By means of biographical narrative interviews with male migrants from North Africa and Turkey, the research project aims at dealing with the multidimensional and multifaceted character of male marriage migration to Germany. The subject male marriage migration can be approached from different perspectives and related aspects. In the frame of this research project, through a sampling which consists of married couples composed of a male migrant from one of the countries mentioned above and a female descendant of a migrant family with a residence permit in Germany, we want to consider this issue in all its complexity and implications regarding the debates on integration of the migrants, integration of male migrants into the labour market, gender relations and dynamics within the migrant family, and (un) chancing conceptions and visions of manhood in migration processes and the contestation/ negotiation of migrant masculinities. Regarding the studies of the last years it is noteworthy that all marriage migration studies are rather focussing on women as migrating subjects. Although it is noticed, too, that there are men as well migrating to their wives, there is no study focussing exclusively on migrating men in context of marriage. This fact may be - especially in Germany - an expression of the emotional public discussion concerning forced marriages. Nevertheless, the marriage migration of men is the desideratum of past and current marriage migration studies. This gap will be filled with the following research proposal. Our hypothesis is that women of the second or third generation of migrant families might be hoping for a realistic chance of founding a family and bringing up children through marrying a partner from the country of origin while they continue to work and remain the bread winners in the country of immigration and thus strengthen their autonomy (while their husbands are waiting for working permits and/or job opportunities and meanwhile have to take over care obligations within the family). In general, we want to show that male marriage migration can be seen both as "cause and the effect" of changing gender orders.

"Theoretical background and objectives Economic participation of migrants has been a major problem in many European countries for the last decades. There is overwhelming statistical evidence for the problematic labour market status of migrants, but data also show that not all migrant groups are affected to the same extent. Previous studies have revealed that differences in socio-economic integration are strongly related to ethnic origin. However, this research does not allow us to firmly establish to what extent cultural and religious factors are responsible for the differential socio-economic position of ethnic groups. Therefore, we investigate the effects of host-country orientation and cultural difference of migrants on their socio-economic integration in Germany, analysing unemployment and employment durations of male and female migrants, as well as transitions from domestic work to employment for female migrants from Turkey, Former Yugoslavia, Greece, Spain and Italy. Given the large gap in unemployment and employment rates not only between natives and migrants, but also between groups of migrants, we look at several economic, human capital and cultural factors in order to test whether migrant-specific characteristics can help to explain ethnic group differences in labour market outcomes. The migrant-specific cultural variables we investigate include host-country language proficiency, interethnic contacts, host-country media consumption, and religiosity. In the case of married female migrants, the analysis moreover takes relevant characteristics of their husbands into account, which have not received attention in earlier studies. Research design and methodology The German Socio-Economic Panel provides reliable longitudinal data, allowing us to conduct analyses over a period of nearly 20 years (1988-2006). We use duration data to analyse the hazard of labour market status transitions by estimating Cox regression models with a random frailty term to account for unobserved heterogeneity. Individual longitudinal data on employment trajectories of migrants have been combined with labour market context data and relevant human capital and cultural factors. A longitudinal approach is crucial for addressing this research question, since the relationship between socio-cultural factors such as host-country language proficiency and interethnic contacts and labour market integration is likely to be recursive. Our samples cover not only persons born outside Germany, but also their 2nd generation offspring. Findings The results indicate that although labour market transitions of migrants strongly depend on the labour market context, host-country orientation and religiosity also have a certain impact on the labour market integration of individual migrants, especially on transitions into employment of male migrants and married migrant housewives. However, while for most of our cultural variables we find significant effects on the individual level, these factors do not help to clarify the differences among the different migrant groups, which persist at a similar level even after controlling for labour market, general human capital, as well as cultural variables."

"TIES (The Integration of the European Second Generation) nahm seinen Anfang im Jahr 2005 als Forschungsprojekt zur zweiten Generation in acht EU-Staaten unter der Leitung des Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES) der Universität Amsterdam und des Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI). Die TIES-Studie richtet sich auf die Nachkommen von Einwanderern aus der Türkei, Jugoslawien (Nachkommen jugoslawischer „Gastarbeiter“) und Marokko, wobei die „zweite Generation“ gefasst wird als die Kinder von Einwanderern, die im Einwanderungsland der Eltern geboren wurden und leben. Zum Zeitpunkt der Erhebung waren die Befragten zwischen 18 und 35 Jahre alt. Daneben wurde eine Kontrollgruppe von Probanden „nicht-migrantischer“ Herkunft interviewt. Da es sich bei Migration um ein größtenteils urbanes Phänomen handelt, wurde die Studie in 15 Städten in acht EU-Ländern durchgeführt: Paris und Straßburg in Frankreich, Berlin und Frankfurt am Main in Deutschland, Madrid und Barcelona in Spanien, Wien und Linz in Österreich, Amsterdam und Rotterdam in den Niederlanden, Brüssel und Antwerpen in Belgien, Zürich und Basel in der Schweiz und Stockholm in Schweden. In fast allen Städten wurden jeweils drei verschiedene Gruppen unterschiedlicher ethnisch-nationaler Herkunft befragt, namentlich zwei Gruppen der zweiten Generation und eine Kontrollgruppe autochthoner Herkunft. Die jeweiligen Gruppen der zweiten Generation waren türkischer und marokkanischer Herkunft in den Niederlanden und Belgien sowie türkischer und jugoslawischer Herkunft in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. In Frankreich und Schweden wurde nur die zweite Generation türkischer Herkunft und die Kontrollgruppe untersucht, in Spanien nur Marokkaner der zweiten Generation und die Kontrollgruppe. Die TIES-Studiengruppe bestand aus neun nationalen Partnern und einer internationalen Koordinationseinheit. Die deutsche Volkswagen-Stiftung stellte die Mittel für eine Kernuntersuchung unter Türken zweiter Generation in fünf Ländern zur Verfügung stellte. Zusätzliche nationale und internationale Förderung insbesondere durch ESF ECRP und die Bertelsmann-Stiftung gestattete die Ausweitung der TIES-Erhebung auf drei weitere Länder und die Einbeziehung zweier weiterer Befragtengruppen."

"m Zentrum des Forschungsprojektes stehen zwei Themen: 1) die soziale Lebenssituation und die Bedingungen des Aufwachsens von jungen Menschen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund und 2) die Auswirkungen der Lebenssituation auf die Einstellungen zu Angehörigen der eigenen sozialen Gruppe sowie zu Angehörigen anderer sozialer Gruppen. Im Rahmen der ersten Forschungsfrage sollen die objektiven Chancen für eine erfolgreiche schulische Karriere und für eine attraktive berufliche Position, sowie die subjektive Bewertung dieser Chancen von türkisch- und arabischstämmigen Jugendlichen mit jenen von deutschen Jugendlichen verglichen werden. Insbesondere soll untersucht werden in welchem Maße die Jugendlichen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund von sozialer Desintegration betroffen sind. Von Interesse ist also, inwiefern den Jugendlichen Zugänge zu wichtigen gesellschaftlichen Teilsystemen, Partizipationsmöglichkeiten sowie Anerkennung verwehrt sind. Dies kann bei deutschen wie bei zugewanderten Personen gleichermaßen der Fall sein kann. Hierbei differenzieren wir wiederum zwischen der objektiven sozialen Desintegration und den subjektiv wahrgenommenen Desintegrationsrisiken und Desintegrationsängsten. Erfahrungen von Ausgrenzung und Benachteiligung, von struktureller und interpersoneller Diskriminierung, von Zurückweisung und Stigmatisierung durch die Mehrheitsbevölkerung aufgrund der ethnischen, religiösen und / oder sozialen Herkunft sollen im Rahmen dieses Forschungsprojekt erfasst werden. Bei der zweiten Forschungsfrage geht es um die Folgen solcher Erfahrungen. Dabei wird auf der einen Seite danach gefragt, ob Erfahrungen von verweigerter Teilhabe und Anerkennung dazu beitragen, dass sich Jugendliche in die ethnische oder soziale Eigengruppe zurückziehen mit dem Ziel ihre soziale Identität zu sichern. Auf der anderen Seite wird danach gefragt, inwiefern die Erfahrungen ggf. soziale Konflikte schüren und dazu beitragen können, dass Betroffene Vorurteile und Ressentiments gegenüber anderen Bevölkerungsgruppen in ihr Weltbild übernehmen. In diesem Zusammenhang sollen auch andere Einflussfaktoren auf Einstellungen gegenüber anderen ethnischen, religiösen und sozialen Gruppen berücksichtigt werden, so z.B. die sozialen und politischen Bezugskontexte, in denen die Jugendlichen sozialisiert werden, die Nutzung diverser (transnationaler) Medien usw. Das Wissen um solche Vorurteile und Ressentiments ist aus wissenschaftlicher Perspektive deshalb von Bedeutung, da nur auf der Basis solcher Kenntnisse Vorkehrungen getroffen werden können, potentielle soziale Konflikte vorzubeugen. Da in politischen und öffentlichen Diskussionen das Ausmaß von vorurteilsbelasteten Einstellungen und sozialen Konflikten zumeist über- und die von positiven, vorurteilsfreien Meinungen und friedlichem Miteinander unterschätzt werden, wird im Rahmen des Projektes zum einen das Ziel verfolgt, zu einer realistischen Einschätzung der sozialen Beziehungen und Konfliktpotentiale zu gelangen. Zum anderen geht es darum, die Hintergründe für soziale Konflikte, in die Jugendliche involviert sind, aufzudecken, aber auch die Hintergründe von positiven sozialen und interkulturellen Beziehungen zu analysieren. Wir gehen dabei davon aus, dass die jeweiligen Einstellungen in den jeweiligen sozialen Lebensbedingungen sowie in den biographischen Erfahrungen verankert sind und in starkem Maße davon abhängen, wie die Jugendlichen ihre Chancen der Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft und die persönliche Entwicklung beurteilen. Für eine präzise Bestandsaufnahme werden zunächst offene Gespräche (problemzentrierte Interviews und Gruppendiskussionen) mit Jugendlichen türkischer und arabischer Herkunft in vier Städten geführt. In der zweiten Projekthälfte sollen dann in den vier Städten an Schulen (Hauptschulen, Realschulen, Gesamtschulen, Gymnasien, Berufsschulen) Befragungen mit einem standardisierten Instrument (Fragebogen) durchgeführt werden. Die Befragung soll Vergleiche zur Lebenssituation und zu Einstellungsmustern von jungen Menschen unterschiedlicher Herkunft (deutsch, türkisch, arabisch, andere Migrationshintergründe) ermöglichen."

"Theoretical background and objectives This project aims to explain religion as a core component of ethno-cultural diversity in European society and focuses on the Turkish and Moroccan second generation. A first research question regards the association between structural integration, in terms of educational and labour market attainment, and religiosity. In line with distinct national histories of church-state relations (Bader, 2007; Fetzer and Soper, 2005; Koenig, 2007) and ensuing religious opportunity structures (De Wit and Koopmans, 2005; Statham, Koopmans, Guigni and Passy, 2005), differential associa­tions between structural integration and religiosity are expected. A second study focuses on childhood religious socialisation (Kelley and De Graaf, 1997; Myers, 1996) and acculturation orientations (Berry, 2001; Van de Vijfer and Phalet, 2004) as predictors for religiosity in young adulthood. Shifting focus to intergroup relations as an explanatory approach to religion among the second generation, two other papers focus on religious identification. The first examines identity multiplicity (Roccas and Brewer, 2003) among the second generation and asks when Muslim and Turkish or Moroccan ethnic identities are compatible or conflicting with national (e.g. German, Dutch) and city identities. A fourth study looks at politicised Muslim identities (Simon and Klandermans, 2001), relating religious identification and perceived discrimination to political attitudes and engagement, in terms of support for political Islam and political action. Research design, data and methodology Structural equation modelling is applied to comparative survey data of the Turkish and Moroccan second generation in major European cities from the TIES-project ('The Integration of the European Second generation', cf. Crul and Schneider, 2010). Multi-group models are used to test measurement equivalence of latent constructs such as religiosity, acculturation and politicisation, and to assess the contextual (non-)equivalence of associations between structural integration, religious socialisation, perceived discrimination, religiosity and politicisation. Findings In the first study about the association between structural integration and religiosity, an inverse relation is only found in Berlin, the context where Islam as a minority religion is least accommo­dated. In all other contexts that offer varying degrees of institutional support for Islam, there is no association between structural integration and religiosity. The second study shows that, not surprisingly, parental mosque visits and the attendance of Koran lessons outside school hours during one's youth predict increased religiosity in young adulthood. However, the effects of religious socialisation are mediated by acculturation orientations, particularly the wish to maintain one's heritage culture. Thus, religious socialisation increases the orientation towards the heritage culture (note that by and large it does not, however, reduce orientation towards host culture adoption), which in turn stimulates religiosity in young adulthood. Regarding identity multiplicity, distinct identification patterns are found across different intergroup contexts and these relate mainly to differential levels of perceived discrimination and ensuing derogation of the majority population on the part of the second generation. Thus, where the second generation reports more discriminatory experiences, they value the majority population less and their religious and ethnic identities are more often in conflict with national and city civic identities. In terms of the politicisation of Muslim identity, the comparison across different intergroup contexts shows that support for political Islam and collective action are distinct and only weakly related aspects of politicised Muslim identity. Members of the Turkish and Moroccan second generation who support political Islam, but are not inclined to engage in collective action to defend the interest of Islam, perceive relatively little discrimination. On the other hand, those who perceive more discrimination (which is associated with higher levels of education) are most likely to engage in collective action, but are less likely to support political Islam."

L’objectif de la recherche en cours est double : d’une part revisiter les relations migration/développement en les inscrivant dans la circulation migratoire, et en portant un intérêt particulier aux transformations des sociétés liées aux interactions spatiales et sociales en matière de développement local, économique, social et politique, tant dans les pays de départ que d’arrivée. D’autre part, analyser les processus originaux par lesquels les migrants et leurs enfants s’inscrivent dans la société française tout en maintenant, voire en développant, des formes multiples d’appartenance, d’identification et d’engagement public, tant vis-à-vis de leurs espaces de vie que de ceux d’origine des familles. Les différentes formes de circulation et d’ancrage, les logiques et les enjeux qui les sous-tendent, seront analysés au-delà de la dualité « immigré-étranger » ou « assimilation-retour ». Nous proposons pour cela de travailler sur la notion d’appartenance (à la fois au sens d’adhésion volontaire et de sentiment), dont la plasticité permet de s’adapter en fonction de la capacité à circuler ou faire circuler, et qui renvoie aux notions d’ancrage territorial, d’identités multiples, et d’engagement. Cette recherche-action a donc pour objectif de dépasser les approches dichotomiques qui s’interrogent sur « l’intégration » des populations lorsqu’elles traitent du mouvement associatif « issu de l’immigration », et orientent ces populations vers une obligation de retour lorsqu’elles abordent la question du développement. Il s’agira alors de saisir, dans le même mouvement, processus de circulations et d’ancrages, tant du point de vue des populations migrantes et de leurs enfants, que de celui de leurs partenaires institutionnels.

Migration is often part of an economically beneficial livelihood strategy for transnational families. For many of the sending countries in Southeast Asia, a growing proportion of transnational migrants, particularly in Indonesia and the Philippines, are women. Many of these female migrants are married and an unknown number leave their children behind. To date, no official data exists on the number of children under 12 years of age with one or both parents absent due to migration but anecdotal evidence suggests that growing numbers of transnational migrants from the region leave children behind. Although most migrants send remittances to left-behind kin, visits home tend to be infrequent with migrants going away for two or more years at a time. With demand from wealthy countries for domestic workers, nurses and other carers increasing as their populations age, solving care problems in rich countries may be creating a considerable ‘crisis of care’ in less developed countries. However, little is known about the multi-dimensional impacts of migration on left-behind families, particularly children. It is not known whether left-behind children themselves are more vulnerable to poor physical and mental health outcomes, or in what way, when and under what circumstances do they benefit and/or suffer from the absence of parent(s), especially when the migrant is the child’s mother. CHAMPSEA Wave 1 is the first mixed-method study aimed at filling this significant gap in existing knowledge by examining both the reconfiguration of familial support systems after parental migration and the impact on child health/well-being in Southeast Asia. CHAMPSEA Wave 2 continues to investigate the long-term impacts of parental migration on the health and well-being of children who took part in CHAMPSEA Wave 1. The follow-up study surveyed and interviewed members of the same CHAMPSEA households in Indonesia (East and West Java) and the Philippines (Bulacan and Laguna) including children in middle childhood (then 3, 4 and 5 years and are now 11, 12 and 13) and young adults (then 9, 10 and 11 and are now 17, 18 and 19). Using the same mixed-methods research design utilised in CHAMPSEA Wave 1 that capitalizes on the complementary strengths of quantitative and qualitative methods, CHAMPSEA Wave 2 collects primary data using carefully designed survey instruments in order to create a unique longitudinal data set that will allow the investigation of multiple dimensions of children’s health and well-being. Through the longitudinal examination of transnational migration/householding, familial care politics and left-behind children, CHAMPSEA Wave 2 aims to: enhance knowledge on the health and well-being of children left behind in Southeast Asia when one/both parents migrate overseas for work; examine comparative impacts of paternal/maternal migration on child health over time; and contribute to academic, community, and policy debates in the region and beyond on larger questions relating to the feminisation of ‘care migration’ and the politics of care in sending communities, the organisation of reproductive labour within transnational households, and the migration-and-development nexus.

The topic of this report is parenting and social control, with a particular focus on immigrant families from Pakistan, Somalia and Sri Lanka. The empirical analyses fall into three parts: A quantitative analysis of attitudes to gender roles, sexuality and relationships in immigrant families and the scope of parental restrictions, as well as analyses of the driving forces and development of social control. We ask questions about the attitudes that are found in various groups with regard to issues of gender roles and sexuality among adolescents. Furthermore, we identify those who are most at risk of being subject to strict parental restrictions, and what kinds of consequences these may entail for the life of young people. A qualitative analysis of the parents’ subjective concerns with regard to raising children and adolescents in Norway, based on individual and group interviews with parents. Here, we will focus on the parents’ perspectives and their experiences of and grounds for the way in which they exercise social control. A qualitative analysis of complexity and social change in family relationships in a migration context, based on interviews with parents, adolescents and young adults, as well as professionals in the assistance services. Here, we focus on the experiences of the young people and relationships within families, with a special emphasis on mechanisms of social change. Quantitative analyses of attitudes and social control Based on the adolescents’ assessments of their parents’ attitudes, we find that the parental generation from countries such as Pakistan, Somalia and Sri Lanka, as well as other immigrant groups from the global South, are far more conservative in issues concerning pre-marital sex, homosexuality and letting adolescents in upper secondary school age have boy-/girlfriends, when compared to the population in general. Attitudes to gender roles and sexuality are closely linked to religion—both the degree of religiosity and affiliation with specific religious communities have an effect. Muslim immigrants appear to be the most conservative, but other religious groups are also far more conservative in such issues than the general population. We also find major variations in attitudes between different groups among adolescents, but the young people tend to see themselves as considerably more liberal than their parents. A substantial minority within some immigrant groups reports what may be referred to as severe parental restrictions on their social life. For example, 29 per cent of all girls from a Pakistani background in the first year of upper secondary school in Oslo and Akershus report that it is very or fairly true that their parents object to them ‘being in the company of persons of the opposite gender in their leisure time with no adults present’. The degree of parental control is directly linked to the parents’ cultural orientation and degree of religious conviction. The more concerned the parents are to preserve the culture of their country of origin, the stronger the likelihood that the adolescents will be exposed to strict parental control. There is also a certain correlation with the parents’ socioeconomic status, but this effect is far weaker. Adolescents who receive good grades in school, however, tend to report fewer parental restrictions than peers with poorer school performance. Boys and girls tend to experience somewhat different forms of social control. While boys in fact more often report restrictions on being with friends, girls more frequently report that their parents object to them being with someone of the opposite gender without adult supervision. Among Muslims, girls report more parental restrictions than boys, whereas the opposite is the case in some other groups. We may assume that some boys have greater expectations regarding their own freedom and thus have a lower threshold for reporting parental restrictions. In addition, the qualitative interviews indicate that even though boys and girls may be subject to equally strict rules, violations made by girls are seen as far more serious. Adolescents who are born in Norway to immigrant parents are less exposed to parental restrictions than those who have immigrated themselves, and the degree of parental restrictions diminishes markedly in pace with increased length of residence in the family. This reduction in parental restrictions appears to also occur in families that retain a conservative attitude to adolescent gender roles and sexuality. The analyses indicate that parental restrictions have considerable consequences for the lives of young people. Reports of parental restrictions are associated with lower rates of participation in organised leisure activities and a higher likelihood of reporting mental afflictions and low self-esteem. Some young people appear to lead what may be termed ‘double lives’ in conflict with their parents’ wishes. For example, a considerable proportion of minority youths have a boy-/girlfriend, even though they believe that their parents would strongly disapprove of this. Parental perspectives on raising adolescents in a foreign culture In the second section of the empirical analyses we have attempted to give a voice to the generation of parents among immigrants from Pakistan, Somalia and Sri Lanka and their concerns linked to being a parent in Norway. We place special emphasis on older and relatively conservative parents, since they clearly articulate topics that to a greater or lesser extent are of concern for others as well. Many of the parents whom we interviewed report missing a larger social collective from which to seek support in raising children, and often feeling alone with the responsibility for the children. In their countries of origin, raising children tends to be more of a communal responsibility that involves the extended family, relatives and the local community, and where key norms are shared in all the different arenas that the children frequent. The loss of this community, the feeling of dissolution of family bonds and of being alone when facing a strange and foreign world were among the recurring topics in interviews with the parents. Some also express frustration over the fact that the children, in their opinion, fail to uphold the community norms that prevailed in their own youth. Individualism—often interpreted as egotism—and liberal attitudes to substance use and sexuality are perceived as especially threatening aspects of Norwegian society. In addition, some parents see that their traditional instruments for maintaining discipline and control, including corporal punishment, shared religious norms and support from the extended family, are unavailable here. Some therefore feel that they are unable to adequately exercise parental and social control. Some are also uncertain of what is considered acceptable in terms of setting boundaries for children in Norwegian society. Some parents feel that their religion, identity and culture are under pressure from the wider society. To some extent, this is a reflection of uncertainty and fear in the encounter with the unknown. However, this perception also reflects a real conflict between different ways of regulating social life: Should adolescents be regarded as citizens with independent rights and autonomy, or are their rights and duties primarily derived from their membership in a family collective with sovereign authority over its members? This conflict between a collectivist and religious family organisation on the one hand and secular-state individualism on the other is partly expressed in the form of an ambivalent relationship toward schools. Immigrant parents tend to have strongly positive attitudes to school and education, but in matters related to swimming lessons for boys and girls, summer camps, showering after PE classes etc. some parents feel that their wishes are being ignored. The state/family conflict emerges with particular clarity in the form of families’ fear of the child protection service, which some parents see as a constant threat and an invasion of the family’s sovereignty. The maintenance of traditional marriage institutions is perceived by many as the key to perpetuating family structure, faith and identity, and concern for the children’s future marriage is a main factor in the execution of social control. In the background lurks the fear of being sent to a nursing home, which for some is a symbol of the consequences should they fail to preserve traditional family structures. For some parents, there is thus a lot at stake in their parenting practices. There are major individual variations between different families and parents in all three groups with regard to the strength of these concerns. However, there are also systematic differences between the groups that are worth noting. The first difference concerns the ‘glue’ in the social networks that binds them together. Although the Pakistani, Somali and Tamil informants were all concerned with family dissolution as a result of migration, there were considerable differences with regard to their concrete social organisation. The Somali group stood out at one end of the scale, by having largely fragmented social networks and many families with dissolved family structures. As many as 6 out of 10 adolescents with a Somali background reported that they did not live with both parents together. The Tamil group with a background from Sri Lanka stood out at the other end, by having largely succeeded in reconstructing closely knit social networks that provide considerable support for individual families, organised within the framework of the Tamil diaspora movement. The second difference pertains to the perception of identity conflict. Some of the parents in both the Somali and Pakistani groups felt that, to some extent, their wish to perpetuate their cultural and religious identity conflicted with the intentions of the Norwegian state regarding their children. The Tamils were also concerned with preserving their own identity, but for them, this was a matter of language, rather than religion, and they far less frequently stated that this was antagonistic to their integration in the wider society. Inter-generational relations and social change The interviews with adolescents and young adults underscore the social complexity in relationships characterised by strong social control. Adolescents and parents are both part of networks and relationships in which many of the participants experience mutually incompatible demands and expectations—not only to their own lifestyle, but also in terms of how they should relate to that of others. It is thus not always so easy to identify those who exercise social control and those who are being controlled, since there are many—including parents, siblings and other relatives—who may feel that they are caught ‘between a rock and a hard place’, squeezed between the expectations of others. The way in which adolescents perceive being subject to strong social control will largely depend on their own attitudes and adaptations. For example, internalising the family’s expectations is one way to ensure avoidance of conflicts while being able to perceive autonomy and independence in daily life. Others choose to embrace a religious identity as a way to distance themselves from the family’s demands, while committing to a set of life rules that ensure acceptance and legitimacy. Some enter into conflict, in the form of breaking out and settling scores or fighting small everyday battles. Many live so-called ‘double lives’, shifting between varying expectations and demands in different arenas. However, one effect of such ‘double lives’ is that relationships become potentially vulnerable—the consequences are felt only when something ‘goes wrong’. Inter-generational conflicts in relationships characterised by strong social control cannot be understood only as value conflicts; they also take the form of negotiations, where various resources can be brought into the bargain. For many young people, however, conflicts of interest between different generations appear as internalised value conflicts, such as the parents’ concern regarding who will take care of them in their old age. We identify a number of social mechanisms that, over time, will bring about change in the direction of more liberal parenting practices. These are partly changes that follow from learning and adaptation, and partly changes that follow from conflicts. Over time, many families feel that their points of reference gradually change and the idealised images of the perfect family have a tendency to pale. In some communities, their notion of ‘scandal’ erodes, and the fear of what others might say loses some of its hold as time passes. Furthermore, many parents discover through trial and error that traditional authoritarian parenting styles function poorly in Norway. Many report that they have been ‘forced’ to change their methods in seeking to transfer their values to the children. In addition, we can see that the institutional frameworks in Norwegian society—which provide women and children with far better legal protection and access to resources—help give small and large internal family conflicts a different outcome than what would have been seen in the countries of origin. Increasing levels of education, especially among girls in the second generation, also help change the balance of power and the bargaining situation in ways that gradually change the rules of the game in the families. Religion plays an ambiguous role in these processes of change. Religion is the source of demands and restrictions related to gender segregation and chastity, and religious arguments lend weight and legitimacy to the execution of social control, with a conservative effect. At the same time, we can see that changes in family practices are accompanied by a more liberal and individualist interpretation of religion in the younger generation. For some, religiously based arguments may even provide a weighty case for liberation from the more culturally based expectations from the parents’ generation. The report is concluded with some reflections around the implications for policy-oriented work in this area.

"The theoretical background and objectives The project EURISLAM provides an encompassing view of the integration of Muslim immigrants in six West European countries by linking information on the institutional status of Islam and religious rights for Muslims, public debates on Muslims and Islam in the mass media, and individual attitudes, behavioural patterns, and interethnic contacts of both Muslim immigrants and native populations. Using an institutional and discursive opportunity structure perspective, the project investigates to what extent cross-national differences in religiosity, socio-economic position, interethnic contacts, and identification of Muslims vary as a function of the way in which Islam has been incorporated in different countries and to what extent they are affected by differences in the salience and content of public debates on Muslims and Islam. Similarly, we ask how such contextual conditions affect the ways in which majority populations see and interact with Muslims. Research design, data and methodology The study combines several types of data: indicators of Muslim rights, content analyses for the period 1999-2008, a new survey among four groups of Muslims (Turks, Moroccans, Pakistani and ex-Yugoslav Muslims) and a comparison group of native non-Muslims, and finally focus groups with members of ""transnational families"", of which members have migrated to different countries. This part of the project is quasi-experimental in nature because it compares groups with a very similar background before migration (namely members of the same family) who have ended up in different immigration countries. Findings Our findings show that Muslims have been able to gain the most religious rights in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom and the least in France and Switzerland, which are both strongly influenced by a laicist tradition of church-state relations. Germany and Belgium occupy intermediary positions. A first analysis shows that these different opportunity structures have important consequences for the nature of public debates about Muslim rights. In order to compare the debates across countries, we distinguish between claims on rights within and outside public institutions, claims asking for parity with existing regulations for Christians (and sometimes also Jews) versus those that refer to special arrangements for which there is no direct Christian equivalent, and finally those that refer to mainstream (e.g., mosques or headscarves) or minoritarian (e.g., the burqa) Muslim practices. We find evidence that accommodation of Muslim rights leads to a process of claim shift, as it encourages both Muslim groups and their opponents within the public domain to shift attention from private, parity, and mainstream issues to more “obtrusive” issues. In line with the expectations of the political opportunity perspective we find that this tendency is strongest in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, where much of the debate refers to special rights in the context of public institutions, which are often related to religious practices of small groups of orthodox Muslims. In the other countries, and especially in France and Switzerland, more basic religious rights, referring to practices such as mosques, minarets, and headscarves dominate the debate, which are not important as issues of controversy in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. These results indicate that although the incorporation of Islam is highly controversial in all countries, the terms of the debate vary starkly, and do so largely in line with national integration policy and state-church traditions. In that sense the debate about Islam is, in spite of highly visible international events around Islam in the period of study, not genuinely transnational. For the moment, the incorporation of, and controversies about Islam largely follow national paths."

Das Projekt untersucht den Prozess der Partnerschaftsbildung von neu angekommenen (männlichen) Einwanderern im Kontext ungleicher Geschlechterverteilung und ausgeprägter kultureller und sozialer Distanz der Neuankömmlinge zur autochthonen Mehrheitsbevölkerung der Gastländer. Dabei bezieht es beide Perspektiven ein, d. h. es wird das Zusammenspiel zwischen (subjektiven) Einstellungen in der Mehrheitsbevölkerung der Aufnahmegesellschaft und den individuellen Präferenzen und Einschränkungen der Einwanderer untersucht. Da transnationale Ehen bei Zuwanderern, insbesondere Muslimen, häufig vorkommen, ist diese Art der Partnerwahl für das Projekt von besonderem Interesse. Auf Basis vorhandener Daten zu früheren Migrantenkohorten sollen die Integrationsaussichten von Zuwanderern, ihren Partnern und deren Nachkommen in transnationalen, intraethnischen und interethnischen Ehen in der strukturellen, sozialen und kulturellen Dimension verglichen werden.

One of the current challenges faced by European societies is understanding and managing increased cultural diversity and complex intercultural dynamics. Within this context, mixedness (i.e., mixed couples and individuals across ethnocultural boundaries) constitutes one of the most important tests for revealing the societal structure and intergroup relations. A significant amount of information is now available on immigrant / native mixing. However, we know very little about processes of mixedness involving national ethnic minorities, particularly in the case of the Roma, (Rrom or Romani) population, the most numerous ethnic minority in Spain and Europe. The Roma population has been completely overlooked in all the studies on interculturalism, which contributes to this group’s invisibility within discussions on diversity. This four-year multi-method and participatory project aims to contribute to fill this gap, by studying dynamics of mixedness among the Roma population of Spain. Specifically, we explore attitudes towards inter-ethnic mixing; individual and family negotiations; acculturation processes; multiethnic identity processes; multicultural capital; experiences of discrimination and also strategies of resistance and reappropriation. Particular attention is given to gender, employing an intersectional and dialogical feminism perspective that is also informed by Romani feminism. The project includes a plan of knowledge transfer activities done in collaboration with policy-makers, frontline community workers and civic associations, to increase its social impact and transformative potential. The ultimate goal of the project is to encourage values of interculturalism and to promote diverse and inclusive societies.

Das Vorhaben widmet sich den transnationalen Netzwerken in Deutschland lebender indischer Migranten. Am Beispiel der indischen Community in Deutschland wird untersucht, welche Verbindungen zwischen indischen Migranten in Deutschland, ihren Herkunftsorten in Indien und zu der indischen Diaspora in anderen Ländern bestehen. Im Zentrum des Erkenntnisinteresses stehen die Veränderungsprozesse, die an unterschiedlichen Orten durch das transnationale Handeln indischer Migranten ausgelöst werden. Untersucht werden als potentielle Ursachen der Veränderungsprozesse: (1) die Relevanz transnationaler sozialer Verbindungen und ihre Bedeutung für Folgemigration, den Austausch von Informationen, Werten, Kapital etc., (2) die Konstruktion und Veränderung von Identität transnational handelnder Migranten, Modelle der Einbindung in verschiedene Gesellschaften sowie die damit zusammenhängenden Fragen der Staatsangehörigkeit, (3) die Wege von Kapital innerhalb der transnationalen Netzwerke, die Verwendung von Rimessen sowie die Wirkung nicht-finanzieller Unterstützungen sowie (4) das politische Engagement transnationaler indischer Migranten, die Diasporapolitik der indischen Regierung und die Wirkung der deutschen Einwanderungspolitik. Das Forschungsdesign sieht vor, Erhebungen an unterschiedlichen Orten durchzuführen, welche durch die Netzwerke transnational handelnder Migranten verbunden sind. Methodologisch wird ein mixed method research (MMR)-Ansatz verfolgt, der die Vorteile unterschiedlicher Methoden miteinander vereint und durch sequentielle Integration eine Anpassung und Fokussierung der genutzten Erhebungsinstrumente sicherstellt. Das Vorhaben leistet auf konzeptioneller Ebene einen Beitrag zur Vertiefung des Transnationalismuskonzepts. Der empirische Ertrag des Vorhabens liegt in der Untersuchung der Migrationssysteme der indischen Community in Deutschland, über die bisher nur in geringem Umfang, thematisch enge Publikationen vorliegen. Von besonderem Interesse sind hierbei die bisher wenig untersuchten triadischen Beziehungen innerhalb der Community, nach Indien und zu Kontaktpersonen in der weltweiten Diaspora.

"Theoretical background and objectives Research on youth migration in Germany has given little attention to transnational family relations so far. The project explores both the extent and the long-term individual consequences of migration-related family separation during childhood. The first part of the study focuses on guest-workers' immigration strategies in order to explain the development and consequences of transnational family relations in the context of the recruitment of ""gastarbeiter"" in Germany. The study differentiates between guest workers from Southern Europe (Greece, Italy, Spain, Yugosla­via and Portugal) and from Islamic Mediterranean countries (Turkey, Morocco, Tunisia). Survey data are used to construct and describe ""migration chains"" in order to test hypotheses on transnational family relations and the extent of resulting parent-child separation. The analysis of qualitative data gathered from interviews with young migrants living in Germany permits the investigation of the familial decision-making processes concerning migration and the cones­quences of separation from parents experienced during childhood. At the second stage, the project also analyses the attachment behaviour of migrants who, in the context of immigration to Germany, temporarily lived in transnational families during their childhood. The idea that a separation from parents experienced during childhood will influence the general attachment behaviour forms the core thesis of attachment theory (Bowlby 1969, Ainsworth 1985a). But instead of concentrating on immediate social consequences of migration-related parental loss on the child-parent-relationship, the study analyses the marital status of adults depending on whether they experienced separation from their parent(s) due to migration during their childhood. Research design, data and methodology Data are analysed descriptively and by means of logistic regression models, using the German Mikrozensus 2005. Additionally, a series of interviews has been conducted with young Moroccan migrants who had been temporarily separated from their parents. Findings The extent of separation experiences differs according to ethnic background. Children with an Islamic Mediterranean background have a significantly higher hazard of experiencing a migration-related separation from one of their parents (mostly, from their father) than those from Southern European countries. A temporary loss of both parents was observed more frequently among young migrants with a European origin. The interviews reveal that it is much more difficult for the children to deal with the absence of both parents. Regression results show that the experience of a separation from parents during childhood significantly reduces the chances of marriage among adult migrants, and that the age at separation plays an important role, while the duration does not show any effects."

"Theoretical background and objectives This project comprises two studies that use two different data sets to examine the influence of ethnic diversity on interethnic contacts and attitudes towards immigrants by drawing on insights from group threat and inter-group contact theory. The project advances over earlier research by a) opening the black box of the mediating mechanisms via which ethnic diversity – operationalised as the population share of immigrants – affects citizens' immigration policy preferences and interethnic contacts as well as b) testing competing propositions derived from contact and group threat theory at different individual and contextual levels of analysis. In the first study, we examine which role the size of the immigrant population plays in explaining immigrant derogation within and between European regions and consider the following question: does a larger size of immigrant population increase perceived group threat and thereby lead to greater immigrant derogation? Or does it increase intergroup contact and thereby ameliorate immigrant derogation? In the second study we derive competing hypotheses on the role the size of the immigrant population plays for explaining the anti-immigrant attitudes of Dutch citizens. Research design and methodology The first study uses regionalised European Social Survey 2002 and official data, which were analysed by means of multilevel structural equation modelling. The second study uses structural equation modelling with robust standard errors on nationally representative Dutch survey data enriched with official municipality-level statistics. Findings Both studies converge in demonstrating that ethnic diversity exerts dual effects in promoting interethnic contact, but also to produce prejudice. Perceived group threat is associated with immigrant derogation. However, intergroup contact reduces perceived group threat and thereby amends such derogation of immigrants. Between regions, our findings show that a larger size of the immigrant population increases both greater perceived group threat and intergroup contact. At the same time, the effects of perceived group threat and intergroup contact on immigrant derogation resemble those found within regions. In sum, these results lend evidence to the generalisability of both group threat and contact effects."

Das zivilgesellschaftliche Engagement von Migranten lässt sich mit einer Perspektive auf die einzelne Gesellschaft nicht immer ausreichend erfassen. Ein interdisziplinäres und transnationales Forschungsteam will in Deutschland, Großbritannien, Polen und Spanien untersuchen, wie die Migrantenorganisationen ihre Ressourcen verteilen und wie eng verteilte Organisationseinheiten koordiniert werden. Das Interesse der Studiengruppe gilt u. a. der Frage, ob Migrantenorganisationen zu qualitativ neuen Formen der europäischen und generell der transnationalen gesellschaftlichen Integration beitragen, wenn sie die Grenzen einzelner europäischer Ankunftsstaaten überschreiten.

The increasing ethnic and religious diversity of the population in European cities has generated politically and ideologically controversial discussions about interethnic coexistence and the future of social cohesion. The issue of the integration of a heterogeneous immigrant population has become a priority for urban decision-makers and politicians in the European Union. Concrete encounters between different migrant groups and non-migrants mostly take place in the workplace and at the local level of the neighbourhood. The actual form that intercultural contacts and conflicts in urban settings take and their consequences for individual attitudes are still widely unknown. The GEITONIES (“neighbourhood” in Greek) project was concerned with how interethnic interactions, in neighbourhoods in European cities might help towards the creation of a more tolerant, cohesive and integrated society. Research was conducted in Bilbao, Lisbon, Rotterdam, Thessaloniki, Vienna and Warsaw. The main questions looked at how interethnic contacts are determined by spatial micro-level units and how these contacts affect tolerant or intolerant individual attitudes towards members of other ethnic groups. This project aimed to address these issues from a relational perspective through the lens of place, assuming that in contemporary multi-ethnic European cities, spaces of intercultural communication and engagement are vital to promote tolerance, cohesion, participation and inclusion in society.

Das Projekt untersucht die Integration von Migranten der zweiten Generation in vier ausgewählten europäischen Ländern: in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Schweden und England. Es ist die erste umfassende, vollstandardisierte Längsschnittstudie zu diesem Thema in Europa und wird im Rahmen des NORFACE-Programms gefördert. Im Jahr 2010 wurden Kinder von Migranten im Alter von 14 Jahren, ihre einheimischen Mitschüler sowie ihre Eltern befragt. In den beiden folgenden Jahren sind zwei weitere Erhebungswellen geplant, so dass eine zentrale, weichenstellende Lebensperiode der Jugendlichen abgedeckt werden kann. Die Datenbasis ermöglicht es, das komplexe kausale Zusammenspiel von Prozessen der strukturellen, sozialen und kulturellen Integration zu untersuchen. Es kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass sich nur dadurch die Unterschiede zwischen Ländern, ethnischen Gruppen und Lebensbereichen erklären lassen, die sich in der bisherigen Forschung zur Integration der zweiten Generation in Europa zeigen. Das Projekt erhebt erstmalig die notwendigen Daten, um die Mechanismen hinter diesen verschiedenen und komplexen Mustern aufzudecken: strikt vergleichbare, theoriegeleitete, Mehr-Ebenen- und Längsschnittdaten mit ausreichender Fallzahl. Die Daten werden der internationalen Forschergemeinde zur Verfügung gestellt. Zusätzlich zu unseren eigenen substantiellen Forschungsbeiträgen soll auf diese Weise eine dauerhafte Dateninfrastruktur geschaffen werden, mit der sich die Integration von Migranten der zweiten Generation in Europa angemessen untersuchen lässt.

Rapporten setter søkelys på kvinners hverdagsliv i norsk-pakistanske familier. Forskeren har søkt å løse opp dikotomiseringen mellom «moderne» og «tradisjonelle» muslimske kvinner som ofte blir forstått i relasjon til «vestlige selvstendige kvinner» og «muslimske passive og undertrykte kvinner». Hun viser et mangfold av tilpasninger og meninger som kvinner har. Endringer og variasjoner preger livet, der familierelasjoner er i endring og tradisjonelle autoritetsstrukturer utfordres. Kvinner deltar på ulike arenaer i samfunnet, men fortsetter å ha tilhørighet i tette norsk-pakistanske familier og nettverk. Familiesamhold veier tungt også transnasjonalt.

The European challenges in the field of migration have an impact on society, since the division between them opposed to newcomers and welcoming them has been continuously increasing. The project addresses the perceptions of the Belgian and European population about refugees/migrants and vice versa as well as their interactions with the policy agenda of asylum and migration with a European comparative perspective and a specific focus on Belgium. As Europe face important migratory challenges and political difficulties we have seen an increase of the public opinion’s polarisation regarding asylum and refugees, it is important to address this question. Including teams from our project will analyse this polarisation and its links to policies, as it is necessary for a better understanding of the current debate on migration in Europe and Belgium. The 2015 asylum crisis will be considered as indicative of the general European and Belgian citizens’ reactions about migration. The focus is then on attitudes, representations, discourses and practices about refugees, on the interactions at the local level between the majority populations and newly arrived migrants. The project will follow two objectives. First studying public opinion towards asylum seekers and refugees with a European cross- national perspective but also how these groups perceive Belgium, its asylum system and its reception policies. The second objective is to analyse the polarisation of the public opinion by focussing on pro and anti-refugees’ actions at the local level. This will allow understanding the links between public opinion and the implementation of asylum and reception policies. In order to fulfil these objectives, our project is based on 5 Work Packages that each focus on a specific dimension. The first two ones aim at developing a European comparative perspective on perceptions towards migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. This then includes a quantitative analysis of public opinion’s perceptions towards new immigration flows as well as a comparison of 5 European case studies (Sweden, Italy, Grece, Hungary and Germany). The three other work packages aim at a deep analysis of the Belgian situation. First, they consist of understanding actions and reactions towards asylum seekers and refugees at a local level. This implies to study the opposite reactions with an in-depth analysis of their content, justifications and determinants but also to focus on interactions between social groups (pro vs. anti migrants groups; ional citizens & refugees) as well as the interactions between the population’s reaction and the implementation of asylum and receptions policies. Second, studying the Belgian situation implies to analyse asylum seekers and refugees perceptions regarding the country’s asylum and reception policies. Lastly, it implies to realise a policy evaluation of those policies. The aim of this project and the main questions it addresses focus more on the relations and on the dynamics existing between the citizens and the migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. Hence, we propose to broaden the scope of what is usually done by extending the focus on actors that are often not implied in migration studies: the majority population and the impact of new migration waves on social cohesion. The expected results concerns: 1) an in-depth and comparative knowledge of attitudes towards migrants and refugees in Europe; 2) an analysis of the factors influencing the attitudes of rejections, disregards and support; 3) an in-depth analysis of the specificities of the current wave of migration compared to the last ones; 4) an in-depth analysis of citizens’ and migrants’ discourses, representation and practices and of their reaction on social cohesion at a local level;

"Theoretical background and objectives This project aims to investigate the effect of three different types of contextual effects on immigrant integration: those related to the regions of origin of immigrants (e.g., levels of religiosity and socio-economic prosperity), those related to the localities in which they have settled within the country of immigration (e.g., levels of immigrant concentration and local unemployment), and those related to the national contexts of the countries of immigration (e.g., citizenship and welfare state regimes). It does so by comparing the levels of structural and socio-cultural integration of Turkish immigrants in six countries (Germany, France, Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, and Sweden) and Moroccan immigrants in four countries (Germany, France, Netherlands, Austria). The study includes a comparison group of natives. The countries covered by the study represent different integration models and citizenship regimes. They vary in their degree of granting individual, cultural and religious group rights to migrants. The study has a quasi-experimental nature insofar as the immigrant sample includes only immigrants from the guest-worker period and their offspring, and half of the immigrant sample comes from a selected number of provinces in the country of origin. This design minimises the role of migration period and ensures that there is sufficient overlap between the samples in the different countries in terms of regions of origin. Topics of the survey range from labour market position and education to identification, segregation, interethnic social contacts, religiosity and attitudes towards cultural preservation. The native sample moreover includes questions about attitudes towards immigrants. Research design, methodology and outlook Data were collected in a bilingual phone survey during the first half of 2008. In each country, a minimum of 500 respondents for each group was surveyed, resulting in a total number of 9 365 valid observations. The data set has been supplemented with a broad set of context data on the ethnic composition of the local resident population, the regional labour market situation in the host country, and certain cultural and political aspects in the respondent's origin provinces, gathered from various official statistics. All respondents had the choice to answer the interview questions in either the host country or their origin country language. The study thus avoids the drawbacks of other international studies conducted only in the host country language, by ensuring the inclusion of all groups of migrants, even of those with poor host country language command. A detailed description of the research design and methodology is given in the technical report. Findings Based on the collected data, several comparative studies on aspects of socio-cultural integration and inter-ethnic contacts have been undertaken and have resulted in several publications, see below. Data The SCIICS dataset is available for secondary analyses. Interested researchers are kindly requested to send a one-page abstract of their research project to ruud.koopmans@wzb.eu. Please note that the data must be used exclusively for the outlined research project and must not be passed on to third parties."

TRICUD aims at better understanding some of the reciprocal relationships between migration and change. The principal objective is indeed to better understand how migration transforms both sending societies in the South and receiving societies in the North. It is widely acknowledged that international migration has always been a cause as well as a result of economic, political, social and cultural change. It is a key dimension of globalisation. It affects, the dynamics of identities, the process of cultural diversification and social representations in urban settings both in the North and South. Migration has also prompted the formation of transnational social spaces connecting home and destination countries. This phenomenon is observable between Belgium and some of the countries of origin of its migrant population. The Democratic Republic of Congo and Morocco are in this respect two strategic case-studies. In order to better understand the dynamics of identities, the processes of cultural diversification and the dynamics of representations in urban settings affected by international migration and immigrants’ transnational practices both in Belgium and in two immigrant sending countries, the research will be carried out along three main directions, which consist in the 3 research projects are the post-migratory city and transnational flows, the dynamics of identities and the process of cultural diversification.

Project description: Increasing numbers of highly educated migrants work abroad temporarily. Often, these expatriates are accompanied by their children but very little is known about the children although their wellbeing is important for the families’ comfort. This ethnographic study investigates such children (8-15 years old) in Finland. The study asks how the children experience their temporary migration and their lifestyle that includes frequent transnational mobility. What kind of lives do they lead? How do they negotiate their identities and place within the current system of nation states? What the significance of nationalities, cosmopolitanism and class is? The project investigates the children’s lives and views, develops theory on transnational mobility and child migration, and produces information for policy-makers, teachers, expatriate families and children. Research material includes field diaries on participant observation, interviews, and visual data produced together with the children. / Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Yhä useampi korkeasti koulutettu asiantuntija työskentelee tilapäisesti ulkomailla. Usein nämä ekspatriaatit tulevat lastensa kanssa, mutta lapsista tiedetään hyvin vähän vaikka heidän viihtymisensä on tärkeää perheiden hyvinvoinnille. Tämä etnografinen tutkimus perehtyy 8-15-vuotiaisiin ekspatriaattilapsiin Suomessa. Tutkimuksessa kysytään miten lapset kokevat tilapäisen maahanmuuttonsa sekä ylirajaisesti liikkuvan elämäntapansa. Millaista elämää he elävät? Miten he määrittelevät identiteettiään ja paikkaansa vallitsevassa kansallisvaltiojärjestelmässä? Mikä on kansallisuuksien, kosmopoliittisuuden ja luokan merkitys? Projektissa perehdytään lasten elämään ja näkemyksiin, kehitetään teoriaa ylirajaisesta liikkuvuudesta ja lapsisiirtolaisuudesta sekä tuotetaan opettajille, ekspatriaattiperheille ja - lapsille sekä viranomaisille hyödyllistä tietoa. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu osallistuvasta havainnoinnista, haastatteluista ja yhdessä lasten kanssa tuotetusta visuaalisesti materiaalista.

Denne rapporten handler om erfaringer som foreldre fra ulike etniske og religiøse minoriteter har med å oppdra barn i Norge. Studien er gjennomført på oppdrag fra Barne-, ungdoms, og familiedirektoratet (Bufdir) som ønsker mer kunnskap om mangfoldet av foreldrepraksiser og -erfaringer i Norge for å utvikle likeverdige tjenester. Vi har brukt begrepene etniske og religiøse minoriteter som avgrensning fra andre minoritetskategorier, basert for eksempel på seksualitet eller funksjonsnedsettelse. Minoritetsbegrepet i vår studie viser til personer som definerer seg selv, eller opplever at de blir definert av andre, som minoritet i kraft av etnisk og/eller religiøs bakgrunn. I rapporten har vi undersøkt følgende problemstillinger:  Hvilke idealer har foreldrene for sitt foreldreskap, og hvordan sammenligner de sin måte å være mor og far på med hvordan de selv ble oppdratt?  Hvilke erfaringer har foreldrene med å stå for og videreføre verdier i potensiell konflikt med verdier i majoritetssamfunnet?  Hvilken betydning har ulike minoritetsfellesskap, nabolag og lokalmiljø for foreldreskapet?  Hvilke erfaringer har foreldrene med barnevern og andre hjelpetjenester i forbindelse med bekymringer for barn?  Hvilke begrensinger og muligheter opplever foreldrene at barna deres får som medlem både av en minoritetsgruppe og av majoritetssamfunnet? En stor del av forskningen på minoriteter i Norge har fokusert på enkeltgrupper og har analysert endringer mellom generasjoner innad i gruppen. I denne rapporten har vi derimot valgt å studere foreldreskap og betydningen av minoritetsposisjon på tvers av etnisitet og religion. Studien bygger på intervjuer med 32 foreldre med ulike forutsetninger og posisjoner i det norske samfunnet. Utvalget inkluderer flyktninger som har kommet til Norge enten som barn eller voksne, andregenerasjons innvandrere, nyankomne arbeidsinnvandrere og majoritetsnorske medlemmer av kristne trossamfunn utenfor den norske kirke. Gjennom dette grepet har vi utforsket likheter og forskjeller i foreldrenes erfaringer med å oppdra barn i en minoritetskontekst.

" This transdisciplinary collaboration focuses on eight European cities, to understand the key question of how night spaces are dynamically produced, imagined, experienced and narrated by migrant communities in Europe. It considers material, symbolic and virtual public spaces associated with and created by migrant communities in night-time urban settings, which are understood as being important sites of crisis and regeneration, memory and heritage, community solidarity and growth. Authorities have historically wrestled with the issue of night-time control, and the hours after dark are often still perceived as harbouring threats to public order and potential criminality. However, the current policy attention to night-time urban economies, exemplified by the creation of the office of Night Mayor (Amsterdam, 2014) and Night Czar (London, 2016), illustrates the increasing interest in the potentialities of the urban night. Harnessing this growing interest, NITE’s transdisciplinary, humanities-led research will contribute with otherwise overlooked evidence on the production, experience and narration of migrant night-spaces, adding to the timeliness of its approach. The project covers night spaces in cities in the Netherlands, Ireland, UK, Germany, Denmark and Portugal, considered intersectionally within the context of migration with questions of race and ethnicity, gender and sexuality, class, and age. NITE considers how migrants’ experiences in public spaces at night and the stories that emerge from them can productively inform current and future debates, policies and practices. Thus, it contends that night-time culture (expressed through e.g. music, film, digital platforms, performance) opens up new opportunities and spaces of belonging and intercultural understanding. Through a programme of community co-designed cultural events and activities, and close engagement with policy-makers, NITE aims to contribute to policy approaches to night-time economies, releasing the potential night spaces offer in creating more inclusive cities. With migration a defining characteristic of contemporary urban life, key and often polarizing in current policy, political and public debates in Europe, NITE aims to support community wellbeing and better integration at local, national and transnational levels. The Leiden team will research migrant night cultures in Amsterdam and Rotterdam. UCL will focus on LGBT+ migrant communities and night spaces in London. The Leuphana team (in conjunction with Humbolt University) will study migrant bike couriers at night within Berlin’s smart economy. Aarhus will undertake comparative research on migrant youth and questions of belonging, surveillance and policing with Lisbon. The Limerick team will study African migrants’ community music making in Cork and Galway."

"Theoretical background and objectives This project investigates the merits of different theoretical perspectives regarding the factors shaping the granting of rights of individual equality and recognition of cultural differences by nation-states to immigrants. The perspective of post-national citizenship (Jacobson 1997; Sassen 1998; Soysal 1994) emphasises the role of supranational authorities such as the European Union and the legal frameworks associated with them, which are said to increasingly constrain nation-states in implementing restrictive policies regarding immigrant and cultural minority rights. The perspective of democratic liberalism (Joppke 2007) also expects convergence between countries, at least among liberal-democratic ones, because of their self-commitment to fundamental principles of equality and protection of minorities. The courts in particular are viewed as upholding such principles, sometimes against restrictive ambitions of governments. A third perspective (Brubaker 1992; Koopmans et al. 2005) emphasises national path dependence and the resilience of national traditions of citizenship and national identity. This perspective therefore predicts no or limited convergence and does not lead us to expect a secular trend towards more inclusive rights. We analyse rights in the eight thematic fields of nationality acquisition, family reunification, expulsion, anti-discrimination, public-sector employment for non-nationals, political rights for non-nationals, cultural rights in education, as well as other cultural and religious rights. Theoretically, these rights for immigrants are classified according to two dimensions that partly cross-cut the eight thematic fields. The first dimension captures the inclusiveness of a country's understanding of citizenship by distinguishing countries where access to equal rights is difficult for immigrants from countries where immigrants can easily, and in the case of the second generation sometimes automatically, join the community of citizens. The second dimension shows how countries deal with cultural and religious diversity: the differences here range between those countries that are willing to recognise minority groups and adopt a pluralistic strategy by granting cultural and religious group rights, and those countries that are reluctant to recognise such groups, do not grant any specific rights but on the contrary require immigrants to assimilate to a dominant culture. Research design, data and methodology The project is based on original data drawn from policy documents, legal texts, secondary literature, internet websites, and expert information. The qualitative information from these sources is transformed into ordinal codes, classifying policies as more or less restrictive in terms of the extent and accessibility of rights for immigrants. Temporal trends in the means (as a measure of liberalisation) and cross-national standard deviations (as a measure of convergence) of policies are related by way of bivariate and multivariate regression analyses to explanatory variables such as EU membership, the strength and scope of judicial review, government incumbency of left-wing parties, and the electoral strength of right-wing populist parties. In the first phase of the project data have been gathered for ten North-Western European countries for four measurement years: 1980, 1990, 2002, and 2008. In a second phase, data was collected for four classical anglo-saxon settler countries as well as for additional Eastern and Southern European countries, Middle Eastern, East Asian, African and South American countries. As a result, data is now available for 29 countries for the year 2008. Findings First results for the ten European countries find little evidence for cross-national convergence and strong support for national path dependence. In most countries rights became more inclusive until 2002, but this trend was not universal (Denmark and France deviate) and stagnated or partly reversed in virtually all countries afterwards, in association with the rise of right-wing populist parties. EU membership, the scope of judicial review in a country, and left-wing government incumbency had no noticeable impact on trends and differences in citizenship rights. Our conclusion is that there is little support that supranational regulation or a common dynamic within liberal democracies produce convergence of citizenship rights for immigrants, which for the moment continue to be strongly divergent and shaped by national institutional and policy traditions. In a second step we study explanations for cross-national differences in granting citizenship rights to immigrants for 29 countries worldwide for the year 2008. We first test theories on immigrant rights across 29 countries from Europe, Africa, the Middle East, East Asia, Oceania, and the Americas, using our Indicators of Citizenship Rights for Immigrants (ICRI) data set. We focus on trajectories of nationhood and current institutional features to explain cross-national difference. We find that former colonial powers, former colonies that developed as settler countries, as well as democracies have been more likely to extend rights to immigrants. Strikingly, once we account for involvement in colonialism, we find no difference between supposedly “civic-nationalist” early nation-states and supposedly “ethnic-nationalist” latecomer nations, refuting a widely held belief in the literature on citizenship. We find no effect of a country’s degree of political globalization. We replicate these findings on a sample of 35 mainly European countries, using the migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX)."

This project is one of six projects within the six year programme: The Challenges of Polarization on the Swedish Labour Market at the Department of Sociology and Work Science funded by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, Forte. This project addresses the integration of migrants and minorities into the Swedish labour market by assessing the extent, implications and experiences of ethnic polarisation across different dimensions; that is, between majority and minority populations (first and second generations); and the diversity within the migrant workforce and its distribution across the occupational structure. Classical migration theory holds that migrants are recruited to perform jobs in the lower sections of the labour market that native workers avoid (Piore 1979; Massey et al. 1998). This also applies to Sweden, where many migrants are employed in low-wage and insecure employment (Johansson & Vingård, 2012). Comparisons of Western Europe countries have show that labour markets are polarised because ethnic minorities do not compete on equal terms with majority populations, and experience a substantial ‘ethnic penalty’ in the second generation (Heath & Cheung 2007; Johnson 2010). Given such patterns, important question arise concerning the prospects of migrants (both first and second generations) to transition into better-paid segments of the labour market and what strategies migrants develop to reduce the impact of discrimination (Modood 2015; Elgenius 2017). Sweden is considered one of the most gendered labour markets in the world (Charles & Grusky 2004) and intersections of ethnicity and gender need be considered as a ‘double disadvantage’ (Bradley & Healy 2008). However, the tendency towards polarisation within the migrant workforce is another focus for this project as diversity-within is visible with an increasing share of highly skilled migrants in Sweden; for example, computing professionals from India. Thus, the fact that migrant groups are unevenly distributed across the occupational structure requires further attention. For instance, the largest share of migrants within the construction sector is from Eastern Europe, whereas Indian nationals are concentrated in the IT sector (Migrationsverket). This project will critically appraise migrants’ occupational status, prospects and experiences in the Swedish labour market by focusing on diversity within the migrant workforce and the experiences of ethnic penalties in first and second generations (see, e.g., Elgenius 2011, 2017; Frank 2012, 2014; Omanović 2009, 2013, Knights and Omanović 2016).

"Theoretical background and objectives The project contributes to societal and scientific debate by examining the relationship between integration policies and the socio-cultural integration of immigrants in three European countries that have pursued contrasting integration policies: France, Germany and the Netherlands. Socio-cultural integration is treated as a two-dimensional concept consisting of the degree of host culture adoption and the degree of ethnic retention. Following Berry (1997) these two dimensions are seen as – at least potentially – independent. Both dimensions are measured on the basis of four indicators. The degree of host culture adoption is measured as identification with the host country, host country language proficiency, host country language usage and social contacts with natives. The degree of ethnic retention is measured as identification with Turks, Turkish language proficiency, identification with Muslims and the observance of Islamic religious rules (halal diet, participation in Ramadan, mosque visits and headscarf wearing). The project tests several theories of immigrant assimilation in a cross-national perspective: theories em­phasis­ing material costs and benefits of retention and adoption, which claim that assimilation pressures will lead to adoption of the host culture and multicultural policies will promote ethnic retention; acculturative stress theories that pose that adoption is less likely to occur if it is seen as requiring the rejection of the culture of origin; and reactive ethnicity theories, which assume that immigrants withdraw in their ethnic cultures if they face assimilation pressures. In addition, the project pays special attention to naturalisation policies: Based on the widespread assumption that easily accessible citizenship promotes socio-cultural integration, two hypotheses are tested. First, whether naturalised immigrants display higher levels of socio-cultural integration than non-naturalised immigrants. Second, whether immigrants in countries with few preconditions for naturalisation show higher levels of socio-cultural integration. Research design, data and methodology Most previous comparative studies have not been able to control sufficiently for compositional effects related to the timing of immigration and the national and regional composition of immigrant populations. By choosing a quasi-experimental design, the project sought to eliminate such composition effects as far as possible. Therefore, original data were collected based on a telephone survey in the three countries that targeted a selected group of Turkish immigrants and their direct offspring originating in two rural regions of Turkey, who migrated before 1975. Thus, the sample (n = 1 000) excludes all follow-up migration of Turkish refugees and marriage migrants, which occurred to varying degrees in the three countries, and ensures that we are comparing similar immigrants in the three countries, and not predominantly urban Turkish guest workers from Istanbul in one country to Kurdish refugees in another country. All respondents had the option to answer the questionnaire either in Turkish or in their host-country language. The survey data were analysed using multivariate regression techniques, and took into account a range of individual-level control variables as well as the local density of the Turkish immigrant population. The quantitative findings were corroborated and refined with almost 90 additional in-depth interviews. Findings Results show that ethnic retention is strongest in the Netherlands, where multicultural policies were long prevalent, while host culture adoption is strongest in the French context, which has more strongly emphasised assimilation, at least where participation in the public realm is concerned. On the individual level, there is a negative relationship between ethnic retention and host culture adoption, which persists after controlling for relevant background variables. Naturalisation is positively associated with socio-cultural integration only in those countries—France and Germany—that have traditionally required a certain degree of cultural assimilation from their new citizens. Regarding country differences, the analyses reveal that Turkish immigrants in France show higher levels of host culture adoption on all four indicators. For host-country identification, they share this position with Dutch Turks. Taken together, these results provide no support for reactive ethnicity theories, as ethnic retention was strongest in the Netherlands, where citizenship policies have been most inclusive. They do provide support for a combination of material cost/benefit perspectives and acculturative stress perspectives, as neither a lack of incentives for adoption of the host culture (as was long the case in the Netherlands) nor very restrictive citizenship policies that promote an ethnically thick conception of citizenship (as long prevalent in Germany) have been successful in seducing immigrants to adopt the host culture. The results show that limited cultural assimilation conditions tied to an otherwise inclusive notion of citizenship (as in France) may be more helpful in promoting socio-cultural integration, but they also demonstrate that the allowance of dual nationality does not have the negative effects that are sometimes ascribed to it."

"Theoretical background and objectives Existing research on the labour market integration of immigrants usually focuses on male immigrants, comparing them to native males. So far, only few studies have addressed the labour market integration of female immigrants and again, these studies are mostly limited to comparisons between women with and without a migration background. The aim of this project is to conduct a double comparison and to analyse the joint effects of gender and migration background on a number of labour market outcomes. A double comparison is needed because native women and men differ in their labour market behaviour, yet it is not known to what extent these gender differences extend to the migrant population – in fact, gender differences may be larger or smaller among immigrants and their descendants than in the native origin population. Research design, data and methodology Data from the most recent German microcensus are used to analyse the research question. In addition to providing abundant information about labour market behaviour, this data source makes it possible to identify foreign-born immigrants and local-born children of immigrants and to distinguish a number of migrant groups based on their country or region of origin. Thus, we can examine whether gender differences in labour market behaviour differ between migrants and non-migrants and between different subgroups of migrants. Findings We find considerable variation in gender gaps in labour market behaviour between East and West Germany, across ethnic groups and across generations. Intergenerational comparisons show that most ethnic minorities assimilate towards German patterns of gendered labour market attainment."

"Das Projekt untersuchte die Bedeutung ethnischer Netzwerke für die Integration von Migranten und ihren Kindern in Deutschland. Dazu wurden Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) für mehrere Startkohorten unter Verwendung unterschiedlicher Netzwerkmaße ausgewertet. Eine methodischen Studie zu Messinvarianz ging der Frage nach, ob die in Startkohorte 6 verwendeten Befragungsinstrumente zu Sozialkapital für Einheimische und Migranten dasselbe Konzept auf dieselbe Weise messen. Nach Tests auf konfigurale Invarianz, metrische Invarianz und skalare Invarianz kommen wir zu dem Ergebnis, dass weder sprachliche noch kulturelle Unterschiede die Vergleichbarkeit der Sozialkapitalmessungen über die Gruppen hinweg gefährden. Unter Verwendung von Startkohorte 4 (15jährige Jugendliche) wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen einheimischen Freunden und der Identifikation mit dem Aufnahmeland untersucht. Während die Identifikation von Spätaussiedlern und Jugendlichen aus ehemals jugoslawischen Ländern oder Südeuropa stark mit dem Anteil einheimischer Freunde zusammenhängt, konnten wir dafür keinen Beleg bei türkisch- oder polnischstämmigen Jugendlichen finden. In einer Folgestudie über Jugendliche türkischer Herkunft untersuchten wir, ob das Zugehörigkeitsgefühl zum Herkunftsland, also der Türkei, mit der Identifikation mit dem Aufnahmeland, also Deutschland, zusammenhängt. Wir konnten zeigen, dass ein solcher Zusammenhang nur besteht, wenn die Jugendlichen in Nachbarschaften mit einem hohen Anteil von Bewohnern türkischer Herkunft leben. In dieser Situation verringert das Gefühl der Zugehörigkeit zum Herkunftsland die Identifikation mit dem Aufnahmeland. In einer der ersten Studien, die zwischen religiösen und ethnischen Netzwerken unterscheidet, untersuchten wir Daten aus Startkohorte 3 (jüngere Schüler) und Startkohorte 4. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Engagement in religiösen Gemeinschaften mit einem besseren Abschneiden in mathematischen Leistungstests einhergeht, ein zunehmender Anteil an Nachbarn derselben Herkunft diesen Vorteil aber untergräbt. Dieser antagonistische Effekt stellt die Annahme in Frage, dass ethnische oder religiöse Gemeinden grundsätzlich förderlich oder schädlich sind. Anhand Daten der Startkohorte 6 und direkter Messungen sozialer Ressourcen sowie der sozioökonomischen Zusammensetzung von Netzwerken, konnten wir weiterhin zeigen, dass ethnisch geprägte Netzwerke die Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt erschweren, da sie geringeres aufnahmelandspezifisches Sozialkapital bieten. Im Gegensatz dazu finden wir weder Hinweise auf positive Auswirkungen von Peer Groups noch einen eigenständigen Effekt von ethnisch geprägtem Sozialkapital auf die Arbeitsmarktintegration."

The European challenges in the field of migration have an impact on society, since the division between them opposed to newcomers and welcoming them has been continuously increasing. The project addresses the perceptions of the Belgian and European population about refugees/migrants and vice versa as well as their interactions with the policy agenda of asylum and migration with a European comparative perspective and a specific focus on Belgium. As Europe face important migratory challenges and political difficulties we have seen an increase of the public opinion’s polarisation regarding asylum and refugees, it is important to address this question. Including teams from our project will analyse this polarisation and its links to policies, as it is necessary for a better understanding of the current debate on migration in Europe and Belgium. The 2015 asylum crisis will be considered as indicative of the general European and Belgian citizens’ reactions about migration. The focus is then on attitudes, representations, discourses and practices about refugees, on the interactions at the local level between the majority populations and newly arrived migrants. The project will follow two objectives. First studying public opinion towards asylum seekers and refugees with a European cross- national perspective but also how these groups perceive Belgium, its asylum system and its reception policies. The second objective is to analyse the polarisation of the public opinion by focussing on pro and anti-refugees’ actions at the local level. This will allow understanding the links between public opinion and the implementation of asylum and reception policies. In order to fulfil these objectives, our project is based on 5 Work Packages that each focus on a specific dimension. The first two ones aim at developing a European comparative perspective on perceptions towards migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. This then includes a quantitative analysis of public opinion’s perceptions towards new immigration flows as well as a comparison of 5 European case studies (Sweden, Italy, Grece, Hungary and Germany). The three other work packages aim at a deep analysis of the Belgian situation. First, they consist of understanding actions and reactions towards asylum seekers and refugees at a local level. This implies to study the opposite reactions with an in-depth analysis of their content, justifications and determinants but also to focus on interactions between social groups (pro vs. anti migrants groups; ional citizens & refugees) as well as the interactions between the population’s reaction and the implementation of asylum and receptions policies. Second, studying the Belgian situation implies to analyse asylum seekers and refugees perceptions regarding the country’s asylum and reception policies. Lastly, it implies to realise a policy evaluation of those policies.

"Theoretical background and objectives Survey data are one way to study labour market disadvantages of immigrants. But they have the disadvantage that not all differences with natives can be explained away with the available variables. Hence, there is no way to determine with certainty whether the residual gaps are due to discrimination or to other unobserved variables. Audit and correspondence studies have become popular responses to this problem and have demonstrated for a wide range of ethnic groups and countries that discrimination occurs. So far studies have almost exclusively used a paired application design, in which two applications, one native and one from a selected minority group, are sent, which apart from cosmetic details differ only in the ethnicity of the applicant. Widespread as it may be, this design has the major disadvantage that it is diagnostic rather than analytic. It can demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that discrimination occurs – at least for a selected ethnic group – but not whether taste or statistical mechanisms are behind discrimination, nor which characteristics of applicants – their race, religion, cultural or linguistic distance, or specific ethnicity – provoke discrimination. In this project that was started in late 2014 we want to move beyond these limitations by using an unpaired multiple-group, multiple-treatment design in which we vary racial phenotype, religion, as well as ethnicity. Native ethnics are compared to second generation applicants from 34 immigrant ethnic groups. For her dissertation, Ruta Yemane will implement a similar design in the USA in cooperation with Harvard University. The German study allows a direct measurement of racial discrimination because in Germany photographs are allowed or required in the application process. In the USA race will be indirectly signaled by names and ethnic language. The multiple-group design allows regression analyses testing for taste or statistical discrimination, for instance by relating callback rates to cultural distance to the countries of origin (using World Values Survey data) or to group educational and labour market status averages (e.g., using the German Mikrozensus). Findings In order to investigate the drivers of discrimination against second generation immigrant job applicants, we sent thousands of applications from fictitious persons to real job openings in eight professions all over Germany. Next to job applicants’ ethnicity (German or migration background in one out of 34 origin countries), phenotype (Asian, Black, White), and religious affiliation (none, Buddhist or Hindu, Christian, or Muslim), we varied several other characteristics of the applications, such as applicants’ gender, final grades, whether or not a reference letter was included, as well as information about applicants’ current contract. Our results confirm that employers discriminate against immigrant job applicants. The magnitude of discrimination, however, varies strongly between origin groups. Whereas employers do not discriminate against Western and Southern European and East Asian immigrants, other origin groups experience significant disadvantages. In addition, we observe substantial disadvantages for Black and Muslim job applicants. With respect to classic theories about the drivers of discrimination on the labor market, that is, taste-based and statistical discrimination, we find that the cultural distance between origin countries and Germany explains discrimination against different groups much better than productivity-related group characteristics, such as average levels of education. Consequently, our empirical findings are more supportive of taste-based discrimination than they are of statistical discrimination theories."

MICALL was a transnational action research project, co-ordinated by COMPAS, exploring the role of Local and Regional Authorities (LRAs) in communicating with their citizens about the difficult questions raised by migration. Led by a partnership of six European research institutions, with the Council of Europe as an associate partner, the project provided a platform for the sharing of good practice and the development of new strategies for the communication of positive attitudes towards migrants and migrant integration at the local and regional level. Work began in early 2011 with each partner identifying the context within which LRAs in the six target countries are working, producing country context reports to ground the comparative research. The partners then embarked on fieldwork, including desk research and interviews with key LRA officials, NGOs and experts to ascertain what, if any, communications activities have been undertaken by local government in each of the countries, focusing on a series of in-depth case studies. Each partner sought to identify successful initiatives as well as barriers to success in each country, region and city involved, which were reflected on in technical workshops with practitioners. The second half of the project focused on the policy lessons that can be drawn from the initial research.

Die internationale Migration von ÄrztInnen aus Subsahara-Afrika hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. 40 % aller Medizinabsolventen eines Jahrgangs der University of Nigeria sind 10 Jahre nach Beendigung ihres Studiums migriert, wobei die USA beliebtestes Migrationsziel sind. Bislang erfolgte eine eingehende Analyse der Medizinmigration unter dem Schlagwort des „Brain Drain“ vorwiegend aus ökonomischer Perspektive. Empirische Studien, die die Sichtweisen und weiteren Lebenszusammenhänge der Ärzte selbst in den Blick nehmen, blieben hingegen aus. Das hier skizzierte Projekt baut auf dem aktuellen Forschungsstand der Migration afrikanischer Ärzte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Forschungsfelder skilled migration, Biomedizin in und aus Afrika, und transnationale Netzwerke auf. Ziel ist es, die Migrationserfahrungen einzelner nigerianischer Ärzte in den USA aus emischer Perspektive zu erforschen. Individuelle, soziale und kulturelle Migrationsmotivationen werden identifiziert und die Einbindung der Medizinmigranten in translokale, professionelle, geo-ethnische und familiäre oder religiöse Netzwerke analysiert. Im Fokus steht zudem das Selbstverständnis als Arzt und wie sich dieses durch die Einflüsse der Migration und Begegnung mit verschiedenen Medizinsystemen und -praktiken wandelt. Eine dichte Beschreibung dessen, wie sich afrikanische Medizinmigranten in einer globalen biomedizinischen Landschaft verorten und welchen Einfluss transnationale Netzwerke auf Zugehörigkeit, Mobilität und moralische Verpflichtungen gegenüber dem Herkunftsland haben, erlaubt abschließend ein umfassenderes Bild der African Medical Migration als es vorliegende quantitative Studien vermögen.

Ce projet prolonge et développe les efforts collectifs de l’unité Migrations internationales et minorités (MIM) visant à explorer la diversité, la complexité et la variabilité des migrations internationales, notamment pour dépasser l’idée de flux unilatéraux de migrants permanents se déplaçant de pays pauvres (au Sud) vers des pays riches (au Nord). Différentes analyses seront développées autour de la mesure des migrations sous toutes leurs formes : flux migratoires passés et présents ; flux entrants mais également sortants – avec toutes les difficultés que leur mesure empirique implique ; migrations temporaires ; migrations circulaires. Plusieurs recherches s’intéresseront à la place et au rôle des migrations internationales dans les trajectoires biographiques individuelles. Une attention particulière sera portée à la sélectivité des migrations internationales, à partir de la comparaison entre les caractéristiques sociales des migrants et celles des non-migrants dans leur pays d’origine. Les trajectoires d’émigration, notamment les mobilités étudiantes mais aussi les remigrations – notamment les migrations de retour d’immigrés dans leur pays de naissance – seront étudiées en détail. Enfin, les conséquences de la migration sur les proches non-migrants constitueront un objet d’étude important, par exemple la situation des familles dont les membres peuvent être dispersés dans plusieurs lieux. L’idée est de souligner la dimension dynamique de ces familles transnationales : échanges et va-et- vient entre les pays de départ et d’arrivée ; recompositions ; trajectoires familiales sur plusieurs pays, au-delà de la dimension binaire (départ/arrivée) ; etc. Financements externes liés à cet axe de recherche : - Projet MAFE https://mafeproject.site.ined.fr/ - Projet TEMPER http://www.temperproject.eu/