Guinea

Discusses the issue of refugees, internally displaced persons and other war-affected victims in Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Presents views under the following: asylum in Guinea; repatriation and voluntary return; assistance to returnees and internally displaced persons in Sierra Leone; and Kambia. Includes observations and table showing refugees and internally displaced persons as at 11 May 2001.

EL FRACASO DE UNA GESTION IGUALITARIA DE LA DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL EN MARRUECOS Y EN GUINEA ECUATORIAL SE HA RELACIONADO CON LA IMPRONTA COLONIAL. PARECE QUE LA POLITICA DEL DIVIDE ET IMPERA PRACTICADA SOBRE ARABES E IMAZIGHEN MARROQUIES DESDE LA COLONIZACION ESPAÑOLA, CONSTITUYO UNO DE LOS ARGUMENTOS ESGRIMIDOS PARA JUSTIFICAR LAS POLITICAS PRO-ARABES QUE SE DESARROLLARON EN MARRUECOS TRAS LA INDEPENDENCIA (PROHIBICION DE LOS CODIGOS CONSUETUDINARIOS BEREBERES, APLICACION DE LA MUDAWANA, ARABIZACION LINGUISTICA DEL ESTADO). POR OTRO LADO, LA POLITICA DISCRIMINATORIA DE APARTHEID DESARROLLADA POR ESPAÑA EN GUINEA, SOLO SUAVIZADA EN EL PERIODO AUTONOMISTA DE LOS SESENTA CON UN BREVE DESTELLO DE RECONOCIMIENTO PLURIETNICO, QUEDARIA ANULADA CON LA INDEPENDENCIA, SI BIEN SE ACABARIA INSTAURANDO UNA FERREA DICTADURA PRO-FANG QUE ACABARIA DESPOJANDO DE DERECHOS A LA MAYORIA DE LA POBLACION. COMO RESULTADO AMBOS PAISES HAN VENIDO PRESENTANDO CLARAS DIFICULTADES DE RECONOCIMIENTO DE LOS DERECHOS DE LOS CIUDADANOS DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA ETNICA, LO QUE EN MARRUECOS SE HA IDO RESOLVIENDO CON LA RECIENTE CONSTITUCION DE ORGANOS OFICIALES PARA PROMOVER LA CULTURA BEREBER, A DIFERENCIA DE GUINEA DONDE LA SITUACION DEL RESTO DE LAS ETNIAS (BUBI, NDOWE, BISSIO Y AMBO) SIGUE SIENDO MARGINAL EN DIFERENTES GRADOS RESPECTO A LA FANG. ESTE PROYECTO PRETENDE CLARIFICAR EL GRADO DE RESPONSABILIDAD QUE HA TENIDO LA COLONIZACION ESPAÑOLA EN MARRUECOS Y GUINEA ECUATORIAL RESPECTO A LA GESTION DE LA DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL ACTUAL Y, TAMBIEN, ANALIZAR LA INFLUENCIA QUE LOS MIGRANTES TRANSNACIONALES MARROQUIES Y GUINEOECUATORIANOS ESTABLECIDOS EN ESPAÑA ESTAN TENIENDO SOBRE EL FUTURO SOCIOPOLITICO DE SUS PAISES DE ORIGEN YA QUE PARTIMOS DE LA PREMISA DE QUE SI BIEN LAS POLITICAS COLONIALES NO PRETENDIERON PROPORCIONAR DERECHOS A LA SOCIEDAD AUTOCTONA, EL PERIODO INDEPENDIENTE PODRIA HABER CONSTRUIDO ESTADOS PLURALES MAS IGUALITARIOS, LO QUE NO SUCEDIO PORQUE LA CREACION DE UN ESTADO SOLIDO PASO EN AMBOS CASOS (AUNQUE A RITMOS DISTINTOS) POR UNA HOMOGENEIZACION CULTURAL PROMOVIDA DESDE UNA SOLA DE LAS ETNICIDADES DEL PAIS: EN MARRUECOS, LA ARABE; EN GUINEA ECUATORIAL, LA FANG. ESTA RELEVANCIA DE UN GRUPO ETNICO SOBRE OTROS PODRIA SUAVIZARSE GRACIAS AL CONTRAPESO INTERNO QUE RECIBEN DE DISTINTOS SECTORES Y TAMBIEN DEL QUE EJERCEN PARTE DE LOS MIGRANTES RESIDENTES EN ESPAÑA, ALGUNOS CON NACIONALIDAD ESPAÑOLA, YA QUE HAY UN SECTOR MOVILIZADO Y COMPROMETIDO EN REIVINDICAR CAMBIOS EN SUS CONTEXTOS DESDE LOS NOVENTA, GRUPOS EMPODERADOS QUE PARECEN QUERER PROVOCAR SINERGIAS DE CAMBIO DESDE EL EXTERIOR. LA CONTRIBUCION DE ESTA INVESTIGACION SERA, PUES, LA DE MESURAR EL GRADO DE INFLUENCIA QUE LAS POLITICAS COLONIALES TUVIERON EN LA GESTION DE LA DIVERSIDAD POSTCOLONIAL EN GUINEA ECUATORIAL Y MARRUECOS, PONDERAR SI HAY TRANSFORMACIONES ACTUALMENTE EN ESTE AMBITO, Y ANALIZAR HASTA QUE PUNTO LOS CAMBIOS QUE PUEDEN ACONTECER SON EL RESULTADO DE LA PRESION QUE EJERCEN UNAS MIGRACIONES TRANSNACIONALES AMPLIAMENTE REPRESENTADAS EN NUESTRO PAIS. EL OBJETIVO FINAL ES ANALIZAR LOS PROCESOS DE GESTION DE LA DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL EN ESTAS EXCOLONIAS DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA DIACRONICA QUE PERMITA EXPLICAR LAS TRANSFORMACIONES SOCIOPOLITICAS INTERNAS ACTUALES QUE SE HAN DESARROLLADO DE FORMA ESPECIFICA EN CADA CONTEXTO, ASI COMO LA MANERA EN QUE SE HAN CONSTRUIDO SUS ESTADOS-NACION.

In order to manage the long-term challenges of global migration, Europe must create effective and coherent policies for engaging with countries of origin and transit. Effectiveness and cohesion depend on the real-world mechanisms at work: How do the root causes of migration operate? What do prospective migrants see as alternatives to migration? How do policy measures interact with other factors in shaping migration outcomes? Because the quality of policies is so intimately connected with the actual development-related causes and consequences of migration, MIGNEX addresses the full scope of the topic as described in the Work Programme. The project’s overall objective is to contribute to more effective and coherent migration management through evidence-based understanding of the linkages between development and migration. Steps toward this objective comprise extensive research in ten strategically relevant countries of origin and transit, including Afghanistan, Guinea, Somalia, Nigeria and Turkey. The project team will conduct a survey with a target sample of 12,500 individuals, in addition to qualitative data collection and policy analysis. Correctly identifying two-way causal mechanisms between migration and development is imperative but very difficult. The project design incorporates two innovative responses to this challenge. First, it follows a principle of disaggregation, which, among other things, entails specific attention to local-level mechanisms. Second, the analysis combines conventional methods, such as multivariate regression, with Qualitative Comparative Analysis, which is a technique that allows for identifying complex causal relationship on the basis of in-depth case studies. In the analysis of policy coherence, the consortium will focus on identifying the causes of incoherence. The proposal clearly specifies three primary expected impacts and sets out an ambitious and professional strategy for impact maximization.

Au cours des années 2000, l’étude des migrations sénégalaises a pâti du manque de données actualisées et suffisamment conceptualisées. Néanmoins, leur analyse montre une reconfiguration géographique des espaces de départ au profit de la région de Dakar devenue pôle principal d’émigration. Par ailleurs, les migrations internationales se sont redirigées depuis des pays africains vers l’Europe – en particulier l’Italie – ainsi que le Maroc et les Etats-Unis. Enfin, la baisse de l’émigration forcée est toujours tributaire d’une éventuelle amélioration de la situation en Casamance. Le Sénégal accueille des immigrés de proximité issus des pays frontaliers (Guinée, Gambie, Mauritanie). L’immigration évolue en fonction des crises politiques sous-régionales. Les flux de migrations internes d’Est en Ouest demeurent significatifs du fait de la littoralisation des activités et de la périphérisation de vastes régions internes marquées par l’enclavement et le sous-équipement. Elles ont pour effet le renforcement de la macrocéphalie de l’armature urbaine. La gestion des migrations fait l’objet d’interférences et de compétitions entre les différentes branches de l’Etat. En l’absence d’une politique cohérente, les interventions du gouvernement sont souvent influencées par les pays de destination, en particulier européens, en dépit des efforts de la société civile. / In the 2000s, the study of Senegalese migration has suffered from a lack of thoroughly conceptualized and up-to-date data. Nevertheless, analyses show a reshuffling of departing areas and a reconfiguration in favour of migration to Dakar which has become the main pole of emigration. International destinations have changed from Africa mainly to Europe and particularly to Italy, but also to Morocco and the US. Furthermore, forced emigration is a result of the atmosphere of instability prevailing in Casamance. Senegal still receives migration flows from neighbouring states (Guinea and Mauritania). Immigration evolves according to sub-regional political crises. Internal migration is east-western due to the flow of activities in coastal areas and the peripherization of large internal regions stricken by their enclosure and lack of infrastructure. These internal migrations reinforce the macrocephalic urban framework of the country. Due to its various components, the state has difficulties in distributing roles. Thus, the management of migration is subject to interference and competition and policies are often directed by European destination countries.

The MACIMIDE Global Expatriate Dual Citizenship Dataset charts the rules that existed in near all states of the world since 1960 with regard to the loss or renunciation of citizenship after a citizen of a respective state voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another state. The central variable of the Dataset is the dualcit_cat variable. This is a categorical variable whose values may be used to interpret, in broad lines, the position of a country with regards to the expatriate dual citizenship. The dualcit_cat variable reflects what consequences the legislation and legal practice of a country attaches to the voluntary acquisition of a foreign citizenship. The value of this variable depends on a number of criteria, including whether a citizen of the reference country who voluntarily obtains a foreign citizenship automatically loses – in principle – the citizenship of the origin country, and whether a citizen of the reference country can renounce that citizenship. The value assigned to dualcit_cat reflects the position of the country on the 1st of January of the reference year. Any subsequent changes in legislation will be reflected in the dualcit_cat value of the following year and included in updated versions of the Dataset. The dualcit_binary variable is a recoding of the dualcit_cat variable. This variable can be used for broad comparisons of the dual citizenship positions around the world. The possible values reflect whether the legislation of a country, in a given reference year, provides for the automatic loss of the origin citizenship (1) or not (2). All data have been centrally collected and refer to specific provisions in national law.

Since the mid-1970s, the World Population Policies Database, last updated in 2015, provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the population policy situation and trends for all Member States and non-member States of the United Nations. Among several areas, the database shows the evolution of government views and policies with respect to internal and international migration. The migration strand covers internal migration, immigration, emigration, and return. The Database is updated biennially by conducting a detailed country-by-country review of national plans and strategies, programme reports, legislative documents, official statements and various international, Inter-governmental and non-governmental sources, as well as by using official responses to the United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development.

The Inquiry gathers critically important data for monitoring the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and other international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Inquiry, mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 1838 (XVII) of 18 December 1962, has been conducted by the Secretary-General at regular intervals since 1963. The Twelfth Inquiry consists of multiple-choice questions, organized in three thematic modules: Module I on population ageing and urbanization; Module II on fertility, family planning and reproductive health; and Module III on international migration. In 1994, Member States attending the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo agreed that “population-related goals and policies are integral parts of cultural, economic and social development” and recommended that actions be taken “to measure, assess, monitor and evaluate progress towards meeting the goals of its Programme of Action”. The year 2019 will mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Cairo conference and adoption of the ICPD Programme of Action, which continues to provide crucial guidance for addressing the fundamental development challenges facing the world today. Population issues are also at the core of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted in 2015. The United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development (the “Inquiry”) gathers critically important data for monitoring the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action and other international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Inquiry, mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 1838 (XVII) of 18 December 1962, has been conducted by the Secretary-General at regular intervals since 1963. The most recent Inquiry, the Eleventh, was implemented in 2014.

The index is based on three types of entry visa restrictions: visa required, visa not required for short stays and visa not required. The author identifies country pairs which changed their visa regime during 1998–2010. This immigration policy index is constructed for all countries and territories in the world for both March 1998 and November 2009. This index is heterogeneous across destination and origin countries as well as over time.