State migrant-exporting schemes and their implications for the rise of Illicit migration: A comparison of Spain and the philippines

Taxonomy Associations

Migration processes

• Migration forms

  • Low-skilled migration
  • Labour migration
  • Irregular migration
  • Trafficking

• Migration infrastructures

  • Human smugglers
  • Agents, brokers, and other businesses in travel & migration
  • Practices of facilitating travel & migration

Migration consequences (for migrants, sending and receiving countries)

• Socio-economic consequences

  • Migrant businesses and entrepreneurship

Migration governance

• Governance actors

  • Employers, labour and trade unions

Methods

• Qualitative research

  • Other

Geographies

• Scope

  • National

• UN Countries

  • Philippines
  • Spain