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Highly-skilled migration from Jordan: a response to socio-political challenges

Authors Françoise DE BEL-AIR
Description
600, 000 to 670,000 Jordanians are estimated to be employed abroad today, some half a million in the Gulf countries alone. Most of them are believed to be highly-skilled. On rare occasions, concern for this ‘brain drain’ is expressed. However, throughout its history, Jordan has always practised an ‘open-door policy’ towards the emigration of its citizens, officially to alleviate unemployment. After briefly retracing the dynamics of highly-skilled emigration, this report highlights the views expressed and policies implemented on the issue, before adding some socio-political explanations to the continuous disregard for the topic in official discourses, which contrasts, however, with recent policy-moves towards encouraging the expatriation of the highly-skilled. Among the ‘push’ factors for the highly skilled is the resilience of clientelism in society and the patterns of adjustment to free trade, the latter partly explaining the stagnation of salaries and standards of living. The open-door policy to emigration, recently reinforced by an increase in opportunities offered outside the Kingdom for skilled Jordanians, also responds to a range of socio-political challenges. For instance, it compensates lagging income (opportunities for higher salaries and stimulation of private revenues through workers’ remittances). Expatriation of the highly skilled also ensures control over potential political opposition and, particularly, the reproduction of the elites. Résumé De 600 à 670 000 Jordaniens seraient employés à l'étranger, dont environ un-demi million dans les pays du Golfe; ils seraient en majorité hautement qualifiés. A de rares occasions, des voix s'élèvent contre cette "fuite des cerveaux". Au cours de son histoire pourtant, la Jordanie a toujours pratiqué la "politique de la porte ouverte" à l'égard de ses citoyens, officiellement afin de lutter contre le chômage. Après avoir brièvement retracé les dynamiques de l'émigration des travailleurs hautement qualifiés, ce rapport met en lumière les opinions et les politiques menées à l'égard de cette question. On envisage ensuite quelques explications de nature sociopolitique au relatif silence des politiques officielles jordaniennes sur le sujet, qui contraste avec une intensification récente des politiques encourageant l'expatriation des plus qualifiés. Le clientélisme et les modalités de l'ajustement vers l'économie de marché comptent parmi les principaux facteurs de "répulsion" à l'égard des travailleurs hautement qualifiés, ce dernier expliquant la stagnation des salaires et du niveau de vie dans le royaume. La politique de la "porte ouverte" répond aussi à certains impératifs sociopolitiques : l'expatriation contribue à compenser la stagnation des salaires en offrant l'opportunité de revenus plus élevés à l'étranger et augmente les revenus des familles par les remises privées des travailleurs. L'encouragement à l'expatriation des plus qualifiés est aussi une stratégie d'"évacuation" de la contestation politique mais, surtout, de reproduction des élites.
Year 2010
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44251 Report

Highly-Skilled Migration Patterns and Development: The Case of Egypt

Authors Nadine SIKA
Description
This paper analyzed the highly skilled migration patterns in Egypt and its impact on Egyptian development. The main question herein, is whether highly skilled migration patterns in the case of Egypt induces development or underdevelopment. The study found out that highly skilled migration patterns from Egypt, to the OECD and the Gulf, contribute positively to the development process of Egypt. Highly skilled migrants, find more employment opportunities outside of Egypt, whose labor market is incapable of absorbing high numbers of highly skilled individuals. Moreover, highly skilled migrants are capable of sending a large amount of remittances, amounting to 4 percent of the Egyptian GDP. Last but not least, highly skilled migration is an important contributor to "brain circulation", which increases the entrepreneurial skills of a large number of Egyptian migrants. Concerning highly-skilled immigrants in Egypt, their presence is of no threat to the Egyptian development process; on the contrary, their presence produces more small-scale businesses, which in turn creates employment in the Egyptian labour market. The Egyptian government's policies encourage migration of the highly skilled, through multilateral and bilateral agreements, and through the creation of training centers for prospected highly skilled migrants. However, these policies are not sufficient, and should be accompanied with more bilateral agreements both in the OECD and Gulf Countries, which precipitate more skill match-making between the supply side of the Egyptian highly-skilled migrants and the demand side of the OECD and Gulf Countries. Résumé Cet article analyse la relation entre migration hautement qualifiée et développement dans le cas de l’Egypte. Il a pour objectif de déterminer si la migration des travailleurs hautement qualifiés a un impact positif sur le développement du pays, ou si au contraire elle a pour conséquence de renforcer le sous-développement. Cette étude conclut que l’émigration des travailleurs hautement qualifiés vers les pays de l’OCDE et du Golfe contribue positivement au processus de développement de l’Egypte. En effet, les travailleurs hautement qualifiés trouvent davantage d’opportunités professionnelles hors d’Egypte, dont le marché du travail n’est pas en mesure d’offrir à chacun un poste à la hauteur de ses compétences. De plus, les expatriés hautement qualifiés effectuent des transferts de fonds importants qui représentent au total jusqu’à 4% du PIB Egyptien. Enfin, la migration hautement qualifiée alimente la « circulation des cerveaux », qui accroit substantiellement les compétences entrepreneuriales de nombreux migrants Egyptiens. En ce qui concerne les immigrés hautement qualifiés résidant en Egypte, l’étude conclut qu’ils ne constituent pas une menace au processus de développement de l’économie nationale. Au contraire, leur présence renforce le tissu de petites entreprises, ce qui en retour participe à la création d’emplois sur le marché du travail égyptien. Les politiques mises en place par le gouvernement égyptien visent à encourager la migration des travailleurs hautement qualifiés, par le biais d’accords multilatéraux et bilatéraux, et à travers la création de centres de formation destinés aux migrants potentiels. Toutefois, ces initiatives demeurent insuffisantes. Elles devraient s’accompagner davantage d’accords bilatéraux avec les pays de l’OCDE et du Golfe, ayant pour objectif d’améliorer la correspondance des compétences entre l’offre des travailleurs égyptiens et la demande des pays d’accueil.
Year 2010
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44252 Report

Birds of a feather flock together - and fall ill? Migrant homophily and health in Sweden

Authors Mikael Rostila
Year 2010
Journal Name Sociology of Health & Illness
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44253 Journal Article

Serb Returnees in Croatia – the Question of Return Sustainability1

Authors Milan Mesić, Dragan Bagić
Year 2010
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 5
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44254 Journal Article

‘Mobile sociology’

Authors Caroline Knowles
Year 2010
Journal Name The British Journal of Sociology
Citations (WoS) 11
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44255 Journal Article

Refugees: On the Economics of Political Migration

Authors Peter Schaeffer
Year 2010
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 6
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44256 Journal Article

Culture, Structure, and the Refugee Experience in Somali Immigrant Family Transformation

Authors Elizabeth Heger Boyle, Ahmed Ali
Year 2010
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 19
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44257 Journal Article

In the Service of Community: Somali Media in the Twin Cities

Authors Benny Carlson
Year 2010
Journal Name AMERICAN STUDIES IN SCANDINAVIA
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44260 Journal Article

Using administrative data to improve the estimation of immigration to local areas in England

Authors Peter Boden, Phil Rees
Year 2010
Journal Name Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society
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44262 Journal Article

Dispersal, division and diversification: durable solutions and Sudanese refugees in Uganda

Authors Tania Kaiser
Year 2010
Journal Name JOURNAL OF EASTERN AFRICAN STUDIES
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44264 Journal Article

La inmigración brasileña en Portugal y España: ¿sistema migratorio ibérico?

Authors Beatriz Padilla, Erika Masanet Ripoll
Year 2010
Journal Name OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales
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44266 Journal Article

The discourse on multicultural education in Finland: education for whom?

Authors Gunilla Holm, Monica Londen
Year 2010
Journal Name INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION
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44267 Journal Article

A patient perspective in research on intercultural caring in maternity care: A meta-ethnography

Authors Anita Wikberg, Terese Bondas
Year 2010
Journal Name International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being
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44268 Journal Article

Dubai's tourism industry and its societal impact: social implications and sustainable challenges

Authors Marcus L. Stephenson, Jane Ali-Knight
Year 2010
Journal Name Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change
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44269 Journal Article

Ideological Configurations and Prediction of Attitudes toward Immigrants in Chile and Germany

Authors Hector Carvacho
Year 2010
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE
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44270 Journal Article

Changing Life Styles - Changing Competencies: Turkish Migrant Youth in Europe

Authors Cigdem Kagitcibasi
Year 2010
Journal Name HISTORICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH-HISTORISCHE SOZIALFORSCHUNG
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44271 Journal Article

The semantics of tolerance and (anti-)racism in Europe: public bodies and civil society on a comparative perspective

Description
The TOLERACE project proposes a contextualised comparative analysis that focuses on the semantics and regimes of (anti-)racism and tolerance in different European contexts, exploring how they are shaped through the mediation of public institutions and policies at the European, national, regional and local level, and civil society organisations. We seek to explore how the different meanings given to tolerance and (anti-)racism are embedded in wider ideas and discourses on citizenship, more precisely in the (re-)definition of European identities in relation to current immigration policies and post-colonial situations. Our hypothesis is that public policies do not sufficiently incorporate anti-racist measures, resulting in precarious modes of integration and making social structures vulnerable to racism. Additionally, we critically consider that de-historicised, dominant conceptions of racism (as a problem of extremist ideologies and their supporters and a well-bounded, localised phenomenon) are failing to address the relationship between nationality, racism and citizenship. Therefore, we propose an analysis that locates racism within a set of complex ways of belonging and of governing difference, and thus related to multiple forms of discrimination (such as religious and linguistic). Three comparative analytical strategies will be followed: (i) Critical analysis of public policies and campaigns focused on the celebration of diversity and the promotion of anti-racism measures and tolerance, in relation to broader multicultural and/or intercultural political traditions; (ii) Empirical analysis of regional/local cases in each national context, as located in the socio-political spaces created by the interplay of (anti-)racism and (in-)tolerance, focusing on two life spheres – education and employment; (iii) The role of the media in the construction of public issues and in making visible racism as a key social problem, within each national/regional context.
Year 2010
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44273 Project

Migrants, Work and Social Inclusion

Description
As immigrant populations have grown in many European cities over recent decades, ethnic enterprises have come to play an increasingly prominent role in urban economies However, for migrants actually working in ethnic firms their employment may play a large part in shaping their subsequent integration into their host society. Ethnic economies may be perceived as the most feasible avenue of economic attainment for recent migrants and from this position, ethnic enterprises could be considered as advantageous to the settlement process. On the other hand, research has indicated that many overseas migrants to Britain are employed in low paid, exploitative types of work. Frequently this is for small ethnically based enterprises that offer little stability and few long term prospects. This research aims to examine the relationship between gender, labour in the ethnic economy and the social inclusion of migrants in the wider society. With special reference to the Turkish community in Britain, this research will focus on the relationship between Turkish women’s work and their position in British society, through focusing on how ethnically based employment affects their capacity to become socially integrated in the dominant society. During the research, an ethnographic and qualitative study will be conducted. This will involve the collection of life histories, in-depth interviews, case studies, focus group meetings and interviews with local government officials and community-based organisations. The sample of 60 women will be located with the assistance of Turkish community organisations, pre-existing contacts among the local Turkish community and a chain-referral method of sampling whereby research participants will introduce further participants.
Year 2010
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44274 Project

Survey of Foreigners’ Incomes, Expenditures and Remittances

Principal investigator Yana Leontiyeva (principal investigator)
Description
The principal goal of this project funded by the Czech Statistical Office was to gather quantitative data in order to improve the methodology employed to estimate the remittances made by migrants. The primary task of the project implemented by the Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic was to conduct a questionnaire-based survey (with 1,000 respondents) which would gather quantitative information on the incomes and expenses of immigrants currently living in the Czech Republic, as well as the remittances they send abroad. In accordance with a Czech Statistical Office request, the survey targeted 5 groups of economically active non-EU immigrants based on their citizenship: Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Russians, Moldavians and the citizens from the former Yugoslavia (excluding Slovenia which is an EU member state since 2004).
Year 2010
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44276 Project

Die Rolle sozialer Ressourcen bei der Erklärung von ethnischen Bildungsungleichheiten im deutschen Schulsystem

Principal investigator Irena Kogan (Principal Investigator)
Description
" In dem Projekt wurde der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern soziale Kontakte den Bildungserfolg und die Lehrstellensuche von Schülern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund beeinflussen. Es wurde sowohl die soziale als auch die ethnische Zusammensetzung der Netzwerke von Schülern und von ihren Müttern berücksichtigt. Um sich der Frage theoretisch anzunähern, welche Effekte soziale Netzwerke auf den strukturellen Erfolg von Akteuren haben sollten, wurde auf das Konzept des Sozialkapitals zurückgegriffen. Hinsichtlich möglicher Auswirkungen der ethnischen Zusammensetzung von Migrantennetzwerken wurde zudem auf gängige Assimilationstheorien eingegangen und es wurde eine Verbindung zwischen ihnen und dem Sozialkapitalkonzept hergestellt.Für die empirischen Analysen wurden Daten aus dem Projekt „Kinder und Jugendliche aus Zuwandererfamilien im deutschen und israelischen Bildungssystem“ verwendet. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl die soziale als auch die migrantenspezifische Netzwerkzusammensetzung Auswirkungen auf den Bildungserfolg haben, wobei sich der Einfluss allerdings durch unterschiedliche Mechanismen ergibt. Hinsichtlich der sozialen Netzwerkzusammensetzung sprechen die Ergebnisse dafür, dass sich diese weniger auf die Leistungen der Schüler, als vielmehr auf ihre Leistungsbereitschaft sowie die Bildungswünsche, Bildungserwartungen und Bildungsentscheidungen auswirkt. Netzwerke von Migranten, in denen sich überwiegend Personen der eigenen Ethnie befinden bzw. in denen vorwiegend die Herkunftssprache gesprochen wird, haben hingegen negative Auswirkungen auf die schulischen Leistungen der Schüler während die Aspirationen und Bildungsentscheidungen nicht substanziell beeinflusst werden. Die Analysen weisen darauf hin, dass Bildungsungleichheiten unter anderem auf eine unterschiedliche Sozialkapitalausstattung der Akteure zurückzuführen sind. Die grundlegenden Zusammenhänge gelten sowohl für die Netzwerke der Schüler als auch für die Netzwerke ihrer Mütter. Im Gegensatz hierzu haben lediglich die Netzwerke der Mütter Auswirkungen auf den Erfolg der Lehrstellensuche, wobei der Umfang und die soziale Zusammensetzung der Netzwerke von zentraler Bedeutung sind. Die Jugendlichen selbst scheinen noch nicht über substanziell hilfreiche soziale Kontakte für die Lehrstellensuche zu verfügen.Insgesamt konnte in dem Projekt ein umfassender Überblick darüber erlangt werden, welche Auswirkungen verschiedene Eigenschaften von Schüler- und von Mütternetzwerken auf unterschiedliche Determinanten des Bildungserfolgs und beim Übergang in das Berufsausbildungssystem haben."
Year 2010
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44277 Project

Czy Polska stanie się krajem imigracyjnym?

Year 2010
Journal Name Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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44279 Journal Article

La emigración cualificada española en Francia y Alemania

Year 2010
Journal Name Papers
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44280 Journal Article

Social mobility of Spanish emigrants in Europe

Year 2010
Journal Name Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Reis)
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44281 Journal Article

Global Marriage

Authors Lucy Williams
Year 2010
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44284 Book

Transnational Digital Networks, Migration and Gender

Description
The project will explore two interrelated sociocultural dynamics that impact the future of European integration and have a profound effect on the development of a common European culture by challenging established ethnic, class, linguistic and gendered divisions. These are: a.  the rise in migrant mobility and the establishment of transnational migrant networks that enable the construction and negotiation of new forms of hybrid identity and a sense of multiple belonging based on the experiences of cultural diversity and intercultural communication, and b. the spread of transnational digital networks that transcend state boundaries and exclusive national identities and give users the potential to participate directly in processes of cultural production, exchange and consumption particularly through the use of new media technologies.  More specifically the project will address the question of participation of migrant individuals and groups in transnational digital networks by employing innovative methodologies combining online and offline research. Emphasis will be placed on the ability of migrants to access and produce diverse digital spaces and use them to promote their own needs and demands, but also in the possibilities for the promotion of intercultural dialogue and cooperation that open through the development of new interactive media.  Gender will be mainstreamed and treated as an integral aspect of the research design and analysis throughout the project. In particular, the project will explore theways in which changing gender power relations shape identities and performativities in transnational digital and migrant networks. In order to disseminate information and put the findings of the research into practice, the project will develop a transnational migrant digital platform and an interactive digital game. 
Year 2010
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44285 Project

Results from a Survey of Foreigners’ Incomes, Expenditures and Remittances. Main Findings Concerning Remittances.

Authors Yana Leontiyeva, Blanka Tolarová
Description
The report presents the main findings of a project funded by the Czech Statistical Office whose principal goal was to gather quantitative data in order to improve the methodology employed to estimate the remittances made by migrants. The primary task of the project implemented by the Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic between May 2010 and February 2011 was to conduct a questionnaire-based survey (with 1,000 respondents) which would gather quantitative information on the incomes and expenses of immigrants currently living in the Czech Republic, as well as the remittances they send abroad. In accordance with a Czech Statistical Office request, the survey described in this report targeted 5 groups of economically active non-EU immigrants based on their citizenship: Ukrainians, Vietnamese, Russians, Moldavians and the citizens from the former Yugoslavia (excluding Slovenia which is an EU member state since 2004).
Year 2010
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44287 Report

From Limited to Active Engagement: Mexico's Emigration Policies from a Foreign Policy Perspective (2000–2006)

Authors Alexandra Délano
Year 2009
Journal Name International Migration Review
Citations (WoS) 13
44288 Journal Article

Benefit or Burden? Social Capital, Gender, and the Economic Adaptation of Refugees

Authors Ryan Allen
Year 2009
Journal Name International Migration Review
44289 Journal Article

Migration - Autumn 2009

Year 2009
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44293 Book

A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF WOMEN TRAFFICKING AND ITS ORIGIN TYPOLOGY

Authors Arunkumar Acharya
Year 2009
Journal Name Andamios, Revista de Investigación Social
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44296 Journal Article

DIASPORA AND SOVEREIGNTY: THREE CASES OF PUBLIC ALARM IN THE NETHERLANDS

Authors GERTJAN DIJKINK, INGE VAN DER WELLE
Year 2009
Journal Name Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie
Citations (WoS) 2
44298 Journal Article

La migration des Mauritaniens et ses tendances récentes

Authors Sidna Ndah MOHAMED SALEH
Description
Résumé La présente étude porte sur la migration des mauritaniens à l’étranger. Elle a permis de comprendre cette migration en faisant ressortir ses principales destinations, les catégories de migrants et les motifs de leur départ. Malgré la rareté des données sur le sujet, elle met en exergue les chiffres avancés fréquemment en ce qui concerne les effectifs des mauritaniens de l’étranger, soit 250.000 personnes, ainsi que leur apport en matière de transferts de fonds. Outre les migrants de travail, l’étude traite des autres catégories de migrants tels que les réfugiés, les étudiants ainsi que les migrants irréguliers. Les déterminants de cette migration mis en exergue comprennent des motifs liés à la recherche d’emploi, aux liens culturels et religieux ainsi que l’exil pour des raisons politiques. L’étude montre que plus de 5000 réfugiés mauritaniens sont entrés récemment au pays en provenance du Sénégal et du Mali dans le cadre d’une opération en cours visant le retour organisé par les Autorités en étroite collaboration avec le HCR. Enfin, les modalités institutionnelles de gestion des émigrés mauritaniens sont passées en revue. Abstract This article is mainly tackling the Mauritanian emigration and its patterns. It highlights migrants’ profiles, their main destinations and migration motives. Despite the scarcity of data on the subject, the article takes benefit from the statistics published recently on the Mauritanian emigration estimated to 250.000 persons and the migrants’ transfers. In addition to the migrant workers, the study deals with other categories Mauritanian migrants such as refugees, students and irregular migrants. The determinants of such migration include the employment and job search motives, to cultural and religious links in addition to the exile for political reasons. The study shows that more than 5000 Mauritanian refugees came back recently from Senegal and Mali within an organized operation of aiming the return in collaboration with the UNHCR. Finally, the institutional modalities of management of Mauritania emigrants have been described.
Year 2009
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44299 Report

Body, Gender and Transnationalism: Art and Cultural Criticism in a Changing Europe

Authors Tal Dekel
Year 2009
Journal Name Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism
44300 Journal Article
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