Research
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This constantly growing database accumulates and structures
relevant knowledge in the field of migration.

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Genre et Migration au Niger

Authors Djibo MAIGA
Description
Le statut juridique de la femme a des conséquences sur l’émigration des Nigériennes. En fait, très peu de femmes au Niger émigrent à l’étranger pour y travailler car c’est une question d’hommes, l’émigration a toujours été masculine. En revanche, beaucoup de femmes d’origine étrangère viennent au Niger pour y travailler. La grande majorité de ces immigrantes travaillent dans le domaine de la domesticité où le travail est très peu rémunérateur et n’exige pas de qualification. A côté de ces immigrantes nous assistons depuis quelques années à l’apparition d’une migration féminine interne de travail constituée de jeunes nigériennes qui désertent les campagnes au profit des centres urbains. Il faut dire que la famine consécutive à des longues périodes de sécheresse et la pauvreté ambiante ont favorisé ces types de déplacement qui répondent en définitive à des stratégies de survie. Sur le plan juridique, il n’existe pratiquement pas de textes spécifiques à la migration féminine de travail, mais plutôt à la règlementation du travail des femmes en général et du travail domestique en particulier. Ce sont des textes fragmentaires et très discriminatoires qui ont besoin d’un toilettage conséquent et approprié, mais pour cela il faut une mobilisation des femmes et une réelle volonté politique. / The legal status of women has had an impact on the emigration of Niger women. Very few women from Niger actually emigrate abroad to work. Emigration has always been seen as a male activity. Nevertheless, many foreign women come to work in Niger. Most of them work as domestics, a low paid sector that needs no qualifications. Beside these immigrants, internal female migration has started up in the last years, with young Niger women leaving the countryside to live in urban centres. The starvation following long periods of dryness and general poverty have fostered these kinds of mobility which are essentially survival strategies. On the legal level, there is no specific text relating to female labour migration, but there are laws regulating female labour in general and domestic work in particular. These are partial and very discriminatory texts, which need important reforms and therefore demand women’s mobilisation and a real political will.
Year 2011
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44101 Report

Femmes, Migrations et Droits au Maroc

Authors Khadija ELMADMAD
Description
La migration féminine a connu un développement important au Maroc, surtout depuis la fin des années 1970 et plus particulièrement depuis les années 1990. Mais, malgré ce développement, l’intérêt académique porté à ce type de migration, et surtout aux aspects juridiques de cette migration, ne s’est manifesté que très récemment. Les femmes migrantes ne forment pas un groupe homogène. Elles sont de plusieurs types et ont des statuts juridiques divers : les émigrées et les immigrées, les nationales et les binationales, les régulières et les irrégulières, les migrantes volontaires et involontaires, les temporaires et les permanentes, les mineures et les adultes etc. Les droits de chacune d’elles dépendent de son statut juridique et aussi social : la condition socio juridique des Marocaines résidant à l’étranger n’est pas similaire à celles des femmes immigrées au Maroc. Mais, la protection juridique de toutes ces femmes connaît des limites et des lacunes. La plupart des migrantes rencontrent des situations complexes où s’imbriquent oppression subie en tant que femmes et celle subie en tant qu’étrangères. La migration a un impact sur les femmes qui font le déplacement et sur leurs droits mais aussi sur la condition socio juridique de certaines autres femmes qui ne migrent pas. C’est le cas des femmes qui restent dans le pays après le départ des hommes, les left behind, d’après la terminologie anglaise. La présente étude est une étude socio juridique qui essaie de confronter les textes à la pratique. Elle analyse tout d’abord la condition socio juridique des Marocaines résidant à l’étranger, puis ensuite celle des femmes immigrées au Maroc et enfin l’impact de la migration sur les femmes et sur leurs droits. L’étude concerne toutes les femmes migrantes et tous les droits. Toutes les femmes migrantes, qu’elles soient émigrées ou immigrées, migrantes volontaires ou involontaires, en situation régulières ou irrégulières, etc. Tous les droits : les droits dans le pays d’origine et dans le pays d’accueil ; les droits civils et politiques ; les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels ; le droit de la migration en général et le droit des réfugiés en particulier. / Female Migration has grown in Morocco since the late 1970s and especially since the 1990s. However, despite this evolution, it is only recently that scholars have started researching here and particularly the legal aspects of female migration. Migrant women are not a homogeneous group. There are different kinds with different legal statuses : emigrants and immigrants, citizens of one country and citizens of two or more countries, regular and irregular, forced and voluntary, temporary and permanent, minors and adults etc. The rights of each kind of migrant woman depend on her legal and social status. The socio-legal condition of Moroccan women residing abroad is not the same as that of immigrant women living in Morocco. But, not all these migrant women enjoy their complete rights. Most migrant women face oppression as women and as foreign nationals. Migration has an impact on women who move and on their rights, but also on the socio-legal condition of some women who do not move. This is the case, for instance, of some Moroccan women who stay behind after their men have left. This paper deals with the rights of migrant women and the practice of these rights. It analyses, first, the socio-legal condition of Moroccan women residing abroad, then, second, that of the immigrant women living in Morocco and, finally the impact of migration on women and on their rights.
Year 2011
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44102 Report

International Migration and the Education of Children: Evidence from Lima, Peru

Authors Verónica Frisancho Robles, R. S. Oropesa
Year 2011
Journal Name Population Research and Policy Review
Citations (WoS) 12
44103 Journal Article

Haiti, Insecurity, and the Politics of Asylum

Authors Erica Caple James
Year 2011
Journal Name MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTERLY
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44108 Journal Article

Generous Albion? Portuguese anti-Salazarists in the United Kingdom, c. 1960-74

Authors Pedro Aires Oliveira
Year 2011
Journal Name Portuguese Studies
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44112 Journal Article

Playing Hard(er) to Get: The State, International Couples, and the Income Requirement

Authors Isik Kulu-Glasgow, Arjen Leerkes
Year 2011
Journal Name European Journal of Migration and Law
44113 Journal Article

Question of Leonardas Andriekus Identity: Emigrant, Expatriate or Refugee?

Authors Dainius Sobeckis
Year 2011
Journal Name LOGOS-VILNIUS
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44114 Journal Article

“No income of my own”– paths towards integration for women who live as family‐supported individuals in Denmark

Authors Dorte Caswell, Kræn Blume Jensen, Helle Bendix Kleif
Year 2011
Journal Name International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care
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44118 Journal Article

The formation of ethnic identity in South Omo: the Dassenech

Authors Neal Sobania
Year 2011
Journal Name JOURNAL OF EASTERN AFRICAN STUDIES
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44119 Journal Article

Challenges and barriers to services for immigrant seniors in Canada: “you are among others but you feel alone”

Authors Miriam Stewart, Edward Shizha, Edward Makwarimba, ...
Year 2011
Journal Name International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care
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44120 Journal Article

The Intergenerational Transmission of Highbrow Lifestyles in the Context of Migration

Authors Konstanze Jacob, Frank Kalter
Year 2011
Journal Name KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie
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44121 Journal Article

Cuban Immigrants in Jamaica, 1868–1898

Authors Howard Johnson
Year 2011
Journal Name Immigrants & Minorities
44123 Journal Article

Identifying the Needs of LGBTQ Immigrants and Refugees in Southern Arizona

Authors Karma R. Chavez
Year 2011
Journal Name Journal of Homosexuality
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44124 Journal Article

ECONOMIC MIGRATION AND WORKER MIGRANTS IN THE MIRROR OF PUBLIC OPINION

Authors Ana Kralj
Year 2011
Journal Name ANNALES-ANALI ZA ISTRSKE IN MEDITERANSKE STUDIJE-SERIES HISTORIA ET SOCIOLOGIA
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44125 Journal Article

PRIMORSKA SLOVENES IN MARIBOR 1918-1941

Authors Dragan Potocnik
Year 2011
Journal Name ANNALES-ANALI ZA ISTRSKE IN MEDITERANSKE STUDIJE-SERIES HISTORIA ET SOCIOLOGIA
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44126 Journal Article

Nabywanie kompetencji kulturowych a możliwości integracji migrantów – wymiar kulturowy i międzypokoleniowy

Year 2011
Journal Name Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny
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44127 Journal Article

Social Work and Migration: Immigrant and Refugee Settlement and Integration

Authors Östen Wahlbeck
Year 2011
Journal Name Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
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44128 Journal Article

Climate Refugees Study

Principal investigator Albert Kraler (Project Coordinator)
Description
Against the background of climate change, the study of environmentally induced displacement has become increasingly significant. Objectives • to provide a systematic review of the legal aspects of climate related displacement. • to analyse to what extent the current EU framework for immigration and asulum in general and the specific instruments in regard to asylum in particular already offer adequate responses to climate induced displacement. • to assess how the legal framework could evolve in order to provide an improved response to the phenomenon of climate refugees. • to clarify in which way such a modified legal framework can be rooted in the Lisbon Treaty. Outcomes The analysis reviews both the status quo as well as the possible evolution of the policy framework in place in order to arrive at more comprehensive responses to environmentally induced migration, while establishing the possible legal bases of different types of responses within the Treaty of Lisbon. • The first part of the study aims to develop a typology of environmentally induced migration which serves as a basis for identifying adequate policy responses, and in particular for different forms and dimensions of this phenomenon. • The second part focuses on a revision of the global debates on policy responses to environmentally induced displacement, which embeds the analysis of the European policy context in wider global policy debates and provides the framework under which the European policy framework is analysed. • The third and core part of the study looks at the policy framework in place at the level of the European Union to identify possible policy responses under the current EU policy framework that would address environmentally induced displacement as well as gaps and possible directions how this framework can evolve.
Year 2011
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44129 Project

Sәdät, Migration, and Refugeeism as Portrayed in Ethiopian Song Lyrics

Authors Solomon Addis Getahun
Year 2011
Journal Name Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies
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44130 Journal Article

Multicultural Policy Index

Description
The Multiculturalism Policy Index assesses the government commitment to the multicultural accommodation of newcomers. It is designed to monitor the evolution of multicultural policies across 21 Western countries. The Multiculturalism Policy Index is distinctive in focusing exclusively on multicultural policies designed to recognize, accommodate and support the cultural differences of minority groups. To capture change over time, the Index provides all three indices at three points in time: 1980, 2000 and 2010. Multicultural Policy Index is based on eight indicators: (i) constitutional, legislative or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/or regional and municipal levels; (ii) the adoption of multiculturalism in school curriculum; (iii) the inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the mandate of public media or media licensing; (iv) exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases; (v) allowing of dual citizenship; (vi) the funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities; (vii) the funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction; (viii) affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups On each indicator, countries are scored as 0 (no such policy), 0.5 (partial) or 1.0 (clear policy). The scores are then aggregated, with equal weighting for each area (‘recognition’ (Indicators 1–3), ‘accommodation’(Indicators 4–5) and ‘support’ (Indicators 6–8), and producing a country score ranging from 0 to 8.
Year 2011
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44131 Data Set

Security and the Politics of Belonging: Homegrown terrorism, counter-radicalization and the “end” of multiculturalism?

Description
What is the impact of counter-radicalization policies on multiculturalism and migrant membership in Europe? Many observers see state responses to homegrown terrorist threats as emphasizing assimilation in a way that marks the end of multiculturalism. This project argues instead that current anti-terror practices are producing an increased division of European societies along ethno-religious lines. Media and political discourse in European countries have announced the “end” of multiculturalism. The main reason behind this “backlash” being the need of fighting “homegrown terrorism”, a danger understood as linked to diaspora ghettoization and ethnic and religious separateness. In this sense, counter-radicalization policies and practices should be at the vanguard of an assimilationist and anti-multiculturalist turn. Yet is it the case? Several recent studies have shown that multicultural practices continue under different guises. Building on these findings, and through a comparison of Britain, France and the Netherlands, the project explores the hypothesis that counter-radicalization policies do not mark a return to assimilationist policies. Instead, through everyday practices of policing, they perpetuate and reinforce the ethno-religious division of national “communities”. The consequence of these policies is to remove fundamental questions about pluralism and citizenship from the political debate, casting them instead in the technical and depoliticized language of security. The proposed research is based on a discourse analysis of policy documents, in-depth qualitative interviews and ethnographic observation.
Year 2011
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44132 Project

Immigrant Performance in the Labour Market: The Role of Bonding and Bridging Social Capital

Principal investigator Bram Lancee (Principal Investigator )
Description
"Theoretical background and objectives There is a growing body of research that examines the relation between immigrants’ social capital and their labour market performance. More specifically, the difference between bonding and bridging social capital is addressed. The general conclusion is that social capital, especially that of the bridging type, contributes to a better position on the labour market. However, it is not clear to what extent this relation can be generalized to other European countries, or whether it is rather subject to contextual characteristics. In other words, it is not known to what extent macro-level determinants influence the returns to one’s individual social capital. To date, no cross-national study on the economic returns of immigrants’ social capital exits. The current proposal aims to carry out such a study. Secondly, an ongoing question in integration research is how ethnic minorities perform in the labour market in comparison to the native population. Such relative disadvantages are often referred to as ethnic penalties. Net ethnic penalties signal ethnic inequality and are often interpreted as evidence for discrimination (but see for a discussion Phalet & Heath 2010). Previous work shows that net penalties are considerable, both for the first and subsequent generations. A pressing question in migration studies is how features of the receiving society matter for the incorporation of immigrants and their descendants. This project contributes to the existing literature by empirically testing explanations for cross-national variation in ethnic penalties."
Year 2011
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44134 Project

Slow Awakening? The Ethiopian Diaspora in the Netherlands, 1977–2007

Authors Jan Abbink
Year 2011
Journal Name Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies
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44135 Journal Article

EUmagine

Description
EUMAGINE is a collaborative European research project aimed at investigating the impact of perceptions of human rights and democracy on migration aspirations and decisions. Project description The EUMAGINE project aims to study how Europe is perceived from outside the EU, and how these perceptions affect migration aspirations and decisions. The project focuses on how people’s perceptions on democracy and human rights – in relation to their regions and countries of origin as well as places abroad – affect their perceptions on and attitudes to migration. We are also interested in investigating how perceptions on human rights and democracy interact with other determinants of migration aspirations, to what extent migration is perceived as a valuable life project, and how potential migrants compare Europe to other migration destinations. EUMAGINE studies migration-related perceptions among people aged 18-39 in four countries of origin and transit: Morocco, Senegal, Turkey and Ukraine. Conceptual framework The theoretical starting point for the project is two-fold: First, we assume that different types of discourses on human rights and democracy influence how individuals in countries of origin and transit perceive issues of human rights and democracy. Secondly, we expect that individuals’ perceptions in turn influence their migratory aspirations and decisions. The EUMAGINE project explores two types of imaginations: “migratory imaginations” and “geographical imaginations.” The term “migratory imaginations” refers to people’s attitude to migration as a valuable life project. Migration-related perceptions and aspirations develop within a specific cultural, political-juridical and economic setting, known as the “emigration environment.” Migration aspirations are linked with socially and culturally constructed perceptions. These include ideas and meanings attached to the migration project, subjective images of one’s current environment, and thoughts about potential destinations. We assume that perceptions on human rights and democracy have an impact on what Massey (1998) has termed “cultures of emigration,” where migration becomes deeply rooted into people’s behavioral repertoires. By “geographical imaginations” we refer to the meanings and images that make up people’s subjective conception of particular places, including Europe. We assume that migratory and geographical imaginations are influenced by different types of discourses: macro-level discourses (e.g. from policy and media sources) and meso-level discourses, (e.g. disseminated through popular culture and social networks). We also expect migratory and geographical imaginations to be shaped by individual-level factors, such as gender or age. Research questions The project is informed by five overarching research questions: 1) How are human rights and democracy related to imaginations in migrant sending countries constructed? 2) How are perceptions on human rights, democracy, migration and possible destination countries affected by various factors? 3) How do perceptions on human rights and democracy and ‘geographical imaginations’ relate to migration aspirations and migration? 4) How to develop a better informed migration policy, taking into account human rights and democracy as important migration determinants? 5) How to contribute to local capacity building in source countries, in order to prepare the ground for locally based research initiatives in the future? Methodology The project systematically analyzes migration aspirations and decisions, following a case-study approach: it compares and contrasts a diversity of important international emigration countries; various types of regions within these countries; several modes of migration; various types of influential discourses; and different profiles of potential migrants. This allows the project to make analytical generalizations about how migration-related perceptions, aspirations and decisions are formed. EUMAGINE has a multidisciplinary approach and combines the varied disciplinary background of its researchers: sociology, law, anthropology, economics, human geography and political science. The field research follows a mixed-method approach with three main methodological components: 1) ethnographic fieldwork in the community, 2) a large-scale quantitative survey, and 3) semi-structured qualitative interviews with selected survey respondents, directed by an interview guide. The research uses between- as well as within-method triangulation. Between-method triangulation is reached through combining qualitative as well as quantitative research methodologies. For within-method triangulation, we use two types of qualitative research, namely in-depth interviews and observation in communities. In each country, fieldwork is undertaken in four diverse regions, selected on the basis of the following model: 1) An area characterized by high emigration rates; 2) A second, comparable socio-economic area with low emigration; 3) A comparable area with a strong immigration history; and 4) A location with a specific human rights situation.
Year 2011
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44136 Project

Family Reunification - barrier or facilitator to integration?

Description
Family related migration has been a main mode of immigration into the EU over the past few decades. The EU’s Family Reunification Directive for third country nationals and their family members (IRL and UK failing to opt into same) aims to ensure the fair treatment of legally residing migrants from non-EU/EEA countries. Paragraph 4 of the Directive states that family reunification ‘helps to create sociocultural stability, facilitating the integration of third country nationals in the MS which also serves to promote economic and social cohesion’. Despite these aims, government discretion and wide interpretation have resulted in anomalies, unnecessary delays, discriminatory practices, many refusals and in cases, no independent appeals mechanisms for redress. Project aims Although there is a large body of knowledge on the legal framework for family reunification, the impact of legal and administrative rules on the actual reunification process and on the integration more generally remains under-researched. Before this background the project aims to study in depth a) the application of the respective laws in practice, b) the impact on family life and c) compliance with EU and Human Rights Standards. The research will consider how immigration law can present obstacles to or assist integration of third country nationals and their families. As a specific objective, the project will promote admission policies that favor integration. Outcomes The project covers seven countries (UK, IRE, AT, DE, BG, PT, NL). The outputs are based on empirical research on: • The legal and policy framework in the respective countries, • European and national case law, • The impact of regulations and policies on the admission of family members from third countries, • The impact of regulations and policies on the integration of third country nationals and their families. Project partners: Immigrant Council of Ireland, The Aire Centre, Centre for Migration Law Nijmegen, Johann Daniel Lawaetz Foundation Hamburg, High Commissioner for Immigration and Intercultural Dialogue Portugal (AICIDI), Institute for Legal Studies Bulgaria, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)
Year 2011
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44137 Project

New friends in new places: Network formation during the migration process among Poles in the UK

Authors Nick Gill, Paula Bialski
Year 2011
Journal Name Geoforum
Citations (WoS) 34
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44138 Journal Article

Analiza sytuacji uchodźców w Polsce w aspekcie realizacji wspólnej polityki azylowej Unii Europejskiej

Year 2011
Journal Name Zeszyty Naukowe. Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie
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44139 Journal Article

ConnectIEM: ICT to support everyday life integration of immigrants and ethnic minority people

Description
The research study "ICT to support the everyday life integration of immigrants or ethnic minority people (IEM)" (ConnectIEM) which was co-funded by JRC-IPTS and DG INFSO, European Commission. The following external research teams collaborated in the study: the Migration and Network Society Programme (MNS) hosted by the Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3) of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC), the Technological and Social Change Group (TASCHA) hosted by the University of Washington, and a network of local researchers based in the target countries. The study gathered through an on-line survey statistically representative and comparable cross-country data on the ICT skills, access and usage of “connected migrants” from the main migration groups living in 8 EU Member States. It then explored the relationship between internet usage and integration processes and developed evidence-based policy options.
Year 2011
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44141 Project

Participatory methods and critical models: Arts, migration and diaspora

Authors Maggie O’Neill
Year 2011
Journal Name Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture
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44142 Journal Article

Labour immigration and labour markets in the GCC countries: national patterns and trends

Description
Using the latest statistical data from six GCC states and recent publications of the GCC Secretariat, a detailed profile is presented of immigration and employment across the region. Evaluation is made of the available data sources (listed in the appendix) and the actual extent of immigrant presence in both population and labour market is critically examined. Employment according to public/private sector, and also for fifteen economic sectors, is shown for each country (where available) by citizenship type and gender. Previously unpublished indicators, such as unemployment and participation rates, are calculated where possible by citizenship type, gender and age groups; a few countries provide data on actual nationalities or regional groupings of foreign employees, and these are reproduced here. Previously neglected issues that receive some attention are foreign births, family presence, foreign schoolchildren and duration of residence (the latter available only for the UAE). The emergence of the kafala system is examined in historical context; in particular, emphasis is placed on its role in promoting irregularities in the migration, residence and employment of foreigners across the GCC. Trends in government policies are described, including the recent and significant doubts in some countries about the ability of the kafala system to produce satisfactory outcomes. Some attention is paid to the important policies of nationalization’ of GCC labour markets: a conceptual categorization of such policies is made, according to five different policy objectives. Using both the broad and more detailed sectoral employment data previously presented, evaluation is then made of the degree of success of each country’s initiatives in this area. The paper concludes with an exposition of the commonalities and differences across the GCC in managing their labour markets and immigration. The structural specificities of each country are outlined, along with tentative prognoses of their future needs for immigrant workers.
Year 2011
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44143 Report

Mediation of Migration: Media impacts on Norwegian immigration policy, public administration and public opinion.

Principal investigator Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud (Coordinator), Øyvind Ihlen (), Tine Ustad Figenschou (), Audun Beyer ()
Description
Mediation of Migration maps news on migration. We explore their typical form and content, how they are produced and what impacts they have on public opinion and politics. We further compare the Norwegian coverage of immigration with corresponding news in France and USA. The comparative part of the study provides a contrasting background for the Norwegian case, allowing a grasp both of the particular and the typical traits of the Norwegian mediated debate. Finally we examine the role of the news media in the loops of information between Diasporas in Norway and networks in sending countries of migrants, adding to the knowledge of migration flows and the globalization of information.
Year 2011
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44144 Project

Iran and British Muslims: A Study of State-Sponsored Religious and Political Transnationalism

Description
This research examines the religious and political ties between 'official' Iran and UK-based Muslim communities. Based on a case study of Iran's institutional presence in the UK that will discuss its multifaceted religious, educational, and political programmes for coreligionists, it seeks to analyse how the Islamic Republic transfers, negotiates, and reformulates its norms and values transnationally. The British scene offers an interesting case study primarily because it is host to many Sunni and Shi‘i Muslims from different ethnic and national backgrounds, communities to which the Islamic Republic of Iran has paid particular attention from the 1980s onwards. Looking specifically at the effect of transnationalism on the state, this research will analyse the Islamic Republic’s use of cross-border activism as a soft power resource. In general terms, Iran’s transnational interactions with Muslim communities have mainly been studied with regard to Islamic political movements in Arab and Central Asian countries, while its reach to coreligionists living away from their country of origin has largely been overlooked in the literature. Yet, Iran’s involvement in the lives of Muslim migrants, refugees, and exiles is characteristic of its quest for religious and political leadership outside the country’s borders and, I argue, has much to say about the use of religion to advance state interests. As such, the benefits of state-sponsored transnationalism cannot only consider the direct ties Iran creates and maintains with Muslim believers, but also its relations with both their country of origin and the state hosting them (namely the UK), as well as with other transnational actors involved in transnational activities on the British scene.
Year 2011
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44145 Project

Wages Differences between Temporary and Permanent Immigrants

Authors Peter B. Brownell
Year 2010
Journal Name International Migration Review
Citations (WoS) 6
44148 Journal Article

Methodological Developments in Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Migration Research

Authors Victor Asal, Stephen Shellman, Tiffiany Howard
Year 2010
Journal Name Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies
44149 Journal Article

Diaspora by design? : multiple allegiances and belonging in contemporary global Catholicism

Authors Ester GALLO
Year 2010
Journal Name Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies
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44150 Journal Article
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