Research
Database

TRACKS- identification of TRafficked Asylum seeKers’ Special needs is a transnational project that offers to analyze the asylum-trafficking in human beings (THB) nexus through the prism of special needs of trafficked asylum seekers and to equip national asylum authorities and civil society organizations to tackle crosscutting issues (i.e. protection, housing, rehabilitation, psychosocial support as well as security). Indeed, international protection of these asylum seekers might be challenged by their very specific vulnerability. Asylum seekers identified as victims of THB need to benefit from specific social and judicial support and reception conditions, as well as from a procedure that should be adapted to their individual specific situation. These needs have to be addressed to allow them to benefit from an appropriated international protection by EU member States. Very few victims of THB applying for asylum are granted refugee status or subsidiary protection as they have enormous difficulties to express their individual story because they are most of the time under influence, are not always aware of their rights in relation to their specific situation and went through traumatic experiences. Moreover, the asylum application can be used by criminal networks exploiting victims to make sure they legally stay on the territory. The situation of this specific vulnerable group requires a very specific answer that will result from a complementary accompaniment from a range of actors (i.e. regarding social and legal support, health, security issues, etc.).

Action against trafficking in human beings has become an important issue on the political agenda of the European Union and its Member States during the last decade. The design of effective measures (those that aim to foster prevention, protect victims and prosecute traffickers) has been commonly agreed to be built on appropriate legal and regulatory framework, research, data collection and information management. The lack of systematically collected and managed statistical data relevant to trafficking in human beings is one of the main obstacles to the successful and effective implementation of anti-trafficking policies and efforts. Objectives • To elaborate appropriate background information and on to assess the extent of different forms of trafficking in human beings in 17 EU Member States (Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, United Kingdom). Outcomes • Comprehensive overview of national data on THB in the 17 EU countries covered • Comprehensive overview of national legislation on THB and related areas in the 17 EU countries covered • Comparative Analysis of assessed extent of different types of THB in the 17 EU countries covered • 17 Country Reports on national legislation, national statistics, and assessments of national developments in regard to the extent of THB in 17 countries covered. • Minimum and maximum scenarios on the total (17 countries) extent of different types of THB following the legal and administrative distinctions between victims and perpetrators but also between cases and persons on.

'The overall aim of this 24-month project is to research, evaluate, and disseminate a broader understand-ing of how Trafficking in Human Beings (THB) is understood by the general public in countries of the en-larged EU and its neighbour states. The project will assess the influence of socio-economic, demograph-ic and attitudinal factors on public knowledge and understanding of THB by situating the analysis within socio-economic and political contexts of the countries of origin, transit and destination for THB. The find-ings will aid in the development of anti-trafficking policies and targeted public awareness campaigns. Theoretically, this research will contribute to ongoing scholarly debates on how citizens can influence public policies and how public knowledge is embedded in complex socio-political processes. This will be achieved by exploring public understanding of THB as a function of individual socio-economic and de-mographic attributes, attitudes towards a broad range of issues surrounding THB (immigration, gender inequality, prostitution, consumption), and discursive construction of national policies on immigration, gender equality and social justice. The project will address the existing deficit of comparative empirical data in the field by producing three rich cross-national data sets on public understanding of THB. Data will be collected using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including omnibus-powered face-to-face surveys of nationally representative samples of adults in Ukraine, Hungary and the UK, fo-cus groups and qualitative semi-structured interviews. In addition to the academic significance of re-search outcomes, the project will also offer and promote a set of context-specific recommendations on how to develop targeted campaigns and policies to inform public awareness of trafficking and its links to the factors of supply and demand.'

Durch die Asyl- und Flüchtlingsbefragung werden erstmals umfassende Erkenntnisse über die Asylbewerber und Flüchtlinge in Deutschland gewonnen. Diese Erkenntnisse sollen die Arbeitsmarktpolitik auf dem Gebiet der Integration von Asylbewerbern und Flüchtlingen unterstützen. Die Schaffung dieser Datenbasis ermöglicht es der BA, andere Entscheidungsträger in Deutschland und Europa auf dem Gebiet der Flüchtlings- und Migrationspolitik durch evidenzbasierte Politikberatung zu unterstützen. Weiterhin wird eine Datenbasis für die Forschung über die Arbeitsmarktintegration von Zuwanderern und im besonderen von Asylsuchenden und Flüchtlingen geschaffen. Projektmethode Befragung Projektziel Schaffung einer Datenbasis, die sowohl zur Politikberatung als auch zur Forschung zu Themen der gesellschaftlichen und Arbeitsmarktintegration von Asylbewerbern und Flüchtlingen verwendet werden kann.

To contribute to a real comprehension of the impact of organized crime in trafficking in women. To prepare a transnational project directed at eradicating the trafficking in human beings (THB) for the purpose of sexual exploitation in Sicily, in a European dimension

In this project, the FRA revealed how asylum seekers judge selected issues relating to the asylum procedure (1.- MS's duty to duly inform asylum seekers about the asylum procedure, as well as related rights and obligations; 2.- Access to effective remedies if their asylum application is denied). For the FRA, this hands-on approach was particularly important in order to provide policy makers with evidence-based advice.

De Universiteit van Leuven (KUL) is, met hulp van de Universiteit van Luik (ULg), gestart met een onderzoek om de impact van de buurtinitiatieven van de opvangcentra te meten.Elk opvangcentrum in België organiseert tal van activiteiten om zich als open centrum zo goed mogelijk te integreren in de omgeving: opendeurdagen, vrijwilligersacties, theatervoorstellingen, workshops, enz. Met de ‘buurtinitiatieven’ streven de centra naar een positieve houding bij de Belgische bevolking ten aanzien van de opvangcentra voor asielzoekers en naar een correcte, realistische beeldvorming over ‘de asielzoeker’.5 casestudies Na meer dan tien jaar zijn het beleid en de beleidsinstrumenten aan een evaluatie toe. Daarom financeert Fedasil een onderzoek, dat zal worden uitgevoerd door KU Leuven, in samenwerking met de universiteit van Luik (ULg). Tijdens het onderzoek worden vijf opvangcentra onder de loep genomen: Dendermonde, Sint-Truiden en Pondrôme (Fedasil), Mechelen (Rode Kruis) en Ukkel (Croix-Rouge). Voor elk centrum worden er data verzameld via een buurtbevraging (postenquête bij buurtbewoners), een focusgroep en een interview met de directeur en de buurtwerker.Aan de hand van dit onderzoek wordt een antwoord gezocht op enkele belangrijke vragen. Wat is het bereik en de impact van de buurtinitiatieven? Gaan de omwonenden regelmatig naar een opendeurdag of filmavond in het opvangcentrum? Hebben zij een impact op de omwonenden? Neemt eventuele weerstand af door de activiteiten die de centra organiseren?Na afloop van het onderzoek zal de KU Leuven een aantal aanbevelingen formuleren om het huidige beleid te verbeteren. De bevraging loopt tot het einde van het jaar 2016.

Die durch das Forschungszentrum des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF) konzipierte MIMAP soll empirisch-fundierte und anwendungsbezogene Erkenntnisse zu Verbleib, Rückkehr und Weiterwanderung Ausreisepflichtiger liefern und ein besseres Verständnis darüber ermöglichen, warum ausreisepflichtige Personen trotz geringer rechtlicher Bleibe- und Partizipationsperspektiven und Angeboten zur freiwilligen Rückkehr in Deutschland verbleiben. Darüber hinaus soll der empirische Zugang zur Untersuchungsgruppe Ausreisepflichtiger erprobt werden. Der Schwerpunkt der MIMAP liegt auf ausreisepflichtigen Personen mit Asylbezug, von denen der überwiegende Teil im Besitz einer Duldung ist. Die Forschungserkenntnisse sollen Impulse für die Weiterentwicklung der rückkehrpolitischen und aufenthaltsverstetigenden Maßnahmen geben.

The provision of reintegration assistance to migrants in their countries of origin is an essential element to ensure sustainability of returns. IOM and partners in countries of origin provide migrants with socio-economic support to promote their self-sufficiency and contributions to their local communities. The sustainability of returns may, however, ultimately only be ensured in tandem with socio-economic development. IOM strives to support sustainable reintegration of migrants returning to a variety of contexts, recognizing, that the factors affecting the reintegration process and subsequently its sustainability are not dissimilar from those that resulted in the decision to migrate in the first place. IOM therefore asserts that reintegration can be considered sustainable when returnees have reached levels of economic self-sufficiency, social stability within their communities, and psychosocial well-being that allow them to cope with (re)migration drivers. Having achieved sustainable reintegration, returnees are able to make further migration decisions a matter of choice, rather than necessity. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to approach migrant reintegration in a comprehensive manner, considering the factors that can affect reintegration and addressing them in a way to respond to the needs of the individual returnees as well as the communities to which they return in a mutually beneficial way, and address the structural factors at play. Assistance to migrants, communities of return, and structural environments in countries of origin is therefore an essential element to ensuring sustainability of reintegration.

"Theoretical background and objectives Research on youth migration in Germany has given little attention to transnational family relations so far. The project explores both the extent and the long-term individual consequences of migration-related family separation during childhood. The first part of the study focuses on guest-workers' immigration strategies in order to explain the development and consequences of transnational family relations in the context of the recruitment of ""gastarbeiter"" in Germany. The study differentiates between guest workers from Southern Europe (Greece, Italy, Spain, Yugosla­via and Portugal) and from Islamic Mediterranean countries (Turkey, Morocco, Tunisia). Survey data are used to construct and describe ""migration chains"" in order to test hypotheses on transnational family relations and the extent of resulting parent-child separation. The analysis of qualitative data gathered from interviews with young migrants living in Germany permits the investigation of the familial decision-making processes concerning migration and the cones­quences of separation from parents experienced during childhood. At the second stage, the project also analyses the attachment behaviour of migrants who, in the context of immigration to Germany, temporarily lived in transnational families during their childhood. The idea that a separation from parents experienced during childhood will influence the general attachment behaviour forms the core thesis of attachment theory (Bowlby 1969, Ainsworth 1985a). But instead of concentrating on immediate social consequences of migration-related parental loss on the child-parent-relationship, the study analyses the marital status of adults depending on whether they experienced separation from their parent(s) due to migration during their childhood. Research design, data and methodology Data are analysed descriptively and by means of logistic regression models, using the German Mikrozensus 2005. Additionally, a series of interviews has been conducted with young Moroccan migrants who had been temporarily separated from their parents. Findings The extent of separation experiences differs according to ethnic background. Children with an Islamic Mediterranean background have a significantly higher hazard of experiencing a migration-related separation from one of their parents (mostly, from their father) than those from Southern European countries. A temporary loss of both parents was observed more frequently among young migrants with a European origin. The interviews reveal that it is much more difficult for the children to deal with the absence of both parents. Regression results show that the experience of a separation from parents during childhood significantly reduces the chances of marriage among adult migrants, and that the age at separation plays an important role, while the duration does not show any effects."

Norway received over 30.000 asylum seekers in 2015 and the number of refugees in the country will soon reach a total of 200.000. Refugees living in Norway have higher burden of disease than other migrants and are underrepresented in the labour market. The associations between somatic and mental health for this population is barely explored, but several studies show the challenge of adequately diagnosing immigrants from non-Western countries with specific diseases, which hinders correct treatment and rehabilitation processes, and decreases the satisfaction of patients with the health care system. Although the healthy immigrant effect is described also for refugees and there is evidence of rapid deterioration of their health once in the host country, little is known about the interactive development of somatic and mental disease through the migration path, this is to say, pre-departure, at interception and at destination, for these patients. For asylum seekers and refugees from Syria on their way to or already living in Norway, this project will determine the risk factors for negative development of somatic and mental health and for increase of unmet health care needs, through the different stages of the migration process. Also, the clinical implications of the associations between mental and somatic health will be tested by measuring the effect of two different treatments, individual physiotherapy and group-based psychological treatment, on both somatic and mental health. Therefore, our results will provide valuable information about the high health risk stages of the migration path, enabling preventive strategies at these points, and about the implications of the interactions between somatic and mental health for the design of health care for asylum seekers and refugees. Although our study will only include refugees from Syria through to enable a trajectory approach, we believe our results will universally apply to any asylum seeker/refugee group.

The project investigates the notion of ‘demand’ for trafficking in human beings (THB) from a range of scientific perspectives and develops an integrated framework that comprehensively addresses and relates demand with alternative framings where appropriate. The findings provide empirical evidence to concrete policy questions on the EU agenda and lay-out the full range of promising policy options. The project consortium engages in continuous, intensive communication efforts with the objective of ensuring a good take-up of research results by policy-makers, other stakeholders and the wider society. Work will proceed in three phases: • Phase 1 involves a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and empirical literature as well as an overview over debates with regard to trafficking for different purposes (commercial sex, labor exploitation, child begging, forced marriages, organ removal and criminal activities), and a mapping of demand related policy measures in different countries. On this basis, a joint conceptual approach will be developed. • Phase 2 involves five in-depth empirical case studies. Three of them address specific fields with systematic differences with regard to the type of demand linked to trafficking: Domestic work, prostitution and imported goods which are provided through global supply chains. Two case studies investigate specifically relevant policy approaches (law enforcement and raising awareness through campaigns). • Phase 3 integrates insights from both phases into a coherent framework and intensifies dissemination which is informed by continuous, systematic stakeholder communication throughout the project.

With regards to modalities, TRESSPASS project includes air, maritime and land (including car and train) border crossing points, and specifically also travel routes that combine different modalities. It excludes border crossings outside of border crossing points, such as happens with boats of refugees on the Mediterranean. With regards to threats, this includes smuggling, irregular immigration, cross border crime, and terrorism, including threats to the transport itself (so, including e.g. aviation security – per the topic text). It excludes other threats such as posed by state-actors. This proposal includes all tiers of the four-tier access model: (1) measures undertaken in, or jointly with third countries or service providers; (2) cooperation with neighbouring countries; (3) border control and counter-smuggling measures, and (4) control measures within the area of free movement. TRESSPASS will (1) develop a single cohesive risk-based border management concept (2) develop three pivoting pilot demonstrators (3) demonstrate the validity of the single cohesive risk-based border management concept by using red teaming and simulations (4) prepare for the further development of this concept beyond this project by linking to other known risk-based border management projects (in- and outside EU, within EU research frameworks and on national levels), and describe how their results contribute to a single cohesive risk-based border management concept

Western countries have significant concerns about the increasing number of undocumented migrants and asylum seekers crossing international borders. The European Agenda for Migration includes a set of priorities that address this complex and nuanced problem. Core values of European societies, such as solidarity and human rights, are being tested by irregular migration pressure and the related difficulties of immigration detention. The escalating number of detainees released into host communities instead of being deported has raised new questions about how this population is being managed. This project uses two case studies: Spain and Canada to analyze how the governance of irregular migrants and asylum seekers occurs in two complementary ways. First, at the level of discourse, this research will assess how irregular migration has been represented in the political process by focusing on how immigration detention has emerged as a response to this issue. Second, the project will examine the impact of detention in those released and supervised in the community. This study will also focus on how different actors participant in the governance of migrants and how gender, race and nationality influence this process. Theoretically, this research builds on the governmentality and border control scholarship. Policy analysis and interviews are the primary methods of data collection. This study builds on existing scholarship and will provide a comprehensive and comparative analysis of irregular immigration and detention that can inform various types of immigration policy. The research project will be structured to ensure the applicant receives a high quality and comprehensive training program that includes academic milestones and the management, communication and dissemination competences. This study project is built on the collaboration of several institutions and academics to guarantee the international relevance of the project and the academic excellence of the researcher.

The overall objective of the project is to prevent and address trafficking in persons (TIP) and the smuggling of migrants (SOM) by assisting selected partner countries in developing and implementing comprehensive national counter-trafficking and smuggling responses.

To offer personalized and flexible assistance for the return of the victims of trafficking in human beings from Austria, France, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and UK, so they can become active members of their societies again.

Das beantragte Forschungsprojekt untersucht Abschiebungen und "freiwillige" Rückkehr aus Deutschland nach Pakistan und fokussiert dabei auf die "politische Ökonomie der Emotionen" in der Remigration, verstanden als Produktion, Austausch und Zirkulation von Emotionen im Gefüge von Beziehungen, Erfahrungen, Verpflichtungen und Erwartungen zwischen (Re-)Migranten, verwandtschaftlichen, lokalen und transnationalen Kontexten, sowie staatlichen und nichtstaatlichen Institutionen. Nachdem Deutschland in den vergangenen Jahren vermehrt zum Zielland pakistanischer Migranten geworden ist, nehmen im Zuge verschärfter Asylpolitik Abschiebungen und die Förderung "freiwilliger" Rückkehr zu. Das Projekt geht davon aus, dass Migration nie ein rein "rationales", "interessengeleitetes" Phänomen ist, sondern dass Migration, Remigration eingeschlossen, stark mit Emotionen verbunden ist. Das Projekt gliedert sich ein in das wachsende ethnologische Forschungsinteresse an Abschiebungen, das jedoch bislang vor allem auf Afrika und Lateinamerika gerichtet ist. Die Untersuchung beginnt mit der sehr unübersichtlichen Situation hinsichtlich Abschiebung und Rückkehrförderung in Deutschland. Darauf aufbauend werden die Emotionen, mit denen die Motivationen, Erwartungen und Erfahrungen der (Re)Migration einhergehen, untersucht, bezogen sowohl auf pakistanische Migranten in Deutschland, denen eine Rückkehr bevorsteht, als auch auf Remigrierte, die schon in Pakistan angekommen sind. Schließlich will das Projekt die gesellschaftlichen Konsequenzen und Effekte der Abschiebung und/oder "freiwilligen" Rückkehr in Pakistan erforschen, indem es das soziale Umfeld von Remigranten (Familie, Verwandtschaftsnetzwerke, peer groups, Dorf oder urbane Nachbarschaft, soziale Netzwerke), seine ökonomischen und (lokal-)politischen Strukturen, und die in diesem Kontext produzierten und zirkulierenden Emotionen untersucht. Neben der empirisch-ethnographischen Untersuchung von Abschiebung und Remigration nach Pakistan beabsichtigt das Projekt, einen theoretischen und methodologischen Beitrag zur Rolle von Emotionen im Kontext von Remigration und Abschiebung zu erarbeiten und damit einen Beitrag zur "anthropology of removal" (N. Peutz) zu leisten.

The GLOBE project will provide a comprehensive framework in which an integrated global border management system must be developed. The project will take into account the current and future technological environment. Additionally, GLOBE’s scope reaches even further by looking into other key aspects of border management beyond isolated technology, such as the legal and political environment, the social and economic impact of border problems and, more specifically, the impact on information management and integration. The proposal has been built up on the conceptualisation of the end users needs. These needs are well known by the partners of the consortium due to the close relationship with these institutions through the hands-on experience that all companies have in the different border control areas. End users from several countries have participated in the conceptualization of the proposal to make sure it includes what they consider to be the most relevant issues in their areas of expertise. The GLOBE proposal has been prepared in such a way that as to cover the full scope of an integrated border management system, moving throughout the four main layers of border control (Country of origin, transit areas, regulated and unregulated border lines and internal territory). As a result, GLOBE will identify what already exists, what is being done, what needs to be improved, how to integrate all the information together and how to present it so it proves useful for all relevant EU and national institutions to make better decisions for dealing with issues of such importance as illegal immigration and movements of illegal goods and materials. GLOBE has been awarded the eSEC (Spanish Security and Trust Technological Platform) certification of integration within the Research Agenda established by the Spanish Electronics, Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries Association.

iBorderCtrl envisages to enable faster thorough border control for third country nationals crossing the borders of EU, with technologies that adopt the future development of the Schengen Border Management. The project will present an optimal mixture of an enhanced, voluntary form of a Registered Traveller Programme and an auxiliary solution for the Entry/Exit System based on involving bona fide travellers. iBorderCtrl designs and implements a system that adopts mobility concepts and consists of a two-stage procedure, designed to reduce cost/time spent per traveller at the crossing station. It leverages software and hardware technologies ranging from portable readers/scanners, various emerging and novel subsystems for automatic controls, wireless networking for mobile controls, and secure backend storage and processing. The two-stage procedure includes: (A) the registration before the travel to gather initial personal, travel document and vehicle data, perform a short, automated, non-invasive interview with an avatar, subject to lie detection and link the traveller to any pre-existing authority data. Utilizing multifactor analytics and risk-based approach, the data registered is processed and correlated with publicly open data or external systems such as the SIS II. Processing will need the travellers consent as set in EU legislation and national law. (B) the actual control at the border that complements pre-registered information with results of security controls that are performed with a portable, wireless connected iBorderCtrl unit that can be used inside buses/trains or any point. Multiple technologies check validity and authenticity of parameters (e.g. travel documents, visa, face recognition of traveller using passport picture, real-time automated non-invasive lie detection in interview by officer, etc.). The data collected are encrypted, securely transferred and analysed in real time, providing an automated decision support system for the border control officers.

Since 1993, all nationals of the EU Member States hold EU citizenship, which entails the right to move and reside freely within EU territory. Since 1999, immigration has been a matter of shared competence between the EU and its Member States. The EU increasingly faces the question whether this common immigration policy as well as the common status of EU citizenship do not also require harmonization of the rules on acquisition and loss of nationality, or even the transfer of national competences to the EU, because the nationality law rules of individual Member States can be used to circumvent the common EU migration policy. In fact, a considerable number of Member States grant particular groups of people (former emigrants and their descendants living outside the EU, co-ethnics in neighbouring countries that are not part of the EU) facilitated access to their nationality and also encourage dual nationality. The link of these ‘external EU citizens’ with the EU is often very weak. At the same time, there are large numbers of EU resident people who continue to suffer the hardship of being stateless because they cannot qualify for the nationality of an EU Member State. Both the facilitated access to the EU through dual nationality and the vulnerable position of EU resident stateless persons gives the EU a strong interest in interfering with Member State autonomy in nationality law. The proposal will study global trends regarding dual nationality and statelessness by investigating how North America, and to a lesser extent Latin America, deal with these phenomena. For that purpose, research missions will be conducted on both continents. The results are compared with European data already collected by the applicant and the EUDO citizenship project. As nationality law will increasingly become a policy concern to the EU, the applicant’s global research will contribute to both the academic and policy-orientated debate on the future role of the EU in matters of nationality law.

Objectives: The overall objective of the project is to develop solutions for protracted displacement situations (PDS) that are better tailored to the needs and capacities of persons affected by displacement. Current policies struggle to find solutions to forced displacement. Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) are often stuck in ‘limbo’, i.e. living in situations of vulnerability, dependency and immobility, due to continuous cycles of displacement and a lack of durable options. The project will therefore aim at answering the questions whether and how PDS, dependency and vulnerability are related to the factors of connectivity and mobility. It will further look at how in turn, connectivity and mobility can be operationalized to enhance the self-reliance and resilience of displaced people. Summary: Protracted displacement situations are estimated to affect about 13 million individuals globally, approximately two-thirds of the 20 million refugees today. PDS affects both refugees who have left their countries of origin as well as internally displaced individuals subsisting in precarious living conditions and seeking stability and safety with no prospects of local integration, resettlement, or safe return. TRAFIG will conduct its research by analysing specific sites of exhibited protracted displacement situations throughout Asia, Africa and Europe in order to better understand the daily lives and challenges of those living in PDS, and to ultimately devise new and creative approaches for the alleviation of these problems. Moreover, TRAFIG seeks to explore the relationship between connectivity and mobility, and the realities of protracted displacement situations which increase vulnerability in order to understand how PDS can be challenged. ICMPD’s policy unit leads the stakeholder engagement and dialogue with policymakers and further seeks innovative options for the exploitation of results. In addition, the unit examines governance frameworks on displacement at the European and global level. Project Partners: BICC (Bonn International Center for Conversion), Addis Ababa University, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, CMI (Chr. Michelsen Institute), Danube University Krems, Dignity Kwanza – Community Solutions, FIERI (Forum of International and European Research on Immigration), ICMPD (International Centre for Migration Policy Development), SHARP (Society for Human Rights & Prisoners’ Aid), Universiteit Leiden, University of Sussex, Yarmouk University

DemandAT is an interdisciplinary research project funded under the EU Seventh Framework Programme. The project brings together nine partners across seven European countries to investigate approaches to addressing and reducing demand for trafficking in human beings through anti-trafficking efforts and policies. While responses to trafficking have traditionally focused on combating the criminal networks involved in trafficking or protecting the human rights of victims, European countries are increasingly exploring ways of influencing demand for the services or products of those trafficked within their own economies and societies – for example, through criminalising clients, better control of recruitment agencies, or fair trade campaigns. DemandAT contributes to a better understanding of how policymakers can influence demand for trafficking and actively engages with EU and national level policymakers. The project benefits from continuous stakeholder interaction and is informed by a stakeholder advisory board comprising representatives from the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women, the International Organization for Migration, the International Trade Union Confederation, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the United Nationas Office for Drugs and Crime amongst others. The project’s research takes a broad approach to trafficking analysing a range of forced and exploitative labour scenarios. It explores what demand means in the context of trafficking in human beings conceptually and examines how demand for products and services provided by trafficked women, men and children operates in practice. The measures implemented to reduce demand for trafficking are analysed and their efficacy in reducing demand is assessed. Insights are drawn from related areas to develop a broader perspective of the range of regulatory options that exist for influencing demand for trafficking in human beings. Research Phases The research is structured into three, interlocking, phases: Phase 1: Analysis of the theoretical and empirical literature on demand for trafficking in human beings and regulating demand in different disciplines, fields and countries. This includes economic and genealogical analysis of the concept of demand and a comprehensive overview of demand in different forms of trafficking. January 2014-June 2015. Phase 2: Involves three in-depth empirical case studies on different trafficking fields: domestic work, prostitution and imported goods. A further two case studies will be conducted investigating different policy approaches: law enforcement actors and campaigns. September 2014-December 2016. Phase 3: The final phase involved integrating the project insights into a coherent framework with a focus on dissemination. January 2017-June 2017. Research Areas The project is divided into a series of work packages that cover different aspects of trafficking and examine different measures for addressing demand for trafficking in human beings. The substantive work packages include: The Concept of Demand Researchers at the University of Bremen lead on developing an analysis of the meaning and implications of demand from a genealogical and economic perspective; exploring the conceptual foundations of the debate on demand in trafficking. January 2014- June 2015. Policy Instruments in Steering Demand Researchers at the University of Edinburgh provide a conceptual analysis of the regulatory tools available for steering demand drawing on related fields to examine measures to steer demand for lower cost goods/services and for illicit goods/services. January 2014 – June 2015. Demand in Different Forms of Trafficking in Human Beings Researchers at La Strada International lead a systematic review of the literature on demand-side factors and demand-side policies. This review is conducted in relation to trafficking for the purposes of: the commercial sex market, labour exploitation, forced begging, forced/servile marriages, forced criminal activities and illegal organ removal. January 2014 – June 2015. Government Responses: Comparative Country Analysis Researchers at International Centre for Migration Policy Development provide a comparative overview of the development and implementation of policies targeting demand for trafficking in selected EU and non-EU countries. This includes an analysis of the debates on the expected and actual outcomes of demand related policies. January 2014 – June 2015. Domestic Work Researchers at the European University Institute investigate types of domestic work that involve extreme forms of exploitation focusing on the dynamics between demand and supply with a view to proposing improved policy options for combatting trafficking and exploitation in domestic work. The countries studied are: Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and the UK. September 2014 – December 2016. Globalised production of Goods Researchers at the University of Durham evaluate the impact of existing initiatives to address trafficking and forced labour in global supply chains. Field research in non-EU countries will inform the development of industry-specific strategies to address trafficking and forced labour in supply chains. September 2014 – December 2016. Prostitution Researchers at Lund University conduct a comparative analysis of how demand for trafficking is tackled in different policy approaches to prostitution. Germany, New Zealand and Sweden provide case studies for different policy models on prostitution. January 2014 – December 2016 Law Enforcement Actors Researchers at DCAF lead in developing a better understanding of the role, potential and limits of law enforcement actors in addressing demand for trafficking. The analysis focuses on security sector actors (police, border guards, judges and prosecutors) and labour inspectorates. September 2014 – December 2016 Addressing Demand with Smart Campaigns Researchers at the University of Bremen lead in evaluating anti-trafficking campaigns and developing a method for assessing their impact in reducing demand for trafficking in order to inform the planning, implementation and evaluation of such campaigns. September 2014 – December 2016.

‘Consistency’ is regularly cited as a desirable attribute of border control, but it has received little critical social scientific attention. This inter-disciplinary project, at the inter-face between critical human geography, border studies and law, will scrutinise the consistency of European asylum adjudication in order to develop richer theoretical understanding of this lynchpin concept. It will move beyond the administrative legal concepts of substantive and procedural consistency by advancing a three-fold conceptualisation of consistency – as everyday practice, discursive deployment of facts and disciplinary technique. In order to generate productive intellectual tension it will also employ an explicitly antagonistic conceptualisation of the relationship between geography and law that views law as seeking to constrain and systematise lived space. The project will employ an innovative combination of methodologies that will produce unique and rich data sets including quantitative analysis, multi-sited legal ethnography, discourse analysis and interviews, and the findings are likely to be of interest both to academic communities like geographers, legal and border scholars and to policy makers and activists working in border control settings. In 2013 the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) was launched to standardise the procedures of asylum determination. But as yet no sustained multi-methodological assessment of the claims of consistency inherent to the CEAS has been carried out. This project offers not only the opportunity to assess progress towards harmonisation of asylum determination processes in Europe, but will also provide a new conceptual framework with which to approach the dilemmas and risks of inconsistency in an area of law fraught with political controversy and uncertainty around the world. Most fundamentally, the project promises to debunk the myths surrounding the possibility of fair and consistent border controls in Europe and elsewhere.

‘Consistency’ is regularly cited as a desirable attribute of border control, but it has received little critical social scientific attention. This inter-disciplinary project, at the inter-face between critical human geography, border studies and law, will scrutinise the consistency of European asylum adjudication in order to develop richer theoretical understanding of this lynchpin concept. It will move beyond the administrative legal concepts of substantive and procedural consistency by advancing a three-fold conceptualisation of consistency – as everyday practice, discursive deployment of facts and disciplinary technique. In order to generate productive intellectual tension it will also employ an explicitly antagonistic conceptualisation of the relationship between geography and law that views law as seeking to constrain and systematise lived space. The project will employ an innovative combination of methodologies that will produce unique and rich data sets including quantitative analysis, multi-sited legal ethnography, discourse analysis and interviews, and the findings are likely to be of interest both to academic communities like geographers, legal and border scholars and to policy makers and activists working in border control settings. In 2013 the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) was launched to standardise the procedures of asylum determination. But as yet no sustained multi-methodological assessment of the claims of consistency inherent to the CEAS has been carried out. This project offers not only the opportunity to assess progress towards harmonisation of asylum determination processes in Europe, but will also provide a new conceptual framework with which to approach the dilemmas and risks of inconsistency in an area of law fraught with political controversy and uncertainty around the world. Most fundamentally, the project promises to debunk the myths surrounding the possibility of fair and consistent border controls in Europe and elsewhere.

BODEGA for Proactive Enhancement of Human Performance in Border Control BODEGA project will investigate and model Human Factors in border control to provide innovative socio-technical solutions for enhancing border guards’ performance of critical tasks, support border management decision-making, and optimize travellers’ border crossing experience. BODEGA will develop a PROPER toolbox which integrates the solutions for easy adoption of the BODEGA’s results by stakeholders in border control. PROPER toolbox which will integrate ethical and societal dimensions to enable a leap of border control towards improved effectiveness and harmonisation across Europe. The PROPER tools will be co-designed and thoroughly validated with relevant stakeholders and end-users. The work will be carried within the framework of Responsible Research and Innovation to ensure the ethical and societal compatibility of the project work and provided solutions as well as emphasis on the foreseen future with smarter borders. With its focus on in-depth understanding of the human factors in border control and PROPER toolbox, BODEGA will enable a leap of European border guard culture towards professionalism. BODEGA validated, modular and flexible toolbox will enhance the performance of border control stakeholders - border guards, border authorities and citizens - to create more secure, efficient and effective border crossing, focusing on the borders between Schengen agreement and external countries. A holistic view of the Human Factors with respect to the Smart Borders will be developed. The project focuses on human and organizational factors of border control technologies and processes and examines the effects of introducing innovative technologies into key border guard tasks, traveller’s performance and behaviour and to the total system at different levels and at different border control types: rail, sea and air borders.

The project is part of the UDE Research Focus Area Transformation of Contemporary Societies, Subproject Cross Border Labour Markets. The focus of the study is on projects funded by the EC which address trafficking in human beings. The study developed a trafficking projects data set from documents and other relevant materials provided by the EC and through additional searches of the internet on EC-funded anti-trafficking projects commissioned by five Directorate Generals (DG) of the EC.

This project will develop an intersectional approach to the study of queer asylum in Europe focussing on the experiences of people from a Muslim background. Muslim queer, trans, and intersex (LGBTQI) refugees are among the least visible and most marginalized constituents within Germany’s asylum system. This is despite the EU classifying LGBTQI refugees as a social group in need of special protection in 2011. Heteronormative and homonormative immigration and asylum policies combined with the global and domestic war on terror perpetuate the insecurity of Muslim LGBTQI refugees and asylum seekers in Europe. Migration and gender studies, however, largely ignore the intersectionality of queerness, Islam, and the securitization of migration and of the few studies that concentrate on queer migration in continental Europe and none are on Germany. This project will provide new empirical insights into the experiences of LGBTQI asylum seekers with Muslim background. Drawing on the theory of intersectionality, it will enhance our understanding of how both hetero- and homonormativity in Germany’s asylum system, i.e. the ‘protection’ and production of trans and queer asylum seekers, is tied to institutional and societal expectations of sexuality and Islam. In this way the study will map how homo- and heteronormative asylum practices and laws create temporal socio-political spaces where rightlessness and rightfulness meet and converge. Methods will include: semi-structured interviews with LGBTQI Muslim asylum seekers police, immigration officials, LGBTQI activists, and LGBTQI organizations; legal and discourse analysis; non-participant observation, and case studies. The project will use the data and analysis to propose strategies that will help the European Commission, and state and non-state actors to develop policies and politics based on a better understanding of the wide range of experiences of Muslim LGBTQI asylum seekers.

"Projektbeschreibung 2015 reisten mehr als eine Million Schutzsuchende nach Deutschland ein. Eine so große Zahl an Neuankömmlingen in einer so kurzen Zeit stellt das Land vor neue Herausforderungen.Deshalb besteht die dringende Notwendigkeit mehr über Asylsuchende, ihre Situation und Lebensumstände zu erfahren. Das Forschungsprojekt hat daher zwei Ziele: 1. Die Vielfalt der Bedürfnisse und Zukunftsvisionen von Geflüchteten soll untersucht werden. Dabei spielen die Wohnsituation, das Familienleben, der Zugang zu (Aus-)Bildung und dem Arbeitsmarkt sowie der Aufenthaltsstatus eine entscheidende Rolle. 2. Das Projekt betrachtet des Weiteren, wie staatliche und nicht-staatliche Akteure auf die Vielfalt der Fluchtbewegungen reagieren, z.B. wie logistische Herausforderungen angegangen werden. Der Zweck der Forschung? Die Ergebnisse sollen einen Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis der Vielfalt der derzeit Zugewanderten und der Strukturen, mit denen sie konfrontiert werden, leisten. Des Weiteren soll das Projekt dazu beitragen, die Grundlagen für langfristige Partizipation der Geflüchteten an gesellschaftlichen Prozessen zu verstehen. Wer wir sind Das Forschungsteam arbeitet am Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung multireligiöser und multiethnischer Gesellschaften in Göttingen und setzt sich aus vier Wissenschaftlerinnen und mehreren Assistenten zusammen. Das Projekt wird von der gemeinnützigen Volkswagen-Stiftung gefördert. "

Automatic border controls are an increasingly relevant mode by which borders are crossed, both in the European Union and around the world. The Fastpass project aims to establish and demonstrate a next generation harmonised, modular approach for Automated Border Control (ABC) systems. To do so, it brings together key stakeholders involved throughout the development of an ABC system: system and component producers, research institutions, governmental authorities and end users. The ICMPD Research Department is particularly involved in engaging users and other stakeholders, as well as analysing the needs and requirements necessary for an ABC system. The ICMPD Border Management and Visa Competence Centre is also involved in interacting with and training border guards to use the system, as well as ensuring the needs of the end user group of border guards are also included. Objectives: • Integration of the Smart Border components of an exit-entry system and a registered traveller programme within the system; • Harmonised use of the system across a variety of countries, based on feedback from travellers and border guards; • Development of an innovative border crossing concept that interfaces with existing security and infrastructure processes at air, land and sea borders; • Design and inclusion of innovative technology with regard to ABC systems; • Establishment of a European ABC solution, and a new European ABC suppliers network Project Partners: Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH (AIT), Teknologian tutkimuskeskus VTT, Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior, Österreichische Staatsdruckerei GmbH, Fraunhofer IOSB, Interdisciplinary Center for Law and ICT of K.U. Leuven, Finnish Border Guard RVL, Secunet Security Networks AG, Mirasys Ltd, Regula Baltija Ltd, University of Reading, University of Tampere, Gunnebo Entrance Control Ltd, Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, MODI Modular Digits GmbH, Magnetic Autocontrol GmbH, European Commission Joint Research Center, ITTE Sp.z.o.o., Deltabit Oy, Oxford Internet Institute of the University of Oxford, Romanian Border Guard, Finavia Cooperation, Port of Mykonos, Fraport AG, Flughafen Wien AG, Intrepid Minds.

The fundamental weakness of nation state and EU efforts to effectively manage migration to Europe lies in ensuring the return of foreigners who pass or avoid border controls but are then neither granted asylum nor a residence permit. Many Member States thereby increasingly rely on public policies for the so-called ‘voluntary return’ of irregular migrants and (refused) asylum seekers. Very little is known about how these approaches work in practice and whether they meet stated policy goals and discharge state obligations regarding migrants’ human rights. The project REvolTURN addresses this research gap through a close and comparative analysis of ‘voluntary return’ policies in Austria and the UK, including their adoption, implementation and immediate outcome. It examines 1) how voluntariness of return is constructed and framed in law, policy and public discourse, 2) which notions of voluntariness are crucial for policy implementation, and 3) what impact this has on migrants’ own decision-making about their return. My innovative and interdisciplinary mixed-method approach combines comparative policy and discourse analysis, detailed institutional ethnography through observation and in-depth interviews and a survey among potential returnees. REvolTURN addresses a key priority of the Horizon 2020 work programme for 2016-17: to better manage migration, and will also contribute to recent scholarship regarding the in/effectiveness of migration policies and the agency of migrants holding no or highly precarious statuses. The project has three main objectives: 1) to better understand the role and functioning of voluntariness in the context of state-managed migratory return; 2) to develop a framework for assessing and comparing these roles and functions, including their effectiveness; and 3) to thereby contribute to evidence-based and workable policy solutions that increase the number of genuinely voluntary returns without undermining the very logic underlying this approach.

Over the past year, for at least three-quarters of a million asylum-seekers from a variety of backgrounds, Germany has exceptionally engaged in the task of accommodation (providing housing and sustenance, financial support, healthcare and legal services). It is widely recognized that the next task - and one of perhaps greatest public and policy concern - is that of facilitating asylum-seekers' 'integration'. Yet integration - however defined - already begins during the stage of accommodation. It is the nature of specific institutional arrangements - created during the process of accommodation - that is decisive for conditioning and channeling subsequent processes of integration. Further, integration can only proceed successfully if asylum-seekers' own diverse needs and aspirations are addressed. Funded by the VolkswagenStiftung, a pilot project at the Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity has examined these issues in numerous Flüchtlingsunterkünfte (asylum-seekers' housing centers) in one city. Preliminary findings have underlined the key role that Betreiber (facility operators) play in accommodation and integration. Building on the pilot, this project compares different kinds of Betreiber in three different to explain the key factors that condition and determine distinctive accommodation outcomes. It is guided by the following questions: What accounts for similarities and differences in asylum-seekers' housing centers? What are the critical roles and outcomes of differential facility operators in managing these? How do varying institutional arrangements address the needs and aspirations of asylum-seekers, what social positions ensue, and what prospects do these hold for asylum-seekers? Consequently, we will be better able to conceive, analyze and theorize the nature and effects of social positioning among asylum-seekers in Germany.

Ausgangspunkt des Projekts ist die Beobachtung, dass der Anteil der unterwertig beschäftigten Arbeitnehmer unter Migranten deutlich höher ist als in der einheimischen Erwerbsbevölkerung. In Deutschland liegt dieser Anteil aktuell unter Einheimischen bei 22%, während 36% aller im Ausland geborenen Migranten unterwertig beschäftigt sind (OECD 2015). Dies bedeutet zum einen, dass das vorhandenes Humankapital von Migranten in stärkerem Maße nicht ausgeschöpft wird und zum anderen, dass der Anteil der Individuen, die durch eine unterwertige Beschäftigung Lohneinbußen im Vergleich zu adäquat Beschäftigten mit ähnlicher Qualifikation hinnehmen müssen, unter Migranten besonders groß ist. Bei der Untersuchung soll auf die Unterschiede zwischen Migrantengruppen eingegangen und bspw. Unterschiede nach Bildungsgrad, Berufsgruppe, Alter, Geschlecht, Herkunftsland, erste Generation / zweite Generation analysiert werden. Ein zentraler Aspekt des Forschungsprojekts ist die dynamische Perspektive und in diesem Zusammenhang die Untersuchung, welche Bedeutung unterwertige Beschäftigung für den weiteren Erwerbsverlauf von Migranten hat. Projektziel Klärung der Forschungsfragen: In welchem Ausmaß sind Migranten in Deutschland unterwertig beschäftigt? Handelt es sich um ein kurzfristiges Ereignis? Welche Lohneinbußen gehen damit einher? Gibt es einen Zusammenhang zwischen unterwertiger Beschäftigung und zukünftigen Arbeitsmarktchancen?

The project contributes to enhancing the European Union population’s health, by improving asylum seekers’ and undocumented migrants’ access to health care. Médecins du Monde (MdM) aims at documenting asylum seekers and undocumented migrants’ access to health care in the EU. MdM also seeks to promote these populations’ right to access health care on equal terms with nationals, and a right to protection against deportation for seriously ill foreigners.

"Die IAB-BAMF-SOEP Befragung von Geflüchteten ist ein Kooperationsprojekt zwischen dem IAB, dem SOEP am DIW Berlin und dem Forschungszentrum des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF-FZ). Sie enthält Informationen von Asylbewerberinnen und Asylbewerbern über ihre sozio-ökonomischen Eigenschaften, ihre Bildung, ihre Migrationsmotive und -wege, ihre Lebensumstände früher und heute und ihre Werte und Einstellungen. Die erste Welle wurde 2016 erhoben und enthält 4.816 erwachsene Geflüchtete, die seit 2013 in Deutschland angekommen sind. Die Stichprobe wurde aus dem Ausländerzentralregister (AZR) gezogen und ist repräsentativ für die Asylbewerber, die zwischen 1.1.2013 und 31.1.2016 eingereist sind und bis spätestens Ende Juni 2016 ihren Asylantrag gestellt haben. Asylbewerber mit höherer Bleibewahrscheinlichkeit zum Zeitpunkt der Stichprobenziehung wurden aufgrund des längsschnittlichen Designs überdurchschnittlich berücksichtigt (z.B. Afghanen, Iraker und Syrer). Zusätzlich wurden Frauen und Personen über 30 Jahren überrepräsentiert. Mit entsprechender Gewichtung können dennoch repräsentative Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Projekt 3530 is Nachfolgeprojekt von 1783 für weitere drei Jahre. Im Rahmen des Projekts wird eine repräsentative Panelbefragung von Asylbewerbern und Flüchtlingen in Deutschland durchgeführt. Dadurch werden erstmals umfassende Befragungsdaten über die soziale Situation dieser Bevölkerungsgruppen gewonnen und für die Arbeitsmarktpolitik und Forschung nutzbar gemacht. Projektziel Ziel ist der Aufbau einer Datengrundlage für die Flüchtlingsforschung, die breit angelegt ist und mit Hilfe derer sowohl für die Politikberatung als auch für die Forschung belastbare Ergebnisse erzielt werden können."

Es wird kaum thematisiert, auch nicht in gegenwärtigen Debatten um die Einwanderungsgesellschaft, dass die Bundesrepublik Deutschland eines der wichtigsten Asylländer ist und schon immer Zwangsmigranten aus verschiedenen Gründen aufnahm. Sie bot Zuflucht für deutsche Vertriebene, für Asylsuchende, für umgesiedelte Flüchtlinge aus aller Welt und für solche, die vor Krieg oder aus anderer Not flohen. Zugleich war der Zugang zu Flüchtlingsschutz immer höchst selektiv. Die Begründungen aufgrund derer Zuflucht in der Bundesrepublik gewährt wurde, waren politisch umkämpft und verschoben sich von einem zivil-politischen zu einem kulturell-nationalen Modell und zurück. Dieses Forschungsprojekt untersucht die Geschichte der Zuflucht in der Bundesrepublik und die Veränderungen in politischen Debatten über Flüchtlinge. Sowohl das Thema als auch die angewendeten Konzepte sind dabei innovativ. Sie beziehen sich auf Modelle politischer Zugehörigkeit und Erinnerung, wodurch sie nicht nur die Geschichte und Theorie von Zuflucht sondern auch die politische Kultur des Aufnahmelandes in ein neues Licht rücken. Das Projekt basiert auf einem Konzept von Zuflucht als souveräner Zugehörigkeit für Ausländer. Das Privileg von Schutz wird gewährt auf Grundlage politisch umkämpfter Vorstellungen von Zugehörigkeit in zivilen oder kulturellen Begrifflichkeiten. Unter diesem Aspekt werden in dem Projekt politische Debatten zu sechs zentralen Momenten des Flüchtlingsschutzes in der Bundesrepublik genaustens, und manche erstmalig, untersucht: die Institutionalisierung politischen Asyls im Grundgesetz 1949; die Aufnahme tschechoslowakischer politisch Verfolgter 1968-69; die Verschiebung von ziviler zu kultureller Wahrnehmung von Zuflucht in der Umsiedlung von indo-chinesischen Flüchtlingen 1975-82; der Asylkompromiss 1992-93 und die vorausgehenden Debatten um nationale Zugehörigkeit; die Aufnahme von Zwangsmigranten aus dem Kosovo 1999-2000; und die Rückkehr zu zivilen Vorstellungen in der Entwicklung eines europäischen Asylsystems seit 2003. Presse, parlamentarische Debatten und Diskussionen im Bundeskabinett sind dabei Gegenstand der Analyse. Die Untersuchung politischer Äußerungen über Zuflucht trägt so zum Verständnis der historischen Entwicklung von Zugehörigkeit bei. Um Vorstellungen von Zugehörigkeit aus politischen Argumenten herauszuarbeiten, wird ein besonderes Augenmerk auf die Verwendung von Erinnerungen gelegt und wie in jenen Beziehungen zwischen deutscher Zugehörigkeit und denen die Schutz suchen konstruiert werden. Die aus dem Projekt resultierende Monographie wird zum ersten Mal die Geschichte der Zuflucht in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland umfassend darstellen. Dabei ermöglicht die Studie, die am weltweit führenden Refugee Studies Centre der University of Oxford angesiedelt ist, nicht nur eine neue Perspektive auf die politische Kultur und Einwanderungsgeschichte in Deutschland, sondern trägt auch zu einem wegweisenden Verständnis von Zuflucht und Asyl bei.

Das Projekt untersucht die Beratung und Vermittlung von Asylsuchenden. Es stellt die Situation der Asylsuchenden in den Arbeitsagenturen und Jobcentern dar, beschreibt Maßnahmen und Programme zur Arbeitsmarktintegration und betrachtet Strukturen und Interaktionen des Vermittlungsprozesses. Ein Augenmerk wird dabei auf Schnittstellen gelegt, die sowohl innerhalb der Arbeitsagenturen zwischen Berufsberatung, arbeitgeberorientierter und arbeitnehmerorientierter Vermittlung als auch zwischen Arbeitsagenturen und Jobcentern bestehen. Die Schnittstelle zwischen Arbeitsagenturen und Jobcentern entsteht, wenn frühere Asylsuchende als anerkannte Flüchtlinge aus dem Rechtskreis des SGB III in den Rechtskreis des SGB II wechseln. Projektmethode Die Datenbasis des Projekts beruht im Wesentlichen auf leitfadengestützten Interviews mit Expertinnen und Experten in ausgewählten Arbeitsagenturen. Ergänzend werden in den Jobcentern derselben Agenturbezirke ebenfalls leitfadengestützte Interviews mit Expertinnen und Experten geführt. Projektziel Das Ziel des Projekts liegt in der Beantwortung folgender Frage: Wodurch zeichnet sich der Beratungs- und Vermittlungsprozess von Asylsuchenden aus? Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Arbeitsmarktintegration dieser Personengruppe. Es sollen Merkmale benannt werden, die die Arbeitsmarktintegration unterstützen oder behindern können.

"Inhalt und Fragestellung Die Lebenssituation der dritten Generation ist für die Integrationsforschung von besonderer Bedeutung. Herkömmliche Theorien folgen zwei unterschiedlichen Erwartungen: Während die klassische Assimilationstheorie von einer im Vergleich zur ersten und zweiten Generation weiter fortgeschrittenen, nun nahezu vollständigen Integration ausgeht, steht dem vor allem die durch Herbert Gans bekannt gewordene Gegenthese eines zumindest partiellen ‚ethnic revivals‘ entgegen, demzufolge die Enkel der (direkten) Migrant*innen ihre ethnische Zugehörigkeit symbolisch hervorheben. Gleichzeitig wird vermutet, dass die Nachkommen der klassischen Arbeitsmigrant*innen in Deutschland weiterhin strukturell benachteiligt sind. Obwohl die Frage nach dem relativen Stand der Integration der dritten Generation im Vergleich zur zweiten von zentraler Bedeutung für die langfristige gesellschaftliche Entwicklung ist, liegen dazu bislang erstaunlich wenige empirische Befunde vor und eine systematische vergleichende Analyse zentraler Integrationsindikatoren steht noch aus. Dies liegt vor allem an der Datenlage, denn die dritte Generation lässt sich bislang nur in wenigen Datensätzen einigermaßen trennscharf identifizieren. Dort wo es möglich ist, sind die Fallzahlen oft zu gering, um aussagekräftige Analysen durchzuführen, auch weil der Generationenvergleich nur bei einer adäquaten Kontrolle von Kompositionseffekten sinnvoll ist. Methodik In diesem Projekt soll eine solche systematische und langfristige Beobachtung der dritten Generation, relativ zur ersten und zweiten, aufgebaut werden. Arbeitsschritte Den ersten Schritt bildet dabei eine Übersicht bzw. eine Metaanalyse von Studien, die Analysen über die dritte Generation enthalten. Dann werden schrittweise vorhandene Surveys daraufhin überprüft, ob und wie sie eine Identifikation der dritten Generation zulassen und ob sie sich durch Sekundäranalysen, gegebenenfalls auch durch Kumulation einzelner Datensätze, für entsprechende weitere Analysen nutzbar machen lassen. Am Ende dieser Projektphase steht ein ausführlicher Bericht, der den Stand des Wissens über die relativen Erfolge der dritten Generation im Hinblick auf die derzeitige Studien- und Datenlage zusammenfasst. Damit verbunden wird eine ausführliche Beurteilung, wie sich dies perspektivisch in eine langfristige Beobachtung umsetzen lässt. Dies wird gegebenenfalls in einen Antrag auf eine notwendige Datenerhebung für spätere Projektphasen münden."

Gegenstand des Forschungsvorhabens ist ein regelmäßiges Monitoring des Migrations- und Flüchtlingsgeschehens in Deutschland und vertiefte Analysen zu einzelnen Problemkomplexen für das BMAS auf Basis der IAB-Befragung von Asylbewerberinnen und Asylbewerbern sowie Flüchtlingen. Im Rahmen des Forschungsvorhabens werden dem BMAS deskriptive Analysen und vertiefende Forschungsberichte vorgelegt. Die Themen werden in Absprache mit dem BMAS aktuell festgelegt. Themenkomplexe können z.B. Bildung und Ausbildung sowie andere Fähigkeiten von Flüchtlingen, verschiedene Aspekte der Arbeitsmarktintegration und die Wirksamkeit arbeitsmarkt- und integrationspolitischer Programme sein.

Despite a huge public and academic interest in post EU enlargement migrations of Polish citizens who by moving to WesternEurope take advantage of the principle of freedom of movement, there has been an almost complete silence on how these newmigration opportunities affect the Polish Roma populations. But according to Roma organizations own estimates there has been averitable exodus with sometimes over 90% of local Roma communities emigrating or otherwise engaging in internationalmobility. In that sense, scholarly and public silence on the matter is striking. This research aims at shedding some light onmigratory movements of that group taking an anthropological perspective and using qualitative methods – participant observation,interviews and spending considerable amount of time with migrating Roma, their friends and family who stay in Poland, as wellas those Polish Roma who live in Great Britain. To what extent their migrations differ from the overall patterns of migrations ofnon-Roma Polish populations? And how did transnational networks between Roma communities in Poland and Great Britaindeveloped? And what happens once they are there, how do they operate and make sense of living in global city like London orsmall English town? How the experience of their members living in Britain affects Roma communities back in Poland? These arethe questions this research aims at answering. By using so called multi-sited ethnography it will analyse Polish Roma patterns ofmigrations, the ways with which international EU mobility impacts on some aspects of their culture and what happens to PolishRoma’s sense of identity once no longer in Poland.

Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Integration von Flüchtlingen sind zu einer Kernfrage der Politik in Deutschland und Europa geworden. Die aktuellen Expertengespräche und die politischen Debatten konzentrieren sich vor allem auf die soziale und wirtschaftliche Seite der Integration, während das Spektrum der bürgerlichen und politischen Partizipation deutlich weniger präsent ist. Um einer Marginalisierung von Flüchtlingen schon frühzeitig entgegenzuwirken und bürgerliche und politische Partizipation zu berücksichtigen, unterstützt die Robert Bosch Stiftung das Vorhaben vom "International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance" (IDEA). Das Internationale IDEA führt ein globales Forschungsprojekt über Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der politischen Partizipation von Geflüchteten durch.

"TIES (The Integration of the European Second Generation) nahm seinen Anfang im Jahr 2005 als Forschungsprojekt zur zweiten Generation in acht EU-Staaten unter der Leitung des Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES) der Universität Amsterdam und des Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI). Die TIES-Studie richtet sich auf die Nachkommen von Einwanderern aus der Türkei, Jugoslawien (Nachkommen jugoslawischer „Gastarbeiter“) und Marokko, wobei die „zweite Generation“ gefasst wird als die Kinder von Einwanderern, die im Einwanderungsland der Eltern geboren wurden und leben. Zum Zeitpunkt der Erhebung waren die Befragten zwischen 18 und 35 Jahre alt. Daneben wurde eine Kontrollgruppe von Probanden „nicht-migrantischer“ Herkunft interviewt. Da es sich bei Migration um ein größtenteils urbanes Phänomen handelt, wurde die Studie in 15 Städten in acht EU-Ländern durchgeführt: Paris und Straßburg in Frankreich, Berlin und Frankfurt am Main in Deutschland, Madrid und Barcelona in Spanien, Wien und Linz in Österreich, Amsterdam und Rotterdam in den Niederlanden, Brüssel und Antwerpen in Belgien, Zürich und Basel in der Schweiz und Stockholm in Schweden. In fast allen Städten wurden jeweils drei verschiedene Gruppen unterschiedlicher ethnisch-nationaler Herkunft befragt, namentlich zwei Gruppen der zweiten Generation und eine Kontrollgruppe autochthoner Herkunft. Die jeweiligen Gruppen der zweiten Generation waren türkischer und marokkanischer Herkunft in den Niederlanden und Belgien sowie türkischer und jugoslawischer Herkunft in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. In Frankreich und Schweden wurde nur die zweite Generation türkischer Herkunft und die Kontrollgruppe untersucht, in Spanien nur Marokkaner der zweiten Generation und die Kontrollgruppe. Die TIES-Studiengruppe bestand aus neun nationalen Partnern und einer internationalen Koordinationseinheit. Die deutsche Volkswagen-Stiftung stellte die Mittel für eine Kernuntersuchung unter Türken zweiter Generation in fünf Ländern zur Verfügung stellte. Zusätzliche nationale und internationale Förderung insbesondere durch ESF ECRP und die Bertelsmann-Stiftung gestattete die Ausweitung der TIES-Erhebung auf drei weitere Länder und die Einbeziehung zweier weiterer Befragtengruppen."

Efficient NII (non-intrusive inspection) of containerised freight is critical to trade and society. Freight containers are potential means for smuggling (e.g. tobacco), illegal immigration, trafficking of drugs, mis-declared goods and dangerous illicit substances, including explosives, nuclear material, chemical and biological warfare agents and radioactively contaminated goods. One inspection NII technology cannot cope with all these targets. The C-BORD Toolbox and Framework will address all these targets and enable customs to deploy comprehensive cost-effective container NII solutions to potentially protect all EU sea- and land-borders, satisfying a large range of container NII needs. The C-BORD Toolbox will include 5 complementary innovative detection technologies: delivering improved X-rays, Target Neutron Interrogation, Photofission, Sniffing and Passive Detection. User interfaces and data will be integrated to optimise effectiveness and efficiency of end-users and systems. The C-BORD Framework will help customs analyse their needs, design integrated solutions, and optimise the container inspection chain; it will address detection levels, false alarm levels, throughput, health & safety, logistics and cost & benefits. C-BORD will increase the probability of finding illicit or dangerous content with at least equal throughput of containers per time unit, reduce the need for costly, time-consuming and dangerous manual container inspections by customs officials, and in case a container is opened, increase the probability of finding illicit materials. C-BORD involves stakeholders from 8 EU countries, as partners (5) and advisory group members (3). On 3 custom sites integrated solutions will be trialled, respectively addressing the needs of big seaports, small seaports and mobile land-borders. To optimise sustainable impact, C-BORD will actively engage with a large community, will support policy implementation, evolution and start early exploitation planning.

'Research in the field of Ethnic and Migration Studies has predominantly focused on immigrants (and their children) with poor educational credentials and the lowest labor market positions. A relative blind spot has been the surge and role of new elites within these populations. The central aim of the ELITES project is to examine the formation of new elites among the Turkish second generation in eight European cities (European cities with large Turkish communities) and a comparison group of elite members of native parentage of lower class background. The ELITES project analyzes differences in the pathways, resources and individual strategies that have contributed to attaining an elite position. The project looks at the impact of these new elites upon the Turkish communities, and to what extent they take up leadership positions in mainstream organisations. For this second part of the ELITES project we focus on the networks of the elite members. The Turkish second generation elite is compared with an elite of native parentage to see if findings for the second generation Turks are specific or are part of a more general pattern. For the ELITES project we use both quantitative and qualitative research methods. We will interview in-dept 240 elites members in eight European cities. The two PhD students will investigate in their subprojects the importance of respectively ethnicity and gender in the elite formation of the two groups. In the second part of the project (sub project 3) we gather information about the closest and most crucial (for their elite position) network members of the respondents. From these network members we will also gather information about their network contacts. The resulting elites network information will be analyzed quantitatively and compared across the eight research sites. In subproject 4 we make a synthesis of the information about elite formation gathered in the two qualitative subprojects and information of the network project.'

The European challenges in the field of migration have an impact on society, since the division between them opposed to newcomers and welcoming them has been continuously increasing. The project addresses the perceptions of the Belgian and European population about refugees/migrants and vice versa as well as their interactions with the policy agenda of asylum and migration with a European comparative perspective and a specific focus on Belgium. As Europe face important migratory challenges and political difficulties we have seen an increase of the public opinion’s polarisation regarding asylum and refugees, it is important to address this question. Including teams from our project will analyse this polarisation and its links to policies, as it is necessary for a better understanding of the current debate on migration in Europe and Belgium. The 2015 asylum crisis will be considered as indicative of the general European and Belgian citizens’ reactions about migration. The focus is then on attitudes, representations, discourses and practices about refugees, on the interactions at the local level between the majority populations and newly arrived migrants. The project will follow two objectives. First studying public opinion towards asylum seekers and refugees with a European cross- national perspective but also how these groups perceive Belgium, its asylum system and its reception policies. The second objective is to analyse the polarisation of the public opinion by focussing on pro and anti-refugees’ actions at the local level. This will allow understanding the links between public opinion and the implementation of asylum and reception policies. In order to fulfil these objectives, our project is based on 5 Work Packages that each focus on a specific dimension. The first two ones aim at developing a European comparative perspective on perceptions towards migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. This then includes a quantitative analysis of public opinion’s perceptions towards new immigration flows as well as a comparison of 5 European case studies (Sweden, Italy, Grece, Hungary and Germany). The three other work packages aim at a deep analysis of the Belgian situation. First, they consist of understanding actions and reactions towards asylum seekers and refugees at a local level. This implies to study the opposite reactions with an in-depth analysis of their content, justifications and determinants but also to focus on interactions between social groups (pro vs. anti migrants groups; ional citizens & refugees) as well as the interactions between the population’s reaction and the implementation of asylum and receptions policies. Second, studying the Belgian situation implies to analyse asylum seekers and refugees perceptions regarding the country’s asylum and reception policies. Lastly, it implies to realise a policy evaluation of those policies.

The European challenges in the field of migration have an impact on society, since the division between them opposed to newcomers and welcoming them has been continuously increasing. The project addresses the perceptions of the Belgian and European population about refugees/migrants and vice versa as well as their interactions with the policy agenda of asylum and migration with a European comparative perspective and a specific focus on Belgium. As Europe face important migratory challenges and political difficulties we have seen an increase of the public opinion’s polarisation regarding asylum and refugees, it is important to address this question. Including teams from our project will analyse this polarisation and its links to policies, as it is necessary for a better understanding of the current debate on migration in Europe and Belgium. The 2015 asylum crisis will be considered as indicative of the general European and Belgian citizens’ reactions about migration. The focus is then on attitudes, representations, discourses and practices about refugees, on the interactions at the local level between the majority populations and newly arrived migrants. The project will follow two objectives. First studying public opinion towards asylum seekers and refugees with a European cross- national perspective but also how these groups perceive Belgium, its asylum system and its reception policies. The second objective is to analyse the polarisation of the public opinion by focussing on pro and anti-refugees’ actions at the local level. This will allow understanding the links between public opinion and the implementation of asylum and reception policies. In order to fulfil these objectives, our project is based on 5 Work Packages that each focus on a specific dimension. The first two ones aim at developing a European comparative perspective on perceptions towards migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. This then includes a quantitative analysis of public opinion’s perceptions towards new immigration flows as well as a comparison of 5 European case studies (Sweden, Italy, Grece, Hungary and Germany). The three other work packages aim at a deep analysis of the Belgian situation. First, they consist of understanding actions and reactions towards asylum seekers and refugees at a local level. This implies to study the opposite reactions with an in-depth analysis of their content, justifications and determinants but also to focus on interactions between social groups (pro vs. anti migrants groups; ional citizens & refugees) as well as the interactions between the population’s reaction and the implementation of asylum and receptions policies. Second, studying the Belgian situation implies to analyse asylum seekers and refugees perceptions regarding the country’s asylum and reception policies. Lastly, it implies to realise a policy evaluation of those policies. The aim of this project and the main questions it addresses focus more on the relations and on the dynamics existing between the citizens and the migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. Hence, we propose to broaden the scope of what is usually done by extending the focus on actors that are often not implied in migration studies: the majority population and the impact of new migration waves on social cohesion. The expected results concerns: 1) an in-depth and comparative knowledge of attitudes towards migrants and refugees in Europe; 2) an analysis of the factors influencing the attitudes of rejections, disregards and support; 3) an in-depth analysis of the specificities of the current wave of migration compared to the last ones; 4) an in-depth analysis of citizens’ and migrants’ discourses, representation and practices and of their reaction on social cohesion at a local level;

'The aim of this project is for Dr Alison Ribeiro de Menezes to go from University College Dublin, Ireland, to Brown University, USA, for a period of 1 year to gain new expertise in memory debates and cultural exchanges in the Portuguese and Spanish-speaking worlds. She will transfer this to Ireland during a return year of training at University College Dublin, thereby developing a new understanding within the ERA of the global circulation of memory debates. The project addresses memory’s global migrations by shifting attention from nationally based perspectives to a multi-lingual and multi-continental view. Knowledge of identity and memory debates in the Lusophone world (including Portugal, Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and East Timor) and of Hispanic transatlantic exchanges (particularly between Spain, Argentina, and Chile) gained at Brown will be used to develop a ‘ricochet’ model of transnational cultural exchange. The research foregrounds the contingency of exchange processes involved in memory formation, de-formation, and re-formation; explores the lessons, for the advancement of national and international justice, of the vernacularization of human rights discourses and their role in promoting memory’s cross-cultural migrations; and seeks re-centre cultural memory studies by exploring multidirectional memory in a Luso-Hispanic perspective in order to supplement and deepen prevailing Franco-German theoretical models. Through knowledge transfer activities in the incoming phase, the project will facilitate mutual exchanges between researchers and policy makers in the fields of memory, rights and retrospective justice in the ERA and so enhance research excellence and bridge links between academia and practitioners.'

The objectives are to address the knowledge and implementation gap concerning alternatives to detention for asylum seekers in the EU, paying particular attention to vulnerable asylum seekers, to assist Member States in the transposition of the recast Reception Conditions Directive and to enhance the use of alternatives to detention complying with EU and international legal standards.

Exchange about and raising awareness for asylum seeker’s labour market excess in good time under consideration of EU Legislations and an improvement of information services

The DIASP project aims to bring the personal experiences of asylum seekers directly into the EU and member state debate on Dublin. Its central objective is twofold: to study the level of protection asylum seekers have access to under the implementation of the Dublin Regulation, and to identify and advocate for best practices in implementing Dublin procedures in 10 member states of the EU.

This research and teaching programme will advance knowledge concerning the situation of female asylum seekers and refugees in the European Union, as well as making a contribution to theoretical frameworks for a gendered analysis of asylum and refugee issue s. Asylum and refugee policies are currently a key area of debate for member states of the EU, as well as for the EU institutions themselves. However; although there are many academic studies devoted to the changing framework for legislation and policy on asylum in Europe; there is as yet very little research on the specific impacts that these developments will have on female asylum seekers. This research programme will attempt to fill this gap in knowledge and analysis through an empirical research program me on the experiences of female asylum seekers in the EU and the gendered impacts of EU policies, together with theoretical analysis on issues related to persecutions specific to women and the right to asylum. Dissemination of knowledge in these areas will take place through a programme of research supervision, teaching and lecturing activities; together with ongoing work in the TERRA network (Travaux, Etudes et Recherches sur les Réfugiés et l'Asile).