Norway

The 2004 enlargement of the European Union, with the ensuing movements of Accession 8 migrants, has and will continue to have a profound impact on migration patterns in Norway. Both the demographic and geographic characteristics of immigrants are shifting , and much of the hostility directed towards the traditional "asylum seekers" now turns towards the new East European migrants. The aim of the research project Labour Migration and the Moral Sustainability of the Norwegian Welfare State is to examine cent ral aspects of this new immigration: 1) The first part of the project, Labour immigration and the welfare state, examines various aspects of the welfare state in light of the new immigration patterns in Norway. Firstly, we study the extent to which these new patterns threaten the continued support of the welfare state in general and Norwegian welfare state in particular, and how they affect and shape preferences on how to make moral trade-offs in the design of welfare polices. Secondly, we study the extent to which labor migration to Norway is labour induced by conducting a qualitative case study of how poles living as labor migrants in Norway make use of the welfare system. Thirdly, we study how the Norwegian and Polish press portray the migration from Poland to Norway, e.g. the extent to which it accurately reflects reality. 2) The second part of the project, Segregation, economic dependence, and gender equalization, examines the importance of social network denominators among the new labor migrants i n the value creating system in Norway. Furthermore, the project will calculate how much of the value creation in Norway that are reaped by foreign owners and employees in sectors and regions, as a proxy on how dependent value creation in Norway is on work force migration. Finally, the gender composition of the Norwegian and foreign work force will be compared to see how much, if at all, migration reverses the gender equalization of Norwegian industries.

Prosjekt "Norske pensjonister og norske kommuner i Spania" består av en levekårsundersøkelse blant norske Spania-pensjonister og en kartlegging av norske kommuners utbygging av sykehjem i Spania. Også andre bo- og omsorgstilbud som er etablert eller planlagt for norske brukere er med i kartleggingen. Datainnsamlingen er begrenset til fastlands-Spania, der fire kommuner er valgt som undersøkelsesområde.Rapporten tar for seg disse spørsmålene.- Hvor stort er omfanget av norsk pensjonistimigrasjon til Spania? - Hvordan opplever norske pensjonister i Spania sin situasjon når det gjelder egen helse og førlighet?- Hvilke preferanser finnes blant disse pensjonistene når det gjelder å motta helsetjenester og annen type hjelp i tilfelle sykdom og skrøpelighet?- Vil pensjonistene vende tilbake til Norge for å motta pleie og omsorg, eller vil de bli boende i Spania også i sen alderdom?- Hvilke muligheter har norske pensjonister til å motta pleie- og omsorgstjenester fra spansk eldreomsorg?- Hvor står norske kommuners utbygging av omsorgstilbud i forhold til norsk pensjonistmigrasjon og i forhold til aktuelle brukere i Norge?

This report presents insights from the research project Possibilities and Realities of Return Migration (PREMIG), funded by the Research Council of Norway and led by the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). Over a five-year period, a core group of eight researchers in Norway and the United Kingdom studied return migration from multiple perspectives. They drew upon statistical analyses and face-to-face interaction with more than five hundered migrants and returnees in seven countries.

Asylsøkere og flyktninger som har fått opphold i Norge, men som senere ønsker å flytte tilbake til hjemlandet kan få støtte fra Norge myndigheter. En ny rapport fra Institutt for samfunnsforskning viser at det er få som benytter seg av denne muligheten. - Støttenivået har ikke vært endret siden 1996, påpeker forsker Jan-Paul Brekke ved ISF. I tillegg har det vært lite informasjon om ordningen. Da er det ikke så underlig at få har reist. Studien viser at bare 20 til 40 personer i året har benyttet ordningen siden 2008. De største gruppene som har flyttet hjem med støtte har vært irakiske barnefamilier og eldre bosniere. - Norske myndigheter har de siste årene vært opptatt av asylsøkere med avslag og ordninger som skal sikre at disse returnerer til hjemlandet, hevder Brekke. Informanter i Utlendingsdirektoratet og Justisdepartementet betegnet tilbakevending for personer med opphold som en «sovende» ordning. - For noen år siden la danskene om sin praksis på området, sier Brekke. Mens de som reiser fra Norge får 15 000 kroner i tillegg til hjelp med reisen, får man nå over 130 000 kroner for å forlate Danmark. Etter omleggingen doblet tilbakevendingen fra vårt naboland i sør, påpeker han. Brekke fant at det lave norske støttebeløpet også har noen fordeler. - Det har bidratt til at misbruk av ordningen ikke har vært noe problem, i følge Brekke. Og fortsetter: Man har også unngått å sende et signal til personer med opphold om at de ikke er velkomne her i landet. Men, de lave ytelsene og mangelen på informasjon gjør at man risikerer at ordningen ikke blir brukt, går det frem i rapporten. Det kan være uheldig, for eksempel for personer som ikke finner seg til rette i Norge og som ønsker å vende tilbake. - På 1990-tallet snakket man om å legge til rette for at flyktninger med opphold kunne flytte tilbake til hjemlandet når det ble mulig. Den tanken ser nå ut til å være begravet, avslutter Brekke. Rapporten konkluderer med at hvis ordningen skal styrkes, så vil det innebære en økning i den økonomiske støtten og en avklaring når det gjelder angrefrist, utbetaling i rater, behovsprøving, samt eksport av velferdsytelser.

Companies vie to attract the best and brightest workers, and they recruit skilled migrants to meet their talent needs. This report investigates the recruitment of skilled workers in the information technology sector and the oil and gas industry in Norway, and the lived experiences of skilled migrants in these industries. The report presents findings from a survey of foreign-born information technology specialists and engineers in Norway, and interviews with human resource managers, migrants, policymakers, representatives for unions and employer organizations, and other stakeholders who are involved in international skilled migration.

The paper aims at providing an overview of skilled labour migration to Norway, specifically focussing on highly-skilled labour migrants from India. The first part presents relevant migration policies in Norway: their history, their general characteristics, and some features of specific relevance for highly-skilled labour migrants from India. It ends with a critical assessment of an on-going policy process. The second part of the report presents some relevant data from official data registers, in five tables and one figure. This second part concludes with a critical appraisal of the data.

Labour Market Integration in Austria, Norway and Switzerland

Denne rapporten handler om erfaringer som foreldre fra ulike etniske og religiøse minoriteter har med å oppdra barn i Norge. Studien er gjennomført på oppdrag fra Barne-, ungdoms, og familiedirektoratet (Bufdir) som ønsker mer kunnskap om mangfoldet av foreldrepraksiser og -erfaringer i Norge for å utvikle likeverdige tjenester. Vi har brukt begrepene etniske og religiøse minoriteter som avgrensning fra andre minoritetskategorier, basert for eksempel på seksualitet eller funksjonsnedsettelse. Minoritetsbegrepet i vår studie viser til personer som definerer seg selv, eller opplever at de blir definert av andre, som minoritet i kraft av etnisk og/eller religiøs bakgrunn. I rapporten har vi undersøkt følgende problemstillinger:  Hvilke idealer har foreldrene for sitt foreldreskap, og hvordan sammenligner de sin måte å være mor og far på med hvordan de selv ble oppdratt?  Hvilke erfaringer har foreldrene med å stå for og videreføre verdier i potensiell konflikt med verdier i majoritetssamfunnet?  Hvilken betydning har ulike minoritetsfellesskap, nabolag og lokalmiljø for foreldreskapet?  Hvilke erfaringer har foreldrene med barnevern og andre hjelpetjenester i forbindelse med bekymringer for barn?  Hvilke begrensinger og muligheter opplever foreldrene at barna deres får som medlem både av en minoritetsgruppe og av majoritetssamfunnet? En stor del av forskningen på minoriteter i Norge har fokusert på enkeltgrupper og har analysert endringer mellom generasjoner innad i gruppen. I denne rapporten har vi derimot valgt å studere foreldreskap og betydningen av minoritetsposisjon på tvers av etnisitet og religion. Studien bygger på intervjuer med 32 foreldre med ulike forutsetninger og posisjoner i det norske samfunnet. Utvalget inkluderer flyktninger som har kommet til Norge enten som barn eller voksne, andregenerasjons innvandrere, nyankomne arbeidsinnvandrere og majoritetsnorske medlemmer av kristne trossamfunn utenfor den norske kirke. Gjennom dette grepet har vi utforsket likheter og forskjeller i foreldrenes erfaringer med å oppdra barn i en minoritetskontekst.

For the past two decades, migration and its regulation have been at the top of the policy agenda in Europe. The research project seeks to describe and explain the interaction between migration flows and migration regimes, pivoting on the case of Norway.

EU-utvidelsen har skapt nye rammebetingelser for mobilitet i Europa etter at lavkostland i det tidligere Øst-Europa har blitt med i det indre markedet, mens EU’s yttergrense har blitt flyttet østover til landene i det tidligere Sovjetunionen. Denne studien vil ta for seg økonomisk migrasjon og nye utfordringer og muligheter for avsender og mottakerland i forhold til regulering av migrasjonsstrømmer og arbeidsmarkeder. Fokuset vil ligge på sammenhengen mellom migrasjon inn i EU/EØS-området fra land på ut siden, og økende mobilitet internt i EU/EØS mellom nye og gamle medlemsland. Prosjektet vil inneholde to PhD studier. Den ene vil se på øst-vest migrasjon innenfor det utvidede EU/EØS-området, med fokus på migrasjon fra Polen til Norge og andre vesteuropeiske land. Den andre vil ta for seg migrasjon til Norge og Polen fra Russland og Ukraina. Begge vil utforske mekanismene for økonomisk migrasjon på tilbudssiden og migrasjonens konsekvenser for avsenderlandene. Dette innebærer empiriske og analytiske tilnærminger som med utgangspunkt i omfattende surveyer og kvalitative data fokuserer på individuelle migranter og deres motiver, muligheter, valg og erfaringer, samt en kartlegging av hvilke konsekvenser økt migrasjon har for samfunnene i avsenderlandene.

Rapporten setter søkelys på kvinners hverdagsliv i norsk-pakistanske familier. Forskeren har søkt å løse opp dikotomiseringen mellom «moderne» og «tradisjonelle» muslimske kvinner som ofte blir forstått i relasjon til «vestlige selvstendige kvinner» og «muslimske passive og undertrykte kvinner». Hun viser et mangfold av tilpasninger og meninger som kvinner har. Endringer og variasjoner preger livet, der familierelasjoner er i endring og tradisjonelle autoritetsstrukturer utfordres. Kvinner deltar på ulike arenaer i samfunnet, men fortsetter å ha tilhørighet i tette norsk-pakistanske familier og nettverk. Familiesamhold veier tungt også transnasjonalt.

Denne rapporten er utarbeidet for Redd Barna av Ada Engebrigtsen og Øivind Fuglerud og er den første rapporteringen fra intervjuundersøkelsen «Ungdom i flyktningfamilier» som er finansiert av Helse- og Rehabilitering. Rapporten er videre basert på utdrag fra NOVA-undersøkelsen Ung i Oslo 2006. De statistiske dataene fra Ung i Oslo 2006 er bearbeidet av Bera Moseng. Intervju-undersøkelsen omfatter 36 intervjuer med 61 ungdommer i Oslo og Tromsø, Ung i Oslo omfatter bl.a. statistisk materiale fra 166 ungdommer med bakgrunn fra Somalia og 164 med bakgrunn fra Sri Lanka, alle fra Oslo. Rapporten gir en bred beskrivelse av ungdom i flyktningfamilier, hovedsaklig med somalisk og tamilsk bakgrunn, slik de selv beskriver sider ved sine liv. Rapporten legger hovedvekten på spørsmål omkring familietilknytning og familieforhold, vennskap, fritid og nabolag, forhold til skole og lærere, tillitsforhold og opplevelse av inklusjon og eksklusjon, og betydningen, men også begrensningen ved etniske fellesskap.

Recent trends in migrants' flows and stocks 2005, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.

Recent trends in migrants' flows and stocks 2005, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.

In recent years, the Directorate of Immigration’s (UDI) handling of so-called revocation cases has received increased attention. These are cases where the authorities first grant residence permits and citizenship to migrants but later consider revoking these. Immigrants can have their right to stay in Norway revoked for a range of reasons, including having provided incorrect information when they were granted permits and in the case of refugees, because conditions improve in their home country. This report describes how those affected experience the process of revocation. The report is based on multiple data sources: statistics from the UDI’s data base; interviews with affected individuals from Afghanistan and Somalia, including representatives of their communities in Norway; and interviews with employees of the UDI and the police. After presenting descriptive statistics, we describe how the informants experienced the revocation process, including the effects of the revocation process on integration. Furthermore, we analyze how revocation affects the outlook and life strategies of those interviewed. This report provides a number of recommendations for improving the government’s handling of revocation, including developing a coherent communication strategy and reducing case processing time.

A multidisciplinary research project called “Desired immigrants - Frustrated Adventurers? Norwegians in Latin America, 1820-1940” (NiLA) was initiated in 2008 involving researchers in Norway and Latin America. Central to the project was the development of a database (HULA) that will provide information about almost every Norwegian who traveled to Latin America during that period.

Norway received over 30.000 asylum seekers in 2015 and the number of refugees in the country will soon reach a total of 200.000. Refugees living in Norway have higher burden of disease than other migrants and are underrepresented in the labour market. The associations between somatic and mental health for this population is barely explored, but several studies show the challenge of adequately diagnosing immigrants from non-Western countries with specific diseases, which hinders correct treatment and rehabilitation processes, and decreases the satisfaction of patients with the health care system. Although the healthy immigrant effect is described also for refugees and there is evidence of rapid deterioration of their health once in the host country, little is known about the interactive development of somatic and mental disease through the migration path, this is to say, pre-departure, at interception and at destination, for these patients. For asylum seekers and refugees from Syria on their way to or already living in Norway, this project will determine the risk factors for negative development of somatic and mental health and for increase of unmet health care needs, through the different stages of the migration process. Also, the clinical implications of the associations between mental and somatic health will be tested by measuring the effect of two different treatments, individual physiotherapy and group-based psychological treatment, on both somatic and mental health. Therefore, our results will provide valuable information about the high health risk stages of the migration path, enabling preventive strategies at these points, and about the implications of the interactions between somatic and mental health for the design of health care for asylum seekers and refugees. Although our study will only include refugees from Syria through to enable a trajectory approach, we believe our results will universally apply to any asylum seeker/refugee group.

This project seeks to answer the main research question: how transnational family considerations, combined with labour market conjuncture and migrants' rights to welfare provision in the host country, shape migrant workers' relation to work and welfare? In order to answer this research question from a comparative perspective the project will focus on two groups of Polish migrant workers, living alone or reunited with the family in the host country, in three different welfare and labour market contexts (Norway, Sweden and the UK). The study will explain why some migrant workers fare relatively better at the host country's labour market, while others are more prone to rely on social welfare provision. The project will in particular look at migrants' actual and planned use of welfare provision, tax-reduction strategies, and their plans regarding family reunification, re-emigration or eventual retirement in the host country. The project will use mixed methods. At the beginning, data from available databases will be analysed (WP1). Further, a tailor-made online survey tool will be used to generate data missing in existing databases (WP2). The respondents will be recruited onboard international flights between Poland, Norway, Sweden, and the UK. Finally, the quantitative analyses will be complemented by qualitative analyses of semi-structured interviews with Polish migrant workers collected in Norway, Sweden, and the UK (WP3). A smooth implementation of the project will be ensured by including four overseas research grants between the Project Owner and the two international partners in Sweden and the UK. Apart from its high scientific value, the project will have an explicit practical value for Norwegian and international stakeholders dealing with the issues concerned in this study. Knowledge produced by the project can be used for policy formulation by relevant national organizations, including ministries, tax authorities, labour and welfare organizations.

This report summarises existing knowledge about alcohol abuse among labour migrants. We found a sizeable number of studies on the relationship between working life and substance abuse, but these studies fail to capture variations caused by special working conditions or labour migrant status. Thus, we are unable to draw any specific conclusions regarding alcohol abuse among labour migrants based on this literature. In recent years a great deal of published literature has documented the differences prevailing between Norwegian and foreign workers in terms of their wage levels, working conditions and affiliation with the labour market. In some cases, labour migrants work under very poor, occasionally illegal conditions. Some studies have investigated living conditions among labour migrants, but alcohol abuse in this group has not been documented to any appreciable extent. Further studies might help us understand how the organisation of working life, including absence of regulation and control, gives rise to risk factors for poor health, unsatisfactory integration and alcohol abuse. Based on interviews with representatives of the health services, organisations, employers and trade unions and in-depth interviews with labour migrants, the report points out some causes of alcohol abuse among Polish labour migrants. The study is not representative, and we are thus unable to identify the relative importance of the various factors. Our findings may nevertheless provide an overview of the risk factors that are highlighted by the key stakeholders. These risk factors may have their origin in the labour market or else be of a social nature. The organisation of work, employment and responsibilities among enterprises in the construction industry provides foreign workers with a weaker affiliation with the labour market than a permanent position in a Norwegian construction enterprise would ensure. The extensive use of temporary employment and manpower suppliers makes for a greater degree of uncertainty in the labour market. Being reported as having problems with alcohol may cause workers to lose their job. The use of sub-contractors transfers the responsibility for handling substance abuse to smaller (and occasionally unscrupulous) enterprises that have limited resources to assist their workers. Temporary employment and short work assignments may result in periods with no work or income. Polish craftsmen rarely have Norwegian approval of their professional training and are forced to accept lower paid jobs, which may engender a sense of exclusion and low self-esteem. Living in temporary construction site accommodation may result in a monotonous life with few opportunities for meaningful leisure activities. Lack of Norwegian language skills may partly lead to marginalisation and problems in finding relevant work, and partly to problems in establishing a social network in Norway. Language problems may also be a barrier to obtaining proper help for health problems and subsequent follow-up and support. Many Polish workers in Norway have no network of family and friends. This means that alcohol problems will be less likely to be detected and addressed by a trusted person. Missing one’s spouse or children could in itself be a burden on mental health and increase risk. Drinking culture may be a risk factor, although there is no certain correlation between drinking culture and alcohol consumption among Polish workers in Norway. The availability of alcohol is likely to be of major importance. The access to illegally imported alcohol is reported to be considerable among Polish workers in Norway, and prices are low. A number of agencies are responsible for assisting workers who have a substance abuse problem or providing voluntary assistance to labour migrants in Norway. None of these services directly target foreign workers who abuse alcohol, but many of them have geared their activities to include these groups. In the labour market, the employer is the main stakeholder, with responsibility to assist employees with drinking problems through the Akan programme or other resources that are made available. The Akan programme, whose objective is to combat alcohol and other substance abuse in working life, points out challenges associated with language skills in workplaces that have a large proportion of foreign labour. The Akan programme has therefore produced information material in Polish. Trade unions also occasionally observe substance abuse among labour migrants and provide assistance in some cases. At the national level, the trade unions have collaborated with the authorities to combat social dumping and prevent the emergence of conditions that might be conducive to alcohol abuse, among other things. The Oslo Drug and Alcohol Competence Centre, Alcoholics Anonymous and Blue Cross are some of the organisations that help provide assistance to substance abusers. The Oslo Drug and Alcohol Competence Centre has been informed that substance abuse problems among Polish workers have increased in pace with rising immigration. Alcoholics Anonymous provides an active network for self-help measures and maintains a number of groups with Polish members in Norway. Blue Cross primarily establishes contact with labour migrants who have dropped out of the labour market, and a reasonable number of Polish migrants have received assistance from Blue Cross. The primary and specialist health services are key to ensuring the health of labour migrants in Norway. These services are obligated to provide options for those who seek assistance for a substance abuse problem. However, foreign workers are not entitled to a contract GP, and systematic follow-up may thus be more complicated for them than for Norwegian workers. Insufficient language skills may also constitute a barrier that prevents Polish workers from receiving appropriate treatment from the health services.

MIPEX is a unique tool to compare and evaluate governments’ integration policies in all EU Member States and several non-EU countries (Australia, Canada, Iceland, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and the USA). 167 policy indicators have been developed to create a rich, multi-dimensional picture of migrants’ opportunities to participate in society. The index is a useful tool to evaluate and compare what governments are doing to promote the integration of migrants in all the countries analysed.

The WAIT project uses theories of temporality and the concept of 'waitinghood' as tools for producing new and critical insights into the cultural conditions and implications of migration. 'Waitinghood' is about the condition of prolonged waiting, uncertainty and temporariness which is characteristic of irregular migration. WAIT investigates how temporal structures related to irregular migration are shaped by legal regimes, cultural norms and power relationships, and how they shape subjective experiences and life projects. The project focuses on four European migration-hubs, notably Oslo (Norway), Stockholm (Sweden), Marseille (France) and Hamburg (Germany).

Utvalget har vurdert langsiktige konsekvenser av høy innvandring med særlig vekt på flyktninger. Utredningen belyser innvandringens samfunnsøkonomiske konsekvenser. Videre drøftes det i hvilken grad fortsatt høy innvandring kan komme til å påvirke samhold og tillit i Norge og betydningen av kulturell og verdimessig ulikhet i denne sammenhengen. Utredningen drøfter virkemidlenes treffsikkerhet og kommer med anbefalinger om forbedringer. Til sist presenteres noen overordnede tilnærminger og risikofaktorer knyttet til disse.

This study presents policies, practices and statistics on unaccompanied minor asylum seekers from arrival until settlement or return. It is a contribution to a comparative study by the European Migration Network.

India’s comparative advantage in health care is due to a large resource pool and competence in English. Indian migration to the US, UK or Australia has been widely studied, but not much attention has been given to the Scandinavian countries. This paper fills the gap by analysing recent trends and prospects for Indian health professionals in Denmark, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. It combines available data sources, personal communication with different migration boards, interview of two international recruiters and a migrant health professional. Additionally, it looks at Indian R&D tie ups in the sector with these countries, which have implications for the movement of health professionals.

What opportunities do immigrants in Norway have for sending money to their countries of origin? To answer that question, this report examines the various services on offer in the Norwegian market. Focusing on transfers to twelve specific countries, the report compares the availability of different services, as well as their price and quality. The countries covered are Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chile, Iraq, Kenya, Lithuania, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, Somalia and Vietnam. The services examined include regular bank transfers, money-transfer services, web-based transfers and so-called hawala services. In recent years, research on remittances has highlighted the importance of transfer mechanisms. The way in which money is sent determines how much of the original amount reaches the recipients, and affects how the money enters the local economy. For some immigrants, the lack of regular remittance services to their country of origin compels them to use services that may be illegal. The research presented here has various audiences. First, it is intended to inform government policy in the field of remittances. Second, the report may help remittance senders understand their options and make well-informed choices. Third, the analysis can assist private-sector businesses to develop better remittance services. The report has been funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad). The research it contains is linked with PRIO’s broader research activity in the fields of migrant remittances and transnationalism. The findings of this report are also presented at the website www.sendepenger.no.

Mediation of Migration maps news on migration. We explore their typical form and content, how they are produced and what impacts they have on public opinion and politics. We further compare the Norwegian coverage of immigration with corresponding news in France and USA. The comparative part of the study provides a contrasting background for the Norwegian case, allowing a grasp both of the particular and the typical traits of the Norwegian mediated debate. Finally we examine the role of the news media in the loops of information between Diasporas in Norway and networks in sending countries of migrants, adding to the knowledge of migration flows and the globalization of information.

This report is a synthesis of the main results of the H2020 project MOVE – Mapping mobility, institutions and structural effects of youth mobility in Europe. Over three years the project MOVE has provided a research-informed contribution to a systematic analysis of intra-European mobility. The project departed its work by differentiating six mobility types that have diverse institutional frameworks, age specific constraints and scopes of action. The project has thus analysed and reconstructed mobility patterns that lie across different types of mobility, which are: • student mobility for higher education, • international volunteering, • employment mobility, • mobility for vocational and educational training, • pupil’s exchange, • entrepreneurship mobility. These identified six mobility types have been investigated in the following six European countries: • Germany, • Hungary, • Luxembourg, • Norway, • Romania and • Spain.

Hvordan er det å leve som lesbisk, homofil, bifil eller transperson i Norge når man har ikke-vestlig etnisk minoritetsbakgrunn? Denne rapporten tegner opp ulike erfaringer. Noen lever åpent og møter aksept for det, mens andre må bryte kontakten med sin familie. Mange synes det er vanskelig å komme inn i LHBT-miljøer som domineres av etnisk norske, der de ikke føler seg hjemme og kan møte fordommer. En del opplever ettervirkninger etter psykisk og fysisk vold. Mange er ensomme og synes det er vanskelig å finne en partner. Samtidig er det flere som synes livet som LHBT-person med minoritetsbakgrunn er uproblematisk. Rapporten er basert på feltarbeid og intervjuer blant LHBT-personer med ulik etnisk bakgrunn. Uten å dra vidtrekkende konklusjoner, kan det virke som om det i noen etniske grupper har blitt lettere å leve som lesbisk eller homofil de siste årene.

This report has been commissioned by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad). Migrant remittances are transfers of value by emigrants or their descendants to their country of origin. Registered remittances to developing countries are will be close to 100 billion USD in 2004, or roughly one and a half times official development assistance. In addition, a large, unknown amount is transferred through informal channels or to countries that do not report statistics on remittances. The effects of remittances on development are often complex and contradic-tory, but seen in a positive light by the majority of analysts. In a handful of developing countries, remittances from emigrants account for more than 10 per cent of GDP. Remittances are of high importance to the national economy of eleven of Norad’s 25 partner countries, and of considerable importance in another eight countries. Remittances are transferred through a variety of channels that differ with respect to cost, speed, convenience and other factors. From a policy perspective, it is desirable to reduce transfers costs, discourage the use of informal channels, and promote transfers that enter financial institutions in the receiving country. The latter has come to be seen as a principal strategy for increasing the benefits of remittances. Rather than relying on entrepreneurship by migrants or their relatives, it is possible to encourage saving in financial institutions, thereby increasing access to credit for entrepreneurs who may or may not be migrants themselves. Other strategies for increasing the development effects of remittances include financial incentive schemes to increase the volume of remittances, matching the development investments of migrant associations with government funds, and improving the investment climate for small and medium enterprises. In many cases it is possible and desirable to implement policies that do not involve positive discrimination of migrants or their families. Several of Norway’s partner countries are represented with sizeable immigrant populations in Norway. Other European countries increasingly see policies on immigration and integration on the one hand, and development cooperation on the other hand as linked. This could also be fruitful in Norway.

Luxembourg has integrated in the protection system the European legal framework on protection. However, besides the international protection (refugee status and subsidiary protection status) and the temporary protection statuses, the Luxembourgish legal system foresees two humanitarian statuses which are: a) residence permit for private reasons based on serious humanitarian grounds; b) the postponement of removal based on medical reasons. In regard to the latter, there are the following steps: 1) the postponement of removal can be granted and renewed for up to 24 months; 2) after 2 years, if the medical condition persists, an authorisation of stay for medical reasons may be granted and a residence permit for private reasons may be issued. However, it is important to stress at this point that the Luxembourgish authorities do not consider the two aforementioned residence permits issued according to articles 78 (3) and 131 (2) of the Immigration Law as “protection statuses” as such, but precisely as residence permits issued to the applicant. The granting of these two “protection statuses” are based on the discretionary power of the Minister in charge of Immigration and Asylum. The residence permit for private reasons based on humanitarian grounds (Status A of this report) allows for the Minister to grant an authorisation to stay in the country to an irregular migrant if s/he is in in need to stay based on humanitarian reasons of exceptional circumstances. There is not an exhaustive list of reasons on which the Minister can base his/her decision. However, there is an exhaustive analysis of the reasons advance by the applicant. Any third country national irregularly staying on the territory can apply for this residence permit. However, in the case of rejected asylum seekers, the application will be rejected if the applicant advances the same reasons that s/he advanced during the international protection procedure. On the contrary, the residence permit for medical reasons requires that, in the first stage, the applicant had received a return decision and an order to leave the territory. In order to obtain the residence permit, he/she has to obtain first a decision for a postponement of removal for medical reasons that has to be renewed for two years before the applicant can file the application for the residence permit based on medical reasons. This residence permit is not granted automatically and if the applicant does not file his/her application after expiration of the postponement of removal for medical reasons after two years, s/he will be precluded and the return decision will be executed, except if s/he proves that s/he cannot be returned for medical reasons. In this case, the entire procedure will have to start again.

The aim of this project is to grasp processes of globalization in education policies and in selected pedagogic texts in Norway, Sweden, Syria and Turkey through a focus on the education of the "right" kind of future citizen. People increasingly move across national borders for longer or shorter periods. The autonomy of nation states is thus challenged and questioned, but they still hedge in and concomitantly close off people in separate national spaces. These simultaneous often contradictory - processes are of great importance for how the right kind of future citizen is moulded in mandatory schooling. Research on transnationalism is a theoretical starting point for this project. Long- or short term migrants create and maintain social relations which cut across national borders, but also law and policies move and are established across such borders. Research on education and nation state building and the globalization of education are important for the project, in order to understand education polices and the governance of education. We will collect and analyze educational documents and curricula for selected subjects like history, civic and religious education, interview politicians with influence over education, as well as teachers and authors of textbooks, and scrutinize selected textbooks in the four national settings. The cases will be used for soft comparison where similarities and differences will be used throughout to generate new insights and deepen the analysis.

The Labour Migration Policy Index (LMPI) aims to assess on a national level the mechanisms which allow employers to meet their labour needs, and which provide favourable conditions for migrant workers. The LMPI focuses on assessing the formal rules and regulations of labour migration programmes, as opposed to actual policy implementation and migration outcomes, which are more difficult to evaluate. The LMPI considers two fields of labour migration policy -- Administration and Entry Mechanisms, and Migrant Worker Entitlements. Each of these two fields is divided into two ‘macro indicators’, for example, ‘Administrative mechanisms’ and ‘Entry mechanisms’. The LMPI only assesses migration programmes in a limited number of countries. In order to ensure some geographical balance, research has been conducted on the following thirteen countries: Australia, Canada, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Spain, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Unter Koordination der Universität in Bergen, Norwegen, sind an diesem Projekt neben dem IMIS weitere 14 europäische Forschungsinstitute beteiligt. Das Ziel von Eurosphere ist es, neue Perspektiven für ein Konzept europäischer Öffentlichkeit zu gewinnen, indem die Diversität europäischer Gesellschaften in besonderer Weise berücksichtigt wird. Datenerhebungen bei politischen Parteien, think tanks, sozialen Bewegungen und Medien in den Ländern aller teilnehmenden Institute sollen eine Datenbasis liefern, auf deren Grundlage Faktoren herausgearbeitet werden, die sich fördernd bzw. hemmend auf die Entwicklung einer europäischen Öffentlichkeit und die Bürgerbeteiligung auswirken. Darüber hinaus wird die Ausarbeitung von Strategien zur Optimierung der demokratischen Teilhabe in den europäischen Institutionen angestrebt.

Mayda’s index addresses migration policies in 14 OECD countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, Netherlands, Sweden, Swizerland, United Kingdom, United States) between 1980 and 1995. Rather than addressing the overall policy situation for each year, the index focuses on changes in destination countries’ migration policies. The index increases by one if in that year the destination country’s immigration policy became less restrictive, decreases by one if it became more restrictive, and zero if there was no change Based on paper documents, the authors addressed the main characteristics of the migration policies of the destination countries in the sample and the timing (after 1980) of changes in their legislations. A dataset of destination countries’ migration policy changes, between 1980 and 1995, was constructed on the basis of the information in this appendix and used in the empirical analysis