Policies on high-skilled migration

Results displayed in this section refer to research on policies, laws, legislation, regulation or measures concerning high-skilled migration. Labour migration corresponds to the movement of persons with the aim of employment or income generating activities (e.g. entrepreneurship). High-skilled migration is the movement of persons who possess university education (ISCED 5-6), extensive experience or the combination of the two. Public policy framework can also use salary level to define high-skilled migration (e.g. Blue Card)

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Female High-Skilled Emigration from Southern Europe and Ireland after the Crisis

Authors Anna Triandafyllidou, Carmen González Enríquez
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1 Book Chapter

Re-thinking the gender dimension of high-skill migration

Authors Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Irina ISAAKYAN
Year 2016
Book Title Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU and Irina ISAAKYAN (eds), High skill migration and recession : gendered perspectives, Houndmills ; New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship, pp. 3-21
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2 Book Chapter

Re-Thinking the Gender Dimension of High-Skill Migration

Authors Irina Isaakyan, Anna Triandafyllidou
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3 Book Chapter

Low- and high-skill migration flows: free mobility versus other determinants

Authors Dominique M. Gross, Nicolas Schmitt
Year 2012
Journal Name Applied Economics
Citations (WoS) 5
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4 Journal Article

Relevant evidence, reasonable policy and the right to emigrate

Authors Gillian Brock
Year 2017
Journal Name JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS
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5 Journal Article

Female high-skill migration in the 21st Century : the challenge of the recession

Authors Irina ISAAKYAN, Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU
Year 2016
Book Title Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU and Irina ISAAKYAN (eds), High skill migration and recession : gendered perspectives, Houndmills ; New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship, pp. 3-21
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6 Book Chapter

Female High-Skill Migration in the 21st Century: The Challenge of the Recession

Authors Anna Triandafyllidou, Irina Isaakyan
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7 Book Chapter

Commercial migration intermediaries and the segmentation of skilled migrant employment

Authors Di van den Broek, William Harvey, Dimitria Groutsis
Year 2016
Journal Name Work, Employment and Society
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8 Journal Article

Skilled migration in global cities from `Other' perspectives: British Arabs, identity politics, and local embededdness

Authors Caroline Nagel
Year 2005
Journal Name Geoforum
Citations (WoS) 41
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9 Journal Article

Skilled migration from Europe to Australia

Authors Siew‐Ean Khoo, Graeme Hugo, Peter McDonald
Year 2010
Journal Name Population, Space and Place
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11 Journal Article

Immigration for employment index (IMMEX)

Description
The index focuses on labour immigration (and related rights) in the EU27. The data reflect the policies in place by 1st of January 2012. IMMEX analyses admission schemes for migrant workers, looking at both general-worker schemes and schemes for high-skilled migrants. The index, which has been developed by the Migration Policy Group (MPG), addresses four domains: identification needs; conditions of admission; security of status acquired; rights associated with status. Dimensions are assessed through a set of indicators and policy options (principles of human rights and good governance). The policy options are designed to capture the scope of immigration policies with the first option representing favourable terms laid down in existing international legal instruments, national practices or NGO proposals, and in some instances EC legislation (enacted and proposed). The second and third options are based on less favourable or unfavourable provisions of EC legislation (enacted or proposed) or national legislation. Legal experts in each of the EU27 countries were asked to assess which of the three policy options comes closest to the situation in their respective country. The index is presented by scheme and country, for general migrant workers and high-skilled migrant workers.
Year 2012
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12 Data Set

High-Skilled Immigration in a Globalized Labor Market

Year 2015
Book Title Handbook of the Economics of International Migration
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13 Book Chapter

Luxury, Necessity, and Anachronistic Workers: Does the United States Need Unskilled Immigrant Labor?

Authors Frank D. Bean, Susan K. Brown, James D. Bachmeier, ...
Year 2012
Journal Name American Behavioral Scientist
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15 Journal Article

Losing our minds? New research directions on skilled emigration and development

Authors MA Clemens
Year 2016
Journal Name International Journal of Manpower
Citations (WoS) 1
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16 Journal Article

Migration of Low Skilled Workers from India to the European Union

Authors S.K. SASIKUMAR, Rakkee THIMOTHY
Description
This study explores factors that initiate and perpetuate low skill labour migration from India to the EU, examines the migration processes and evaluates the policy prescriptions available to manage such migration flows. Based on a survey of the available quantitative and qualitative evidence, our study points to the existence of a fairly stable and persistent demand for low skilled labour in the EU, at least in the medium term. As this demand cannot be fully met from within the EU, there is and will remain a strong demand for low skilled migrant workers from non-EU countries. This offers immense scope for traditional labour sending countries like India as well as destination countries in the EU to strengthen the migration–development nexus. Unfortunately, on both sides, there seems to be an absence of a coherent and focused policy for governing migration of low skilled workers. Considering that migration of low skilled workers from India is mainly directed to the Persian Gulf, the study also makes a comparison between the existing immigration policies in EU countries and the Persian Gulf in order to draw relevant policy perspectives. Evolving appropriate policy response in relation to low skilled migration to Europe is also necessary given that a significant share of such workers end up as irregular migrants in transit or at the destination.
Year 2012
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18 Report

TEMPORARY LOW-SKILLED MIGRANT WORKER PROGRAM IN KOREA: EMPLOYMENT PERMIT SCHEME

Authors Young-bum Park
Year 2016
Journal Name Arbor
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19 Journal Article

Managing skilled migration

Authors Lucas Stanczyk
Year 2016
Journal Name Ethics & Global Politics
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20 Journal Article

Rethinking International Skilled Migration

Authors Micheline van Riemsdijk, Qingfang Wang
Year 2017
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21 Book

Highly-Skilled Migration: Sudan

Authors Amna Omer MOHAMED-ALI
Description
Abstract This paper discusses the problem of the recent emigration of highly-skilled Sudanese citizens and sheds light on the mechanism that prompts such emigration. High levels of graduate unemployment coupled with the economic hardship that holds back the economy makes emigration the only alternative for the majority of graduates. As individual investment in education does not pay off in Sudan, and as higher education is still in demand, people get involved in higher education to equip themselves with skills that have viable market potential elsewhere in the world. Despite a consistent proportion of Sudanese emigrants being well educated (i.e. at least secondary education) most leave the country to be employed in low-skilled jobs. “Higher education for emigration” seems to represent the logo of those still demanding higher education and ready to pay for it and this likely represents one of the main challenges to be faced by the Sudanese higher-education system in the near future. Résumé Cette note analyse le problème récent de l'émigration des citoyens soudanais hautement qualifiés et met en lumière les mécanismes à l’origine de ce phénomène. L’émigration est en effet la seule alternative pour la majorité des diplômés devant faire face aux niveaux élevés de chômage et aux difficultés économiques. Comme l'investissement individuel dans l'éducation n'est pas rentable alors que l'enseignement supérieur est lui toujours en demande, les soudanais s’engagent donc dans l'enseignement supérieur en vue d’obtenir des compétences ayant un réel potentiel pour les marchés du travail étrangers. En dépit d'une proportion importante d'émigrants soudanais disposant au moins d’un diplôme secondaire, une majorité quitte le pays pour des emplois peu qualifiés dans les pays de destination. « L'enseignement supérieur en fonction de l'émigration » telle est désormais la devise des soudanais ayant les moyens de s’engager dans l'éducation supérieure. Par conséquent, ce phénomène représente probablement l'un des principaux défis du système d'enseignement supérieur soudanais.
Year 2010
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22 Report

LANGUAGE AND SKILLED MIGRATION

Authors Francis Leo Collins, Seunghee Pak
Year 2008
Journal Name Asian Population Studies
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23 Journal Article

Migration from Punjab to Italy in the dairy sector : the quiet Indian revolution

Authors Paramjit SAHAI, Kathryn LUM
Description
The preference for high-skilled migrants and the relative ambivalence of countries to develop adequate policies for low-skilled migrants is often times accepted without question. The lack of information on the socio-economic impact of these low-skilled migrants on sending and receiving countries thus skews their public image. To challenge this myth of low-preference for the “low-skilled” migrant worker, the paper explores a case study of Indian Punjabi migrants in the Italian dairy industry to show that relevance of these so-called “low-skilled” migrant workers in producing “high-quality” Italian cheese.
Year 2013
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24 Report

2. How ‘Low-Skilled’ Migrant Workers Are Made

Year 2018
Book Title Towards a Decent Labour Market for Low-Waged Migrant Workers
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25 Book Chapter

European High-Skilled Migration Policy

Authors Lucie Cerna
Year 2018
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28 Book

High-skilled migration policy indicators

Description
The authors carry out a cross-country assessment of policies aimed to attract and select high-skilled workers. To capture immigration policy systems, they choose nine policy elements that collectively capture many of the key differences between destination countries’ policy stances. These instruments reflect policy categories comprising skill-selective admission policies (shortage lists, job offer requirements, labor market tests, PBS), and post-entry policy instruments (permanency rights, financial incentive schemes). Methodologically, the authors adopt a set of statements against which a 0 or 1 can be assigned to ensure consistency when coding our policy variables.
Year 2012
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29 Data Set

Attracting Skilled Migration to the Czech Republic – Lagging Behind?

Authors Hana N. Hlaváčková, Lucie Macková
Journal Name Slovak Journal of Political Sciences
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30 Journal Article

European High-skilled Migration Policy

Year 2012
Book Title High-skilled Migration. Drivers and Policies
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31 Book Chapter

Index of controlled/competitive skilled immigrant workers programmes (Lowell)

Description
The Index addresses the admission programmes/policies for temporary and permanent high-skilled workers in 2001. The author presents two sub-indexes and one index: index of policies for temporary high-skilled workers and index for permanent high-skilled workers, and combined index of skilled immigrant competitiveness. Twelve countries are chosen, including the traditional countries of immigration (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States), the major European receiving countries (France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Spain, and United Kingdom), South Africa and Japan. A list of comparative criteria is created for admission policies: Hard numerical caps; Strict labour market test; Extensive labour protections; Enforcement mechanisms; Limited employer portability; Restriction on dependents / working spouse; Limited permanency rights. A four point scale is used with a “4” being highly controlled and a “1” being highly competitive; and there are intermediate rankings of minimally (2 points) and moderately (3 points) controlled. The rankings are based on the addition of all points for each of the elements just described above, but converted into an index with the most “controlled” country given a value of 100.
Year 2011
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32 Data Set

Skilled migration and the IT sector

Authors Gunjan Sondhi, Parvati Raghuram, Clem Herman, ...
Year 2018
Book Title India Migration Report 2018
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33 Book Chapter

Minga biographic workshops with highly skilled migrant women: enhancing spaces of inclusion

Authors Yvonne Riano
Year 2016
Journal Name Qualitative Research
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35 Journal Article

Credible redistribution policy and skilled migration

Authors Roc Armenter, Francesc Ortega
Year 2011
Journal Name European Economic Review
Citations (WoS) 3
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37 Journal Article

Introduction: New Perspectives on Skilled Migration

Authors Any Freitas, Antonina Levatino, Antoine Pécoud
Year 2012
Journal Name Diversities
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41 Journal Article

Highly-skilled Migration (Libya): Legal aspects

Authors Azza K. MAGHUR
Description
Libya, a country that gained independence in 1951, has known only two contradictory regimes: a monarchy from 1951-1969, and a revolution since 1969. With oil as its main source of revenue, and after ten years of UN backed-sanctions, in addition to a decade of public sector dominance, Libya suffers from both brain drain and brain waste. The active Libyan market of today, after its return to the international community, and given decades of economic and administrative instability, requires skilled and unskilled labour. Libya’s labour policies have always been motivated by politics. There has not been a labour strategy, and the need for skilled labour has been a constant in a rich country with only six million inhabitants.Libya today is country full of promise that offers opportunities to its own citizens. It is still, however, unable either to contain brain waste, or to stop brain drain, especially in the medical field. The private sector which has been reactivated after years of public sector dominance is hungry for labour and regulation is imminent. Economic activities, in infrastructure and building for example, need the labour market, private and public, to be properly regulated. La Libye, devenue indépendante en 1951, n’a connu que deux régimes opposés : une monarchie de 1951 à 1969 et une révolution depuis 1969. Avec le pétrole comme principale source de revenu, après dix ans de sanctions onusiennes, et une décennie de prédominance du secteur public, la Libye subit à la fois une fuite et un gaspillage des cerveaux. Le marché du travail libyen actuel requiert de la main d’oeuvre qualifiée et non qualifiée depuis son retour sur la scène internationale après des décennies d’instabilité économique et administrative. Les politiques de l’emploi libyennes ont toujours été motivées par la politique. En l’absence de stratégie de l’emploi, le besoin de main d’œuvre est une constante dans ce pays riche pourvu de seulement six millions d’habitants.La Libye d’aujourd’hui est un pays plein de promesses, porteur d’opportunités pour ses citoyens. Elle est cependant encore incapable de réduire le gaspillage des cerveaux et de stopper la fuite des cerveaux, surtout dans le domaine médical. Le secteur privé, réactivé après des décennies de domination publique, a faim de main d’œuvre et la régulation est imminente. Les activités économiques, dans les infrastructures ou le bâtiment par exemple, ont besoin d’un marché du travail, public comme privé, réglementé.
Year 2010
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42 Report

Documented Migrants: Skilled Migration — the injects

Authors Gabriella Lazaridis
Book Title International Migration into Europe
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43 Book Chapter

Commercial migration intermediaries and the segmentation of skilled migrant employment

Year 2016
Journal Name Work, employment and society
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46 Journal Article

Highly-Skilled Migration: Between Settlement and Mobility

Authors Agnieszka Weinar, Amanda Klekowski von Koppenfels
Year 2020
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48 Book

Skilled Migration: The Perspective of Developing Countries

Authors Frederic Docquier, Hillel Rapoport
Year 2004
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49 Book

Report on Highly Skilled Migration in Egypt

Authors Tarek BADAWY
Description
This paper provides an analysis of the relevant laws that cover the migration of highly skilled persons who originate from, or settle in, Egypt. Highly skilled foreign nationals with unique professional skills are given advantages (in investment, property ownership for investors and taxation) that make their settlement in Egypt relatively easy when compared to the treatment given to non-skilled foreign workers. Non-skilled workers usually do not obtain work permits, they are employed in the informal sector and thus are not eligible for naturalization. Despite the advantages given to highly skilled foreign migrants, some professions are restricted to Egyptians. In order to deal with overpopulation, Egypt encourages its citizens to emigrate. This can be demonstrated by the tax benefits that the law offers to Egyptian emigrants, their right to retain Egyptian citizenship and confer it upon their children, the exemption of their children from military service if the children have other citizenships, the opportunity of public-sector employees to return to their former place of employment if they decide to return to Egypt, and finally, the negotiation of agreements with foreign governments to improve the status of Egyptian workers overseas as well as to counter organized crime and people smuggling across borders. Résumé Cette note fournit une analyse des lois couvrant la migration des personnes hautement qualifiées originaires d’Egypte ou s’y installant. Les étrangers hautement qualifiés pourvus de compétences uniques bénéficient de privilèges (dans le domaine de l’investissement, de la propriété et de l’imposition) qui rend leur installation plus facile que pour les travailleurs étrangers non qualifiés. Ces derniers n’obtiennent généralement pas de permis de travail, sont employés dans le secteur informel et ne peuvent ainsi accéder à la naturalisation. En dépit des privilèges offerts aux migrants hautement qualifiés, certaines professions demeurent réservées aux nationaux. Pour gérer la surpopulation, l’Egypte encourage ses citoyens à émigrer. Ceci est démontré par divers facteurs, tels que les avantages fiscaux offerts aux émigrés, leur droit de garder leur nationalité et de la transmettre à leurs enfants, l’exemption du service militaire pour leurs enfants dotés d’une autre nationalité, la possibilité pour les employés du secteur public de retrouver leur poste à leur retour en Egypte, et enfin la négociations d’accords bilatéraux visant à améliorer le statut des travailleurs égyptiens à l’étranger, ainsi qu’à lutter contre le crime organisé et le traffic transnational des personnes.
Year 2010
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50 Report

The competition state and highly skilled migration

Authors Sandra Lavenex
Year 2007
Journal Name Society
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51 Journal Article

High-Skilled Migration to and from Jordan

Authors Mohamed Y. OLWAN
Description
This study explores the legal aspects of high-skilled migration to and from Jordan, but it must be remembered that it is difficult to deal with this subject without taking international migration more generally into account. The study is structured in four sections: Jordanian migrant workers in the GCC countries and migrant workers in Jordan – numbers, qualifications and remittances; legal framework pertaining to border-controls in Jordan and the GCC countries; the human rights of migrant workers in Jordan and the GCC countries; and finally the bilateral workforce cooperation agreements between Jordan and Arab receiving countries. Cette étude explore les aspects juridiques de la migration hautement qualifiée de et vers la Jordanie. Il s’agit néanmoins de garder en mémoire qu’il est difficile d’aborder un tel sujet sans tenir compte des migrations internationales dans leur ensemble. L’étude est structurée en quatre parties : les travailleurs jordaniens migrants dans les pays du Conseil de Coopération du Golfe et les travailleurs migrants en Jordanie – effectifs, qualifications et transferts financiers ; le cadre juridique relatif au contrôle des frontières en Jordanie et dans les pays du Golfe ; les droits humains des travailleurs migrants en Jordanie et dans les pays du Golfe ; et enfin, les accords bilatéraux de coopération en matière de main d’œuvre entre la Jordanie et les pays arabes de destination.
Year 2010
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53 Report

Internataional Highly Skilled Migration: The Case of Finland

Authors Driss Habti, Saara Koikkalainen
Year 2014
Journal Name Journal of Finnish Studies
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54 Journal Article

Skilled migrant workplace integration: the choice between pragmatism and critical realism approaches

Authors Roslyn Cameron, Alan Montague, Nuttawuth Nuenjohn, ...
Year 2022
Journal Name JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REALISM
Citations (WoS) 1
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55 Journal Article

Introduction: New Developments in Australia's Skilled Migration Flows

Authors Massimiliano Tani, Fei Guo, Graeme Hugo
Year 2010
Journal Name Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
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56 Journal Article

La migration qualifiée en Mauritanie, enjeux perspectives juridiques

Authors Abderrahman EL YESSA
Description
La migration de cadres hautement qualifiés est un fait très récent, en Mauritanie. Elle se trouve favorisée par le déphasage flagrant entre le système de formation universitaire et professionnel et le marché du travail. S’y ajoute le chômage massif des diplômés, dans le contexte d’une économie fragile, qui ne crée pas suffisamment d’emplois qualifiés. Ce phénomène, dont on ignore encore avec précision l’ampleur réelle est, également, ignoré par le système juridique. Le droit du travail et les textes applicables en matière de migrations ne prévoient pas de normes particulières, d’incitations ou d’obstacles spécifiques. Par ailleurs, les données quantitatives et qualitatives relatives aux migrations qualifiées ne sont pas suffisamment connues. De même, la question ne fait pas l’objet de débats poussés dans les milieux académiques, ni au sein de la classe politique, susceptibles de permettre d’en mesurer les avantages et les inconvénients pour le pays. Aussi, n’y a-t-il pas encore de politique nationale en la matière, le pays subissant l’évolution sans chercher à l’orienter. En dépit de l’inexistence de dispositions juridiques spécifiques et de l’insuffisance des données, la présente note se propose, au terme d’une analyse du contexte national et du cadre général des migrations qualifiées, de formuler des propositions afin d’encadrer celles-ci et d’en maximiser le profit, pour le pays, tout en minorant ses éventuels effets néfastes. Highly-skilled migration is a recent phenomenon in Mauritania. It has been encouraged by a growing gap between the university system and the labour market, as well as significant levels of unemployment among the highly qualified within a weak economic environment which does not create enough employment. This phenomenon is difficult to evaluate and is not affected by law. Existing regulations do not provide rules, incentives or hindrances to this kind of migration. Besides, quantitative or qualitative data related to highly-skilled migration is not well enough understood. The issue has not really been discussed in academic or political circles, nor have its positive or negative effects on the local economy been evaluated. As a consequence, the country has experienced highly-skilled migration without trying to control it, without any national policy and without even clear priorities. Despite the absence of legal provisions and a general lack of data, this paper analyses the national context and the general framework of highly-skilled migration and presents some suggestions for framing highly-skilled migration in a way that could maximize positive effects and minimize negative ones.
Year 2010
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57 Report

Making Europe More Attractive to Indian Highly-skilled Migrants? The blue card directive and national law in Germany and the Netherlands

Authors Anja WIESBROCK, Metka HERCOG
Description
Despite the potentially significant societal and labour market implications of highly-skilled migration policies in Europe, the new dynamics have only been subject to few inquisitive studies in the academic literature, none of them discussing the case of Indian migrants specifically. This paper seeks to close this gap by comparing the national schemes and programmes for highly-skilled migration in two EU Member States that have become increasingly important for Indian migrants, namely the Netherlands and Germany and analysing the newly introduced provisions of the EU Blue Card Directive. The findings will lead to conclusions on whether the implementation of the EU Blue Card Directive renders immigration to the Netherlands and Germany more attractive for highly skilled migrants from India.
Year 2012
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58 Report

Highly Skilled Migrant and Non-Migrant Women and Men: How Do Differences in Quality of Employment Arise?

Authors Yvonne Riaño
Year 2021
Journal Name Administrative Sciences
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59 Journal Article

Migrazioni qualificate, produzione translocale della conoscenza e diaspore scientifiche

Authors Gabriele Tomei, Gabriele Tomei, Sebastian Carlotti
Year 2021
Book Title Knowledge networks in the global society. Opportunities, experiences and value of cognitive mobilization
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60 Book Chapter

Highly Skilled Migration to the UK 2007-2013

Authors N/A N/A
Year 2014
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61 Report

Low-Skilled Migrant Labor Schemes in Japan's Agriculture: Voices From the Field

Authors Glenda S. Roberts, Noriko Fujita
Year 2024
Citations (WoS) 1
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62 Journal Article

Transnational higher education and skilled migration: Evidence from Australia

Authors Antonina Levatino
Year 2015
Journal Name International Journal of Educational Development
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65 Journal Article

The Political Economy of Immigration in South Korea

Authors Dong-Hoon Seol
Book Title Social Transformation and Migration
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66 Book Chapter

Rethinking Self-Initiated Expatriation in International Highly Skilled Migration

Authors Driss Habti, Maria Elo
Year 2019
Book Title Global Mobility of Highly Skilled People: Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Self-initiated Expatriation
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67 Book Chapter

The use of temporary skilled migration in Australian organisations

Authors Roslyn Cameron, Jennifer L. Harrison
Year 2013
Journal Name International Journal of Organizational Analysis
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68 Journal Article

Geographies of Education-Induced Skilled Migration: The Malaysian Case

Authors Sin Yee Koh
Year 2015
Book Title Labouring and Learning
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69 Book Chapter

Organizational culture and cultural diversity: an explorative study of international skilled migrants in Swedish firms

Authors Ali Farashah, Tomas Blomqusit
Year 2021
Journal Name Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research
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70 Journal Article

Highly-Skilled Migration Patterns and Development: The Case of Egypt

Authors Nadine SIKA
Description
This paper analyzed the highly skilled migration patterns in Egypt and its impact on Egyptian development. The main question herein, is whether highly skilled migration patterns in the case of Egypt induces development or underdevelopment. The study found out that highly skilled migration patterns from Egypt, to the OECD and the Gulf, contribute positively to the development process of Egypt. Highly skilled migrants, find more employment opportunities outside of Egypt, whose labor market is incapable of absorbing high numbers of highly skilled individuals. Moreover, highly skilled migrants are capable of sending a large amount of remittances, amounting to 4 percent of the Egyptian GDP. Last but not least, highly skilled migration is an important contributor to "brain circulation", which increases the entrepreneurial skills of a large number of Egyptian migrants. Concerning highly-skilled immigrants in Egypt, their presence is of no threat to the Egyptian development process; on the contrary, their presence produces more small-scale businesses, which in turn creates employment in the Egyptian labour market. The Egyptian government's policies encourage migration of the highly skilled, through multilateral and bilateral agreements, and through the creation of training centers for prospected highly skilled migrants. However, these policies are not sufficient, and should be accompanied with more bilateral agreements both in the OECD and Gulf Countries, which precipitate more skill match-making between the supply side of the Egyptian highly-skilled migrants and the demand side of the OECD and Gulf Countries. Résumé Cet article analyse la relation entre migration hautement qualifiée et développement dans le cas de l’Egypte. Il a pour objectif de déterminer si la migration des travailleurs hautement qualifiés a un impact positif sur le développement du pays, ou si au contraire elle a pour conséquence de renforcer le sous-développement. Cette étude conclut que l’émigration des travailleurs hautement qualifiés vers les pays de l’OCDE et du Golfe contribue positivement au processus de développement de l’Egypte. En effet, les travailleurs hautement qualifiés trouvent davantage d’opportunités professionnelles hors d’Egypte, dont le marché du travail n’est pas en mesure d’offrir à chacun un poste à la hauteur de ses compétences. De plus, les expatriés hautement qualifiés effectuent des transferts de fonds importants qui représentent au total jusqu’à 4% du PIB Egyptien. Enfin, la migration hautement qualifiée alimente la « circulation des cerveaux », qui accroit substantiellement les compétences entrepreneuriales de nombreux migrants Egyptiens. En ce qui concerne les immigrés hautement qualifiés résidant en Egypte, l’étude conclut qu’ils ne constituent pas une menace au processus de développement de l’économie nationale. Au contraire, leur présence renforce le tissu de petites entreprises, ce qui en retour participe à la création d’emplois sur le marché du travail égyptien. Les politiques mises en place par le gouvernement égyptien visent à encourager la migration des travailleurs hautement qualifiés, par le biais d’accords multilatéraux et bilatéraux, et à travers la création de centres de formation destinés aux migrants potentiels. Toutefois, ces initiatives demeurent insuffisantes. Elles devraient s’accompagner davantage d’accords bilatéraux avec les pays de l’OCDE et du Golfe, ayant pour objectif d’améliorer la correspondance des compétences entre l’offre des travailleurs égyptiens et la demande des pays d’accueil.
Year 2010
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71 Report

The impact of workplace diversity climate on the career satisfaction of skilled migrant employees

Authors Ali Farashah, Tomas Blomquist, Almina Bešić
Year 2024
Journal Name European Management Review
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72 Journal Article

Competitiveness of the State and Challenges of Highly Skilled Migration

Authors Natalia Bolshova
Year 2016
Journal Name International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy
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73 Journal Article

Employers' use of low-skilled migrant workers Assessing the implications for human resource management

Authors Chris Forde, Robert MacKenzie
Year 2009
Journal Name International Journal of Manpower
Citations (WoS) 7
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75 Journal Article

Place of desire: Skilled migration from mainland China to post‐colonial Hong Kong

Authors Cangbai Wang
Year 2013
Journal Name Asia Pacific Viewpoint
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76 Journal Article

BEYOND LOVE: WORK TRAJECTORIES AND DOMESTIC RESPONSIBILITIES IN BINATIONAL HETEROSEXUAL COUPLES OF HIGHLY SKILLED SPANIARDS AND LATIN AMERICANS

Authors Jordi Roca Girona, Claudia Maria Anleu-Hernandez, Veronica Anzil
Year 2021
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77 Journal Article

On the political economy of high skilled migration and international trade

Authors Spiros Bougheas
Year 2013
Journal Name European Economic Review
Citations (WoS) 1
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78 Journal Article

Zorgvuldig arbeidsmigratiebeleid. Hoe de langdurige zorg profijt kan hebben van vakmigranten

Authors The Dutch Advisory Committee on Migration Affairs (Adviescommissie voor Vreemdelingenzaken, ACVZ)
Description
De Adviesraad Migratie (ACVZ) adviseert partnerschappen met zendende landen te ontwikkelen voor ‘vakmigranten’ om huidige en komende personeelstekorten in de langdurige zorg tegen te gaan. Het gaat om verplegende en verzorgende beroepen vanaf mbo niveau-3. Gelet op het belang van langdurige zorg voor ons welzijn moet specifieke en gerichte arbeidsmigratie onderdeel uitmaken van een breder palet aan arbeidsmarktmaatregelen om de (verwachte) personeelstekorten tegen te gaan.
Year 2022
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79 Report

Highly-skilled migration from Jordan: a response to socio-political challenges

Authors Françoise DE BEL-AIR
Description
600, 000 to 670,000 Jordanians are estimated to be employed abroad today, some half a million in the Gulf countries alone. Most of them are believed to be highly-skilled. On rare occasions, concern for this ‘brain drain’ is expressed. However, throughout its history, Jordan has always practised an ‘open-door policy’ towards the emigration of its citizens, officially to alleviate unemployment. After briefly retracing the dynamics of highly-skilled emigration, this report highlights the views expressed and policies implemented on the issue, before adding some socio-political explanations to the continuous disregard for the topic in official discourses, which contrasts, however, with recent policy-moves towards encouraging the expatriation of the highly-skilled. Among the ‘push’ factors for the highly skilled is the resilience of clientelism in society and the patterns of adjustment to free trade, the latter partly explaining the stagnation of salaries and standards of living. The open-door policy to emigration, recently reinforced by an increase in opportunities offered outside the Kingdom for skilled Jordanians, also responds to a range of socio-political challenges. For instance, it compensates lagging income (opportunities for higher salaries and stimulation of private revenues through workers’ remittances). Expatriation of the highly skilled also ensures control over potential political opposition and, particularly, the reproduction of the elites. Résumé De 600 à 670 000 Jordaniens seraient employés à l'étranger, dont environ un-demi million dans les pays du Golfe; ils seraient en majorité hautement qualifiés. A de rares occasions, des voix s'élèvent contre cette "fuite des cerveaux". Au cours de son histoire pourtant, la Jordanie a toujours pratiqué la "politique de la porte ouverte" à l'égard de ses citoyens, officiellement afin de lutter contre le chômage. Après avoir brièvement retracé les dynamiques de l'émigration des travailleurs hautement qualifiés, ce rapport met en lumière les opinions et les politiques menées à l'égard de cette question. On envisage ensuite quelques explications de nature sociopolitique au relatif silence des politiques officielles jordaniennes sur le sujet, qui contraste avec une intensification récente des politiques encourageant l'expatriation des plus qualifiés. Le clientélisme et les modalités de l'ajustement vers l'économie de marché comptent parmi les principaux facteurs de "répulsion" à l'égard des travailleurs hautement qualifiés, ce dernier expliquant la stagnation des salaires et du niveau de vie dans le royaume. La politique de la "porte ouverte" répond aussi à certains impératifs sociopolitiques : l'expatriation contribue à compenser la stagnation des salaires en offrant l'opportunité de revenus plus élevés à l'étranger et augmente les revenus des familles par les remises privées des travailleurs. L'encouragement à l'expatriation des plus qualifiés est aussi une stratégie d'"évacuation" de la contestation politique mais, surtout, de reproduction des élites.
Year 2010
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81 Report

Dealing with Highly-Skilled Migration: The Case of the Palestinian Authority

Authors Asem KHALIL
Description
Since its establishment, in 1994, the Palestinian Authority has encouraged the ‘return’ of Palestinians to the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It has also enacted an investment promotion law in order to attract foreign capital. These two policies are motivated by the assumption that human and financial capital are both necessary for building Palestinian institutions, and preparing for statehood. Fifteen years later, the results though are slight. The few who have returned have had little impact, while many others, mostly highly-skilled, have emigrated. The Palestinian Authority law does not define highly-skilled migration. The lack of laws related to issues of migration is largely due to the PA’s lack of jurisdiction. Exit and entry of residents and foreign nationals from and to the occupied Palestinian territories, including those under Palestinian Authority control are still regulated and administered by Israel. This lack of regulation has long been accompanied by a lack of policies to deal with a phenomenon (namely the emigration of highly-skilled Palestinians), that is rightly considered dangerous for the Palestinian cause and for Palestinian unity generally; most importantly, it also has negative consequences on Palestinian society and economy (thus, hindering state-building efforts). Attracting highly-skilled immigrants and limiting the damage from the emigration of highly-skilled Palestinians cannot be managed by legal regulation alone. A decision of a highly-skilled individual to migrate is not only an economic decision. Political and security factors, coupled with the long Israeli occupation, have also decided the direction of highly-skilled migration flows. Résumé Depuis sa mise en place en 1994, l’Autorité palestinienne a encouragé le « retour » des Palestiniens en Cisjordanie et dans la bande de Gaza. Elle a également adopté une loi de promotion des investissements visant à attirer le capital étranger. Ces deux politiques sont basées sur l’idée selon laquelle le capital tant humain que financier est nécessaire à l’établissement des institutions palestiniennes et à l’émergence de l’Etat. Quinze ans plus tard, les résultats sont minces. Les quelques retours ont eu peu d’impact, tandis que beaucoup d’autres Palestiniens, pour la plupart hautement qualifiés, ont émigré. La législation de l’Autorité palestinienne ne définit pas la migration hautement qualifiée. Le manque de lois régissant les questions migratoires est largement dû au manque de compétence. La sortie des résidents et des étrangers des territoires occupés, y compris de ceux sous contrôle de l’Autorité palestinienne, ainsi que le retour, sont toujours régis et administrés par Israël. Le manque de régulation a longtemps été accompagné d’un manque de politiques pour gérer un phénomène (l’émigration des Palestiniens hautement qualifiés) considéré à juste titre comme dangereux pour la cause palestinienne et plus généralement pour l’unité palestinienne ; ce phénomène a avant tout des conséquences négatives sur la société et l’économie palestiniennes (et donc sur les efforts de construction étatique). L’objectif d’attirer les immigrés hautement qualifiés et de limiter les dommages causés par l’émigration hautement qualifiée ne peut être atteint par la seule législation. Pour un individu hautement qualifié, la décision de partir n’est pas seulement une décision économique. Les facteurs politiques et sécuritaires, liés à la longue occupation israélienne, ont également orienté les flux de migration hautement qualifiée.
Year 2010
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83 Report

Decentralisation, Citizenship and Mobility: Residency Restrictions and Skilled Migration in Moscow

Authors Brad K. Blitz
Year 2007
Journal Name Citizenship Studies
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84 Journal Article

High-skilled migration to the United States and its economic consequences

Authors Chris Minns
Year 2019
Journal Name ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW
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85 Journal Article

Migrants hautement qualifiés et flux internationaux de talents, connaissances et capitaux

Principal investigator Ernest Miguelez (Principal Investigator)
Description
Highly Skilled Migration and International Flows of Talent, Knowledge, and Capital (TKC) is a project funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR). TKC aims to improve our understanding of whether and how highly skilled migrants activate their social networks and leverage their role as international knowledge gatekeepers, contribute to solve cross-border information problems, and transform the brain drain into brain gain and brain circulation. Highly skilled workers play a key role in today’s knowledge economies, as they introduce and diffuse innovations that encourage economic growth and well-being. Migrants are an essential component of these highly skilled workers worldwide: in 2013, the worldwide stock of migrants stood at 230 million, namely 3.2% of worldwide population (UN-DESA and OECD, 2013). However, important variations emerge across skills’ groups: tertiary educated immigrants living in OECD countries augmented by 70% during the 2000s, with just 10% for low-educated ones. Migration rates for the tertiary educated are higher than for the rest of the population, and generally increase with further education. Thus, differently from the past, highly skilled individuals represent the most dynamic component of international mobility flows. Far from taking place exclusively along a South-North or East-West axis, highly skilled migration occurs also between advanced economies, with the UK, Germany and other European countries as both destinations and origins. Science, technology, and engineering migration contributes heavily to these trends, including to its geographical variation. TKC’s research topic stands at the cross-roads of different disciplinary approaches, ranging from the geography of innovation, the economics of migration, and IB studies. All of them can be re-examined within the general theoretical framework of diaspora economics. Constant and Zimmermann (2016) define diasporas as “well-defined group(s) of migrants and their offspring with a joined cultural identity and ongoing identification with the country or culture of origin”, and propose to put them at centre-stage in all studies concerning migrations. While migration is the necessary precondition for diasporas to exist, not all migrant groups are internally bound by diasporic ties, nor ethnicity is the only source of such ties. In the case of highly skilled migrants, professional ties matter, too, as they both imply different migration channels and cohorts, and allows for specific forms of interaction. TKC is a theoretical and empirical project, whose deliverables will consist in research papers and open access datasets. Its ambition is to enrich the debate on migration on a global scale, but especially in Europe and France, where the dominant focus on low skilled or refugee immigration both obscures the importance of highly skilled flows and contributes to negative stereotyping. TKC will be articulated in six work-packages, taking a complementary approach between the macro (country), meso (firm), and micro (individual) levels of analysis. TKC has a strong engagement towards collecting micro-data concerning specific categories of very highly skilled workers, such as inventors, scientists and executives, with the migrant status to be ascertained by available biographic information and/or name analysis. These data may provide a suitable and interesting alternative to more classic data sources, both because of their detail and for their pointing at homogenous professional groups, rather than generically tertiary educated workers.
Year 2017
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86 Project

Irregular migration is skilled migration: reimagining skill in EU’s migration policies

Authors Damini Purkayastha, Damini Purkayastha, Tuba Bircan, ...
Year 2023
Journal Name HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS
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88 Journal Article

The Contributions of highly-skilled migrants to the development of their country of origin : highly-skilled Egyptian migrants in the OECD countries

Authors Alessia BACCHI
Description
This paper studies the potential impact of Egyptian highly-skilled migrants (HSMs) residing in the OECD countries on the development of Egypt, their country of origin. The paper discussed the following questions: a) is Egyptian highly-skilled migration to OECD countries a case of brain drain? b) Could it generate brain gain? c) What is the overall potential impact of Egyptian HSMs on the development of their homeland?
Year 2014
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89 Report

Skilled Migration, Expectation and Reality. Chinese Professionals and the Global Labour Market

Authors Marita Harmala
Year 2016
Journal Name Nordic Journal of Migration Research
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90 Journal Article

Migration qualifiée, développement et égalité des chances. Une critique de la taxe Bhagwati

Authors Speranta Dumitru
Year 2012
Journal Name Revue de philosophie économique
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91 Journal Article

The bargaining power of sending countries in influencing the rights of their low skilled migrant workers

Description
This project asks how governments of migrant sending countries can influence the rights of their low skilled migrant workers in receiving countries. The project approaches this question from both the sending and the receiving country side; looking at factors that determine when and how sending states intervene and what determines the responses from receiving countries. The surplus of aspiring migrants and economic importance of remittances would suggest sending states have little bargaining power. Single case studies however suggest that some nevertheless intervene. A comprehensive overview of the drivers of immigration and emigration policy will result in a set of hypotheses. A survey of policy makers in sending countries will generate an overview of interventions by sending country governments. The project’s core is a systematic comparative case study of six sending countries with partly overlapping receiving countries and three of these receiving countries. The sending country cases are three sets of two countries in which migrant remittances constitute a similar share of GDP but involvement with the rights of their workers abroad differ; the Philippines, Senegal, India, Ecuador, Morocco and Vietnam. The receiving countries are South Korea, Saudi Arabia and Italy. These countries vary strongly in the rights for migrant workers and the level of cooperation with sending states. QCA and process tracing will be used to assess the hypotheses. The project is innovative in 1) providing a systematic analysis of a larger number of cases including countries rarely covered in comparative studies on migrant rights, 2) examining of the actions of both sending and receiving countries, and 3) taking the trade-off between migrant numbers and rights into account. The project will push theory development forward by connecting theoretical fields and expanding geographic scope. It is policy-relevant by providing further insight into how the rights of migrant workers can be improved.
Year 2018
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92 Project

Highly-Skilled Migration in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt): Socio-Political Perspectives

Authors Yasser SHALABI
Description
Palestinians widely believe that highly-skilled migration in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) is increasing. However, this phenomenon and its consequences, have rarely, if ever, been examined. This paper attempts to address highly-skilled migration in the oPt and to assess its volume in light of available data and studies. It also reanalyses data provided by previous surveys. Most relevant studies have failed to accurately assess the volume of Palestinian migration to other countries. The Population Census though, published by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) in 1997, provides an important source on the examination and general features of return migration. This paper demonstrates that the volume of Palestinian highly-skilled migration greatly outweighs return migration. Very difficult circumstances throughout the oPt have drained skills and competences. Certain circumstances are related to long-standing Israeli occupation, whilst others relate to socio-economic factors. Official or non-official initiatives for identifying the scope of highly-skilled migration and for overcoming its negative effects are not in place. Clear policies have not yet been developed to control this phenomenon. Given the special status of the Palestinian territory, migration may also be positive. It may provide a temporary alternative for the recovery of the Palestinian economic situation. If regulated and guided on sound grounds, migration will also help create a strategy for future development. In this context, the establishment of both higher-education institutions and the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) have highlighted a significant return of skilled Palestinians from abroad. Therefore, working towards creating the proper environment that reduces the migration of the needed and attracting others from abroad should be a priority for official and non-official Palestinian institutions. Les palestiniens sont nombreux à penser que l’émigration des travailleurs qualifiés ne cesse d’augmenter. Cependant, ce phénomène comporte encore de nombreuses zones d’ombres et ses caractéristiques comme ses conséquences doivent être évaluées plus rigoureusement. Cette étude vise à combler cette lacune en évaluant l’ampleur de la migration hautement qualifiée depuis et vers les territoires palestiniens occupés à la lumière des données et études disponibles. Elle analyse également les données provenant d’enquêtes précédentes. Les études existantes ne sont pas parvenues à évaluer de façon satisfaisante le nombre d’émigrés palestiniens. Néanmoins, le recensement de la population, publié en 1997 par le Bureau Central des Statistiques en Palestine, permet de cerner les caractéristiques générales de la migration de retour. Or la présente étude démontre que l’émigration qualifiée depuis la Palestine est un phénomène qui, de par son ampleur, dépasse largement la migration de retour. Il est alimenté non seulement par les conséquences directes de l’occupation israélienne mais également par les conditions socio-économiques extrêmement difficiles des territoires. Actuellement, il n’existe aucune initiative publique ou privée visant à en limiter l’ampleur et les conséquences négatives. Or, étant donné le statut spécial des territoires palestiniens, la migration qualifiée pourrait également avoir des effets positifs sur leur développement. Convenablement gérée, elle pourrait notamment, au moins temporairement, contribuer à la reprise de l’économie domestique. Des chiffres récemment communiqués par des établissements de l’enseignement supérieur et l’Autorité nationale palestinienne (ANP) font état du retour d’un nombre significatif de palestiniens qualifiés depuis l’étranger. Par conséquent, il est indispensable d’accompagner cette tendance positive par le biais d’initiatives incitant au retour et limitant le départ des travailleurs qualifiés. La gestion de ce phénomène doit figurer au plus vite parmi les priorités des institutions palestiniennes, publiques comme privées.
Year 2010
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93 Report

Unravelling Highly Skilled Migration from Mexico in the Context of Neoliberal Globalization

Authors Raúl Delgado Wise
Book Title Social Transformation and Migration
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94 Book Chapter

Sustaining and Creating Migration Chains Among Skilled Immigrant Groups: Chinese, Indians and South Africans in New Zealand

Authors Ron Johnston, Andrew Trlin, Anne Henderson, ...
Year 2006
Journal Name Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
Citations (WoS) 18
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95 Journal Article

Highly-skilled Sudanese migrants: gain or drain?

Authors Munzoul ASSAL
Description
This article is on highly-skilled migration in Sudan. Given the fact that there have not been systematic efforts to study and document highly-skilled migration in this country, and also due to the fact that reliable data on the numbers, categories and distribution of skilled migrants hardly exist for Sudan, the article represents a preliminary effort that attempts to provide a reliable picture for highly-skilled Sudanese migrants. The article starts with a general historical overview of skilled migration, particularly to the oil-producing Gulf countries, and examines the link between higher-education policies and the increase in the number of Sudanese migrants, categories of skilled migrants and their destination. The link between higher-educational policies and migration is tackled. The migration of medical professionals is used to illustrate the extent of skilled-labour migration in Sudan. The article also discusses the policies of the Sudanese government with a view to determining its impact on highly-skilled migration. The main finding of the article is that, apart from the migration of medical specialists, highly-skilled Sudanese migrants do not constitute brain drain. Higher-educational institutions provide more highly-skilled workers than the local labour market can absorb. La migration des travailleurs qualifiés du Soudan est étroitement liée au développement des pays du Golfe. Cette forme de migration économique qui date du dernier quart du 20ème siècle est liée à des facteurs régionaux et domestiques tels la flambée du pétrole dans les pays du Golfe et la détérioration des conditions économiques au Soudan. D’autres formes de migration qui ne sont pas motivées par des raisons économiques sont apparues au tournant du siècle mais ces formes ne seront pas abordées par cette note analytique qui se focalisera sur la migration des travailleurs qualifiés au Soudan tout en évaluant si cette forme de migration représente un gain ou une perte/hémorragie. Eu égard aux difficultés causées par l’absence de documentation et de statistiques précises sur l’effectif, les catégories et la distribution des migrants qualifiés, l’article pourvoit une analyse préliminaire visant à mettre en lumière le phénomène de la migration de la main d’œuvre qualifiée du Soudan. La note esquisse dans un premier temps un aperçu historique de l’ émigration de la main d’oeuvre qualifiée, notamment vers les pays du Golfe, puis examine le lien entre les politiques relatives à l’enseignement supérieur et l’effectif ainsi que les catégories des migrants soudanais qualifiés dans les pays de destination. La note se penche également sur les politiques gouvernementales mises en place en vue de montrer leur impact sur le phénomène. Les sources sur lesquelles cette note se base sont diverses. Citons le Bureau Central des Statistiques, le Conseil de la Population au Soudan, le Ministère de l’Intérieur, le Ministère du Travail et du Développement des Ressources Humaines ainsi que le Secrétariat des Soudanais à l’Etranger. En guise de conclusion, l’étude déduit que l’émigration des travailleurs qualifiés ne peut être considérée comme une fuite de cerveaux car les établissements d’ enseignement supérieur mettent chaque année sur le marché du travail plus de travailleurs qualifiés que le marché ne peut absorber.
Year 2010
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96 Report

Silent Exits: Risk and Post-3.11 Skilled Migration from Japan to Australia

Authors Nana Oishi, Iori Hamada
Year 2019
Journal Name Social Science Japan Journal
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97 Journal Article

Tyrants and Migrants: Authoritarian Immigration Policy

Authors Adrian J. Shin
Year 2017
Journal Name COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES
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98 Journal Article

Skilled Migration: Who Should Pay for What? A Critique of the Bhagwati Tax

Authors Speranta Dumitru
Year 2012
Journal Name New Diversities
Taxonomy View Taxonomy Associations
99 Journal Article
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