An Analysis of the Human Smuggling Trade and the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air and Sea (2000) from a Refugee Protection Perspective

Taxonomy Associations

Migration processes

• Migration forms

  • Refugees
  • Internal displacement
  • Irregular migration

• Migration infrastructures

  • Human smugglers
  • Agents, brokers, and other businesses in travel & migration
  • Practices of facilitating travel & migration
  • Legal regulations and traveller & migrant protection

Migration governance

• Governance actors

  • Employers, labour and trade unions