Multiple migration

Sinds 2014 heeft Nederland opnieuw te maken met een substantiële instroom van asielzoekers, van wie een belangrijk deel in aanmerking is gekomen voor een verblijfsvergunning. Een belangrijke vraag die zich momenteel voordoet, is hoe de positie van de nieuwe vergunninghouders zich de komende jaren zal ontwikkelen. Een van de vragen die daarbij gesteld kunnen worden, is in hoeverre zij zich blijvend in Nederland zullen vestigen. De volgende onderzoeksvragen staan in dit rapport centraal: 1.Hoe groot was het aandeel emigranten tot en met 31 december 2015 onder vergunninghouders met een asielachtergrond uit het cohort 1995-1999 en wat voor type emigratie betrof het (remigratie dan wel vervolgmigratie)? 2.Op welke achtergrondkenmerken verschillen de vergunninghouders die emigreerden (uitgesplitst naar type emigratie) van de vergunninghouders die eind 2015 nog, of weer, in Nederland woonden? 3.Welke achtergrondkenmerken van de vergunninghouders zijn voorspellers van emigratie uit Nederland in de vorm van remigratie, vervolgmigratie en administratieve verwijdering met onbekende bestemming?

For centuries people have moved in search for a better life elsewhere, but recently these movements have intensified. ICT technology and development of cheap transport options lead to expanded opportunities for international mobility and a qualitatively new experience of migration. The EU expansion to Central and Eastern Europe widened the pool of available destinations for European citizens. In this new migration and mobility context along more traditional migrants who leave for a destination and settle there, there are more and more migrants who stay on the move, migrating from one destination to another. Thus the objective of this project is to focus on the group of migrants who have moved twice or more, analysing Poles moving post-1989 (who have the experience of living in at least two foreign countries for 6 months or more). Polish migrants are particularly interesting group, because of their long and diverse migration tradition and wide geographical spread. This project will provide (1) new knowledge on multiple migration and (2) new tools to track mobilities of people in an increasingly globalised world. While there is a diversity of theories explaining migration, it is unclear to what extent it applies also to multiple migration. We need to learn more about repeat migrants and why they do not settle in the countries they move to, but instead choose to move on. Research suggests that multiple migrants are a quite distinctive group from other migrants, possessing more resources and better information when they decide to move onwards. Existing knowledge also suggests that multiple migrants possess higher levels of human capital than migrants in general. If this is indeed the case, multiple migrants are particularly interesting group of movers, because they point to how human capital can be transferred from one setting to another. This is potentially important for countries which compete for talent globally and try to attract the best worldwide. Multiple migration is interesting as well when analysed from the micro perspective: it highlights how and when decisions around mobility are taken, which destinations are chosen and for how long. Multiple migration also emphasises links between migration and individual life courses, as it can be taken individually or negotiated as a part of a household strategy. This is why the project will also examine repeat migrants along different categories of movers that can be represented, among which labour migrants, following family member, moving for self-development or education etc. Thus this research project proposes to study: Who are multiple migrants? How do they make decisions about migration? What are the types of movers, their routes, motivations for moving, sequences of migration spells and their durations? What are the labour market trajectories of multiple migrants? In order to provide a broad picture of repeat migration the project will build on expertise from different disciplines: sociology, geography, psychology, economics, demographics, political sciences and the IT. Interdisciplinary approach will ensure a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. It will also contribute to development of innovative set of quantitative and qualitative methods. These tools will allow locating highly mobile migrants with an online survey and tracking their trajectories as they move across countries and labour markets using repeated in-depth interview strategy. For this reason an interdisciplinary working group (WG) at the Centre of Migration Research (CMR) will be established. It will focus specifically on innovative methods for migration studies.

This report describes a Dublin System on the brink of a major crisis. The report examines the significance of the Dublin Regulation for the onward migration of asylum seekers within Europe, based on data collected in Norway, Sweden, and Germany from February to April 2015. Our findings from this period are currently confirmed and strengthened with the increasing numbers of asylum seekers coming to Europe. The purpose of the Dublin Regulation is to determine the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States. It is crucial how the Dublin Regulation is applied, as this decides where migrants will live in the future. This research project aimed to identify the most important effects of the Dublin Regulation from the points of view of Member States as well as from migrants’ perspectives. The sharing of responsibility for asylum seekers in Europe is controversial. While the Dublin Regulation is the only current framework for allocating responsibility for individual asylum claims among the European countries, it is not designed to be an instrument for the general sharing of responsibility between Member States. The absence of adequate instruments for such sharing has detrimental results for Member States, the European Union, and migrants alike.

"Transnationale Familien, in denen Familienmitglieder im Herkunftsland verbleiben, während ein oder mehrere Familienmitglieder ins Ausland migrieren, sind ein Phänomen, das seit Ende der 1990er Jahre verstärkt in den Fokus der Wissenschaft gerückt ist. Jedoch beschäftigen sich bis jetzt nur wenige Studien umfassend mit transnationalen Familienkonstellationen im Kontext von Fluchtmigration. Sowohl die ursprüngliche Migrationsentscheidung als auch die Situation im Zielland hängen dabei nicht alleine von den migrierenden Individuen, sondern auch von ihrem familiären Kontext ab. Ziel des Projektes ist es daher, zu untersuchen, welcher Zusammenhang zwischen unterschiedlichen Familienkonstellationen und den durch die Flucht bedingten Veränderungen und dem Leben der geflüchteten Personen in Deutschland besteht. Das in Kooperation mit dem Forschungszentrum des Bundesamts für Migration und Flüchtlinge durchgeführte Projekt analysiert dabei, welche Formen, Strukturen und regionale Verortung transnationale Familien aufweisen. Darüber hinaus wird nicht nur die Entstehung von transnationalen Familien beleuchtet, sondern auch deren Veränderungen, die durch den Verbleib der Migrantinnen und Migranten im Zielland, Weiterwanderung oder deren Rückkehr ins Herkunftsland oder Familienzusammenführung ausgelöst sind. Durch die mit der Migration verbundene räumliche Trennung einzelner Familienmitglieder verändern sich die Beziehungen innerhalb einer Familie: Es soll daher außerdem untersucht werden, wie die Beziehungen zu den zurückgebliebenen Familienmitgliedern im Herkunftsland gepflegt werden sowie welche familiären Austauschprozesse existieren. Des Weiteren sollen im Rahmen dieser Studie auch die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Familienkonstellationen und sozialen Netzwerken beziehungsweise der sozialen Einbindung in Deutschland herausgearbeitet werden."

Since independence of the Central Asian states in the aftermath of the end of the of the USSR, their economic situation has markedly deteriorated. As a result, labor migration from Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to Russia and Kazakhstan has significantly increased during the past two decades. This trend continues notwithstanding the cuts caused by the global economic crisis. Financed by the Gerda-Henkel-Foundation, BICC is conducting a pilot study which investigates mid- and long-term effects of labor migration on the development and stability of Tajik society.

This project begins with the basic premise that refugees are migrants: by legal definition and political conception, they have left their home countries to seek refuge. This project aims to re-assess refugee protection through a lens of mobility and migration, locating the study of refugee law in the context of the refugee regime. It examines the three key aspects of refugee law – access to protection, refugee status determination, and refugee rights – bringing them into conversation with the refugee regime’s norms and practices on responsibility-sharing and solutions. Crucially, the project takes a long and broad view of refugee protection, in order to open up new possibilities and trajectories. It also integrates a legal assessment of the role of non-state actors in refugee protection. Using the broad notion of ‘intermediary’ in the migration process, it will assess the regulatory environment on access to protection, so-called ‘secondary movement’ and onward migration. It will provide an important legal assessment of the role of the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and the duties of humanitarian actors in refugee protection. It addresses the EU, not as a singularity, but as an actor in the global regime. The project is methodologically ground-breaking. It identifies practices that determine access to and the quality of refugee protection, and how these practices have developed across jurisdictions and over time, thereby historicizing and reframing the practices in question. As well as rigorous doctrinal (‘black letter’) legal analysis, it will use go beyond doctrine, and draw on theoretical conceptions of legality to explore the particular modes of regulating mobility and migration that are now central to refugee protection. It will also develop new inter-disciplinary methods, using comparative legal, historical and political-scientific tools.