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The interactive nature of acculturation: perceived discrimination, acculturation attitudes and stress among young ethnic repatriates in Finland, Israel and Germany

Authors	Jasinskaja-Lahti, K Liebkind, G Horenczyk, ...
Year	2003
Journal Name	International Journal of Intercultural Relations
Citations (WoS)	121
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1 Journal Article

Transnationalism as a Social Resource among Diaspora Communities

Principal investigator	Östen Wahlbeck (Principal Investigator), Peter Holley (Researcher), Saara Koikkalainen (Reasearcher), Sanna Saksela-Bergholm (Researcher), Mari Toivanen (Researcher)
Description	Research project funded by the Academy of Finland (no 295417). The project studies transnational ties and practices of immigrant and diaspora communities. It provides information about the processes whereby social resources can bridge the divide between migrants’ new home countries and societies of origin. This project examines how social resources are mobilized as social or political action among members of diaspora communities both in the societies of settlement and departure. The case studies include Filipino migrants in Finland and their family members back home; second generation Kurds active in Kurdish diaspora organisations in Finland and France; and Finnish migrants in Western Europe and North America. The results provide information on the scope, nature and intensity of migrant communities’ transnational engagements in or towards Finland. It also sheds light on the structural factors that impede or facilitate the creation and maintenance of such engagements.
Year	2016
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2 Project

Boundaries of Belonging: Highly Skilled Migrants and the Migrant Hierarchy in Finland

Authors	Kaisu Koskela
Year	2014
Journal Name	Journal of Finnish Studies
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3 Journal Article

Insecure lives: Irregular Migration and Precarious Labour in Finland (INSECURE) / Epävarma elämä: Epävirallinen maahanmuutto ja prekaari työ Suomessa (INSECURE) (550 000 €)

Description	Project description: INSECURE is a multi-sited, multi-method study of irregular migration in Finland. It provides an understanding of how mobility controls, employment and citizenship regimes affect migrants’ social and material conditions in Finland and produce everyday insecurity of existence and marginalisation. The project obtains knowledge on how migrants cope with precarious living and working conditions. INSECURE analyses the ways in which irregular migration is framed as a security question in Finnish policy documents. The project produces applicable empirical knowledge to assist policy-making in confronting the question of irregular migration in Finland. By investigating the situation of vulnerable subjects excluded from the realm of citizenship, the project breaks new ground in revealing what security de facto means in contemporary societies characterised by multiple forms of mobilities, including irregular migration. / Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: INSECURE on monipaikkainen ja –metodinen tutkimus epävirallisesta maahanmuutosta Suomessa. Projekti tuottaa uudenlaista ymmärrystä siitä, kuinka liikkuvuuden, työmarkkinoiden ja kansalaisuuden kontrollointi tuottavat jokapäiväistä turvattomuutta ja syrjäytymistä ja vaikuttavat siirtolaisten yhteiskunnallisiin ja taloudellisiin elinehtoihin Suomessa. Projektissa tutkitaan, kuinka siirtolaiset rakentavat elämäänsä turvattomuuden ja prekaarien työsuhteiden ja asumisolojen ympäristössä. INSECURE analysoi epävirallisen maahanmuuton turvallistamista viranomaisdiskursseissa Suomessa. Projekti tuottaa soveltamiskelpoista empiiristä tietoa epäviralliseen maahanmuuttoon liittyvän päätöksenteon tueksi. Haavoittuvassa asemassa olevien ja kansalaisuuteen sidottujen oikeuksien ulkopuolelle suljettujen siirtolaisten aseman tutkiminen avaa uusia näkökulmia turvallisuuden käytännön merkityksiin nykyisessä yhteiskunnassa, jota luonnehtii monimuotoisen liikkuvuuden ja epävirallisen maahanmuuton muodot.
Year	2014
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4 Project

Inflyttad från Sverige En studie av rikssvenska erfarenheter i Helsingfors

Year	2015
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5 Book

To Share or Not to Share Responsibility? Finnish Refugee Policy and the Hesitant Support for a Common European Asylum System

Authors	Östen Wahlbeck
Year	2019
Journal Name	Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies
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6 Journal Article

The Kurdish Refugee Diaspora in Finland

Year	2012
Journal Name	Diaspora Studies
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7 Journal Article

The Kurdish Refugee Diaspora in Finland

Authors	Östen Wahlbeck
Year	2012
Journal Name	Diaspora Studies
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8 Journal Article

The Transferability and Mobilisability of Transnational Social Resources

Authors	Östen Wahlbeck
Year	2018
Journal Name	Nordic Journal of Migration Research
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9 Journal Article

In-Between Space/Time: Affective Exceptionality during the ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Northern Finland

Authors	Saara Koikkalainen, Tiina Seppälä, Tapio Nykänen, ...
Year	2020
Journal Name	Nordic Journal of Migration Research
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10 Journal Article

Migration for whose benefit? Pakistani and Indian migrant communities’ remittance sending behavior and integration in Finland and Sweden. (89 500 €)

Principal investigator	Zain Ul Abdin ()
Description	Project description: The aim of this doctoral research is to explore contemporary migration and remittance sending behaviors and their impacts on socio-professional integration of migrants from Pakistan and India in Finland and Sweden. The research assumes that distinct groups of migrants carry dissimilar cultural obligations upon migration, which emphasizes the need to compare migrants from different places of origin. As for the integration process, it is argued that acquiring a job to earn and send money back home promotes initial integration but minimizes consumption and the search for support from various compatriots tends to weaken the integration process in the long run. Migrants pushed by stronger obligations to remit spend a fairly longer time doing odd jobs than those with mild compulsions. Not pushed to work longer hours in unskilled jobs, the latter can dedicate more time to finishing their University degrees, learning the language, and eventually turn out to become an entrepreneur or acquire a professional job. The empirical data collection entails participant observations and semi-structured interviews in Malmö and Stockholm in Sweden and Helsinki and Turku in Finland. The primary foci of this research are those migrants who entered on a student visa. This multidisciplinary research addresses an understudied aspect of migrant behaviour, both in Finland and in neighbouring Sweden, namely the relationship between remittance sending and migrant integration. The study asks, who really benefits from migration. Is it the migrant himself/herself or the relatives of the migrant back home who receive the bulk of remittances? The research fills theoretical and empirical gaps regarding different migrant groups' behaviour in remittance vs. integration.
Year	2017
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11 Project

The Governance of Islam in Finland and Ireland

Authors	Tuula Sakaranaho, Tuomas Martikainen
Year	2015
Journal Name	Journal of Religion in Europe
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12 Journal Article

delete: Recent trends in migrants' flows and stocks

Authors	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Description	Recent trends in migrants' flows and stocks 2005, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.
Year	2018
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13 Data Set

Recent trends in migrants' flows and stocks

Authors	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Description	Recent trends in migrants' flows and stocks 2005, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States.
Year	2018
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14 Data Set

Inequalities in Motion: Transnational Families in Estonia and Finland. / Eriarvoisuus liikkeessä: Ylirajaiset perheet Virossa ja Suomessa. (289 200 €)

Principal investigator	Laura Assmuth ()
Description	Summary in English not available, Summary in Finnish: Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Hankkeessa tarkastellaan Viron ja Suomen välistä muuttoliikettä ja pendelöintiä sekä näihin liittyvää eriarvoisuutta. Viro ja Suomi muodostavat aidosti ylirajaisen alueen: kymmenet tuhannet ihmiset ylittävät säännöllisesti Suomenlahden, jotkut jopa viikottain, toiset muutaman kerran vuodessa. Ylirajainen liikkuvuus ei muuta ainoastaan ulkomailla työskentelevien elämää. Yksilökeskeisen näkökulman muuttoliikkeeseen on yhä suuremmassa määrin korvannut tietoisuus siitä, että kaikilla muuttajilla on perhesidoksia, riippumatta sitä muuttavatko he yksin vai läheistensä kanssa. Hankkeessa keskitymme perheiden pärjäämiseen uusissa olosuhteissa sekä liikkuvuuden subjektiivisiin ja tunneperäisiin ulottuvuuksiin: miten ylirajainen perhe-elämä ja siihen kytkeytyvä eriarvoisuus koetaan ja miten eri perheenjäsenet tästä kertovat. Metodologisesti lähestymistapamme on innovatiivinen: näkökulma on etnografinen, mutta tutkijat käyttävät useita eri menetelmiä osallistuvasta havainnoinnista ja tutkittavien mukana liikkumisesta lasten sadutukseen ja piirrättämiseen. Taiteilijat panostavat monipuolisten visuaalisten metodien muodossa, ja journalisti tuo mukaan yksilöiden näkökulman ja perheiden tarinat muutosta. Tutkittavien ihmisten ja perheiden määrä on rajallinen, ja yhteistyötä samojen perheiden kanssa tehdään koko kolmen vuoden projektin ajan. Hankkeen tuloksia esitellään suurelle yleisölle paitsi tekstien (artikkelit, kirjat, blogi) myös dokumenttifilmin, (sarja)kuvien ja katutaiteen keinoin.Tieteen, taiteen ja journalismin välisiä sekä kansallisia rajoja ylittävä tutkimushanke ja –asetelma tuottaa uudenlaista ymmärrystä liikkuvuuteen ja ylirajaiseen perhe-elämään kytkeytyvästä eriarvoisuudesta. Ylirajaisuuden subjektiiviseen ja emotionaaliseen puoleen paneudutaan sensitiivisen tutkimusotteen ja innovatiivisten työskentelymenetelmien avulla. Tuloksena on monipuolisia visuaalisia ja taiteellisia tuotoksia. Tavoitteena on saavuttaa myös laaja yleisö molemmissa tutkittavissa maissa.
Year	2015
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15 Project

Predictors of the actual degree of acculturation of Russian-speaking immigrant adolescents in Finland

Authors	Jasinskaja-Lahti, K Liebkind
Year	2000
Journal Name	International Journal of Intercultural Relations
Citations (WoS)	30
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16 Journal Article

‘Sometimes It Feels Like Every Word Is a Lie’: Media Use and Social (In)Security Among Finnish Russian-Speakers

Authors	Tiina Sotkasiira
Year	2017
Journal Name	Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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17 Journal Article

‘Sometimes It Feels Like Every Word Is a Lie’: Media Use and Social (In)Security Among Finnish Russian-Speakers

Authors	Tiina Sotkasiira
Year	2017
Journal Name	Central and Eastern European Migration Review
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18 Journal Article

Migration, political parties and media in the Nordic countries, Report and Policy Brief 2016:6

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19 Report Series

Expatriate Childhood. Children's Experiences of Temporary Migration. / Ekspatriaattilapsuus: Lasten kokemuksia tilapäisestä maahanmuutosta. (438 874 €)

Principal investigator	Mari Korpela ()
Description	Project description: Increasing numbers of highly educated migrants work abroad temporarily. Often, these expatriates are accompanied by their children but very little is known about the children although their wellbeing is important for the families’ comfort. This ethnographic study investigates such children (8-15 years old) in Finland. The study asks how the children experience their temporary migration and their lifestyle that includes frequent transnational mobility. What kind of lives do they lead? How do they negotiate their identities and place within the current system of nation states? What the significance of nationalities, cosmopolitanism and class is? The project investigates the children’s lives and views, develops theory on transnational mobility and child migration, and produces information for policy-makers, teachers, expatriate families and children. Research material includes field diaries on participant observation, interviews, and visual data produced together with the children. / Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Yhä useampi korkeasti koulutettu asiantuntija työskentelee tilapäisesti ulkomailla. Usein nämä ekspatriaatit tulevat lastensa kanssa, mutta lapsista tiedetään hyvin vähän vaikka heidän viihtymisensä on tärkeää perheiden hyvinvoinnille. Tämä etnografinen tutkimus perehtyy 8-15-vuotiaisiin ekspatriaattilapsiin Suomessa. Tutkimuksessa kysytään miten lapset kokevat tilapäisen maahanmuuttonsa sekä ylirajaisesti liikkuvan elämäntapansa. Millaista elämää he elävät? Miten he määrittelevät identiteettiään ja paikkaansa vallitsevassa kansallisvaltiojärjestelmässä? Mikä on kansallisuuksien, kosmopoliittisuuden ja luokan merkitys? Projektissa perehdytään lasten elämään ja näkemyksiin, kehitetään teoriaa ylirajaisesta liikkuvuudesta ja lapsisiirtolaisuudesta sekä tuotetaan opettajille, ekspatriaattiperheille ja - lapsille sekä viranomaisille hyödyllistä tietoa. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu osallistuvasta havainnoinnista, haastatteluista ja yhdessä lasten kanssa tuotetusta visuaalisesti materiaalista.
Year	2019
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20 Project

Irregular migration in times of global economic crisis - perceptions and realities in Europe, Africa, Latin-America and Asia

Principal investigator	Gunnar Geyer (Principal Investigator ), Dita Vogel (Principal Investigator )
Description	Migration policies are guided more by fears than by facts. Many fears are rooted in economic arguments. In receiving regions, e.g., natives fear that immigrants will take their jobs. In sending regions, there is the fear of losing the migration option and of decreasing remittances due to the economic crisis. The research group seeks to investigate into perceptions and realities in selected migrant-sending and receiving countries. It will compare perceptions and realities as reflected in data, media and public discourses, which are obstructing the creation and sharing of knowledge. With the planning grant, the project team aims at elaborating a comparative theoretical and methodological approach suitable for the study of the perceptions and realities of irregular migration in times of global economic crisis. Reports about the state of art will focus on China, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Nigeria, Spain and the United Kingdom.
Year	2009
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21 Project

Existential mobilities: Politics of belonging among young people from conflict generated diasporas in Finland and Canada

Description	Project description: What happens when young people originating from conflict zones grow up in a different country? To what extent do they have a tendency to live with people coming from the same area? Does it entail a danger of propagating conflict to their host society? How could policy makers better evaluate this risk and respond adequately? This project proposes to answer these questions by studying the habits and world views of young people originating from war-torn countries but living in Finland and Canada, two countries having very different immigration histories and thus offering a good view on how immigrant communities or diasporas actually work, how they are created or sustained. Focusing on youth’s ways of seeing their own identity and their relations to their surroundings, the research intends to gain novel information valuable to policy makers and associative actors alike to face the challenge of multiculturalism. / Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Mitä tapahtuu, kun konfliktialueelta kotoisin olevat nuoret kasvavat eri maassa? Missä määrin nämä nuoret kiinnittyvät samalta alueelta kotoisin olevien ihmisiin? Voiko tästä seurata konflikteja vastaanottavassa yhteiskunnassa? Kuinka poliittiset toimijat voisivat arvioida konfliktin riskit ja vastata niihin riittävällä valmiudella? Tässä projektissa pyritään vastaamaan edellä esitettyihin kysymyksiin tutkimalla sodan repimiltä alueilta kotoisin olevien nuorten tapoja ja maailmankuvia Suomessa ja Kanadassa. Suomen ja Kanadan maahanmuuton historiallinen tausta poikkeaa toisistaan monella tapaa. Niiden vertaileminen tarjoaa erinomaisen lähtökohdan maahanmuuttajayhteisöjen ja diasporien muodostumisen ja ylläpitämisen tutkimiseen. Keskittymällä nuorten omaan tapaan hahmottaa identiteettiään ja suhteitaan ympäristöönsä, tutkimus pyrkii kokoamaan uudenlaista tietoa päättäjille ja järjestökentän toimijoille, jotta ne pystyisivät vastaamaan paremmin monikulttuurisuuden haasteisiin.
Year	2017
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22 Project

BORDER CHECK TRAINING IN FINLAND - COMPARISON OF E-LEARNING TOOLS FOR PRACTICAL AND LEGAL STUDIES

Authors	Sari Lindblom-Häkkinen, Saila Heinikoski, Maisa Anttila
Year	2018
Journal Name	SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. Volume V, May 25th-26th
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23 Journal Article

Perception and evaluation of Polish cultural femininity in Poland, the United States, Finland, and the Netherlands

Authors	P Boski, Fons van de Vijver, H Hurme, ...
Year	1999
Journal Name	Cross-Cultural Research
Citations (WoS)	4
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24 Journal Article

International Human Rights Frameworks in Relation to National Family Reunification Policy and Administrative Practice

Authors	Jaana Palander, Usumain Baraka, Hilda Gustafsson, ...
Year	2023
Book Title	Forced Migration and Separated Families
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25 Book Chapter

Migration and Transformation: Multi-Level Analysis of Migrant Transnationalism

Authors	Pirkko Pitkanen, Ahmet İçduygu, Deniz Sert
Year	2012
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26 Book

Irregular Migration in times of global economic crisis – perceptions and realities in Europe, Africa, Latin-America and Asia

Principal investigator	Dita Vogel (Project Coordinator)
Description	Migration policies are guided more by fears than by facts. Many fears are rooted in economic arguments. They are thus intensified in times of economic crisis. In receiving regions, natives fear that immigrants will take their jobs or put additional strain on social infrastructure and the welfare system. In sending regions, there is the fear of losing the migration option and of decreasing remittances. The moral panic generated by changes in migration situation can often lead to a fear of and hatred for "the other" and social crisis. This pilot project seeks to explore perceptions and realities of irregular migration in 4 European countries (Germany, United Kingdom, Spain and Finland) and 3 non-European countries (China, Nigeria and Ecuador) and develop a larger international research project on these issues under the “Europe and Global Challenges” Programme, jointly organised by the a consortium of foundations composed of the Compagnia di San Paolo (Italy), the Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (Sweden) and the Volkswagenstiftung (Germany). Objectives • To elaborate a comparative theoretical and methodological approach suitable for the study of the perceptions and realities of irregular migration • To prepare reports about the state-of-art concerning perceptions and reality of irregular migration in times of global economic crisis in the selected European and non-European countries • To integrate theoretical, methodological and organisational approaches into a coherent project and team structure
Year	2009
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27 Project

Crossing Borders for Health and Well-being – A mixed methods study on medical travel between Finland, Russia and Estonia. (228 000 €)

Principal investigator	Laura Lyytikäinen ()
Description	Summary in English not available, Summary in Finnish: Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Hankkeessa tutkimme terveyttä ja terveysmatkailua Suomessa, Virossa ja Venäjällä käyttäen monia erilaisia tutkimusmenetelmiä (mixed methods). Hankkeen tutkimusprojektit lähestyvät terveysliikkuvuutta maahanmuuton ja terveysturismin näkökulmista. Tutkimme venäläis- ja virolaistaustaisten maahanmuuttajien terveyspalvelujen käyttöä Suomessa ja kotimaissaan sekä venäläisiä ja suomalaisia terveys- ja hyvinvointituristeja Suomessa ja Virossa. Kysymme kuinka käsitykset terveydestä ja hyvinvoinnista muokkautuvat rajat ylittävässä (transnational) kontekstissa ja kuinka nämä käsitykset liikkuvat ja liikuttavat terveyspalveluiden käyttäjiä pohjoisen Itämeren maiden välillä. Olemme kiinnostuneita paikan merkityksestä terveyskäsityksille – kuinka esimerkiksi Suomi määrittyy toisille terveyden turistikohteeksi ja toisille ”epäterveelliseksi” paikaksi, josta halutaan matkustaa tutumpaa, halvempaa tai parempaa palvelua tarjoavaan naapurimaahan. Hankkeemme on rohkea avaus, koska se ylittää rajoja monessa mielessä: ylittämällä metodologisia rajoja (kvalitatiivinen ja kvantitatiivinen tutkimus) sekä ammentamalla eri tieteenalojen teoriaperinteistä (sosiologia, antropologia, terveystutkimus, maantiede ja tilastotiede). Tutkimus pyrkii haastamaan käsityksiämme suomalaisesta terveysjärjestelmästä ja palvelukulttuurista maahanmuuttajien ja muiden rajoja ylittävien käyttäjien näkökulmasta. Hankkeemme on rohkea avaus, koska se ylittää rajoja monessa mielessä: ylittämällä metodologisia rajoja (kvalitatiivinen ja kvantitatiivinen tutkimus) sekä ammentamalla eri tieteenalojen teoriaperinteistä (sosiologia, antropologia, terveystutkimus, maantiede ja tilastotiede). Tutkimus pyrkii haastamaan käsityksiämme suomalaisesta terveysjärjestelmästä ja palvelukulttuurista maahanmuuttajien ja muiden rajoja ylittävien käyttäjien näkökulmasta. Työryhmän jäsenet: Kuukausiapurahan saajat: Harley Bergroth, Laura Lyytikäinen, Teemu Tapio Kemppainen, Veera Koskinen
Year	2016
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28 Project

Tracing UMAs´ families A comparative study of some European countries´ practices and experiences in tracing the parents or caregivers of unaccompanied minor asylum seekers

Authors	Kirsten Danielsen, Marie Louise Seeberg
Description	This report is a study of different European countries´ practices and experiences in tracing the parents or other caregivers of separated minor asylum seekers. The term "unaccompanied minor asylum seekers" (UMAs) refers to children under the age of 18 who are separated from their caregivers, and who apply for asylum in a foreign country. The increase in the numbers of UMAs arriving in Europe from 2000-2003, along with an understanding of UMAs as particularly vulnerable, formed the point of departure for the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration to initiate this study. Our main source of data has been an electronic, web-based survey. The questionnaire was sent to Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. None of these countries have a separate tracing unit within the organization responsible for tracing UMAs´ families. All the countries co-operate with NGOs, mostly with the national offices of the Red Cross on an ad hoc basis.Some countries make use of their embassies or other diplomatic missions in the UMAs countries of origin. Our findings show that tracing work is both difficult and resource-demanding, and the success rate generally low. Furthermore, not all successful family tracing leads to family reunification. In most cases, if the countries do not succeed in their tracing attempts or adequate care is not available in the country of origin or a third country, the minor is given temporary or permanent residence in the receiving country.
Year	2006
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29 Report

Crossings of borders in times of crisis. Finland and Sweden as transit countries of refugees and forced migrants in 1914–1945. (92 000 €)

Principal investigator	Annette Forsén ()
Description	Summary in English not available, Summary in Finnish: Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Projekti käsittelee Suomea ja Ruotsia kauttakulkumaina vuosina 1914–1945. Tutkimuksen toisena ja kolmantena vuonna keskitytään aikaan 1919-1945. Suurimmat pakolaisvirrat tapahtuivat silloin 1917–1922 Venäjän vallankumouksen, Venäjän sisällissodan ja Venäjällä olevan nälänhädän seurauksena sekä 1938-1945 Hitler Saksan ja toisen maailmansodan seurauksena. Kysymyksenasettelu on rajoitettu pakolaisuuteen ja maahanmuuttoon pakon edessä (ns. forced migration).Tutkimus, joka on komparatiivinen, tuo esille transnationalistisen näkökulman pakolaiskysymykseen. Tutkimuksessa pyritään saada vastauksia seuraaviin kysymyksiin: Miten maiden viranomaiset ja paikalliset tahot hoitivat pakolaiskysymystä ja maahanmuuttovirta rajojen yli sekä miten he reagoivat kauttakulkuun? Miten paljon ja millä tavalla Suomi ja Ruotsi tekivät yhteistyötä maahanmuuttokysymyksissä? Kuinka suuri osa kauttakulkuliikenne oli koko maahanmuutosta? Erityinen huomio annetaan Suomen ja Ruotsin välisiin rajanylityksiin. Tärkeimmät lähteet löytyvät Suomen ja Ruotsin Kansallisarkistoista (mm. Suomen kenraalikuvernöörin, Suomen senaatin, Valtion pakolaisavustuskeskus ja Suomen punaisen ristin arkistot sekä Svenska Röda korset, Socialstyrelsen ja Passbyrån) ja ulkoministeriöiden arkistoista. Projektissa tuodaan esille uusi näkökulma, transitkysymys, Suomen ja Ruotsin pakolaisuuden historiassa. Projektin päämäärä on vertailevan tutkimuksen kautta luoda laajempaa kuvaa rajojen ylityksistä ja valtioiden toimintaan kriisien aikana. Aihe liittyy vahvasti ajankohtaisiin yhteiskuntakysymyksiin.
Year	2017
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30 Project

Learning from our past: the effect of forced migration from Karelia on family life. (225 000 €)

Principal investigator	John Loer ()
Description	Project description: The consequences of forced migrations are felt worldwide and faced by millions of people each year. The plight of migrants has come to the forefront recently as masses of people have migrated to Europe seeking asylum from predicaments faced at home. We will investigate the World War II evacuation of Karelians to southern and central Finland to determine the long-term outcomes of forced migration in order to learn from the past. The evacuees encountered much the same traumas and faced similar prejudices and resentment that current migrants face, making this population particularly appropriate to gain insight into the present and future of European migrants. Using an untapped data set from hundreds of thousands of displaced migrants and resident Finns, we will investigate the effect of forced migration on family relations and childbearing and assess the integration of migrants into society. In this project we will assess: 1) whether marital and reproductive behaviour of evacuees and resident Finns differ, 2) the consequences of mobility on reproductive behaviour, 3) whether the presence of neighbours or kin (e.g. grandmothers or siblings) mitigates effects on reproductive behaviour, 4) the socio-economic and social integration of migrants into society through marriage and the accumulation of wealth. These questions will be assessed relative to the study subject age at migration and gender, to determine the characteristics of sensitivity to forced migration. In this research project we intend to investigate the Karelian evacuees from a perspective never before considered and gain insight into general questions important to modern society by studying past events. There are few population level studies available on forced migrants’ marital and reproductive behaviour, and none that can assess marital and reproductive behaviour, kin relationships, and mobility before and after forced migration and at a multigenerational level. Workgroup members Monthly grant recipients:John Loehr, Pettay Jenni, To be named To be named Other members: Anna Rotkirch, Johanna Mappes, Mirkka Danielsbacka, Tuomas Salmi, Virpi Lummaa
Year	2016
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31 Project

Third-country national victims of trafficking in human beings: detection, identification and protection

Authors	European Migration Network (EMN)
Description	Trafficking in human beings is a crime against the victim’s fundamental rights. It can take several forms, such as sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery and servitude-related practices, as well as the removal of organs. This practice is prohibited under numerous EU and international instruments. Yet, persistent demand for sexual services and for low-wage workers employed in manual jobs continues to provide opportunities for traffickers to exploit human beings. This EMN study provides an overview of measures and best practices around detection, identification and protection of third-country national victims of trafficking in human beings from January 2015 to December 2020. The European study provides an answer to a number of key questions. How do EU Member States, Norway and Georgia tackle human trafficking of third-country nationals? How do countries ensure cooperation at EU and international level? What were the main challenges and good practices identified in respect of the impact of COVID-19?
Year	2022
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32 Report

Measuring Irregular Migration and Related Policies (MIRREM)

Principal investigator	Albert Kraler (Scientific Coordinator), Ettore Recchi (PI European University Institute), Franck Düvell (PI University of Osnabrück), Arjen Leerkes (PI University of Maastricht), Jussi Jauhiainen (PI University of Turku), Claudia Finotelli (PI Complutense University Madrid), Marina Nikolova (PI Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy), Maurizio Ambrosini (PI University of Milan), Michele LeVoy (PI Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migration), Veronika Bilger (PI International Centre for Migration Policy Development ), Jasmijn Slootjes (PI Migration Policy Institute Europe), Pawel Kaczmarczyk (PI University of Warsaw), Tuba Bircan (PI Vrije Universiteit Brussel ), Anna Triandafyllidou (PI Toronto Metropolitan University), Alan Desmond (PI University of Leiceister), Carlos Vargas-Silva (PI University of Oxford), João Carvalho (PI CIES-ISCTE)
Description	Targeted policy responses for irregular migration require better knowledge about the characteristics of the irregular migrant population and dynamics of irregular migration, as well as about the effects of policy measures. Yet, quantitative data relating to irregular migration are scarce, often outdated and contested. The inadequecy of current data makes it challenging for stakeholders to develop and monitor policies. How do legal frameworks in different countries define migrant irregularity? What are the characteristics of irregular migrants in terms of age, gender, nationality or other socioeconomic variables? How can the effects of policy measures, such as regularisation, be assessed? MIrreM adresses the challenge of insufficent knowledge about irregular migration and regularisation in Europe by actively involving relevant stakeholders in every stage of this project – as co-creators of its results and as stakeholders to its mission. In a rigorous comparative and multi-level study, we will assess the policies, data needs and estimates that define migrant irregularity in 11 EU member states, the UK, Canada, the USA and five transit countries. Using several coordinated pilots we will develop new and innovative methods for measuring irregular migration and ‘regularisation scenarios’, and we will explore if and how these instruments can be transferred or scaled up to other socio-economic or institutional conditions. Based on these insights, we will develop two public databases: a) a database with estimates on irregular migrant stocks and b) a database on irregular migration flows, that will also include data on regularisations. Together with the expert groups, we will synthesize our findings into a Handbook on data on irregular migration and a Handbook on regularisation that will support evidenced-based and targeted policymaking concerning irregular migration. Finally, we will develop training resources for policymakers, practitioners, journalists and early-career researchers.
Year	2022
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33 Project

Responses to long-term irregularly staying migrants: practices and challenges in EU Member States and Norway

Authors	European Migration Network (EMN)
Description	This study aims to provide an overview of existing policies and practices in the EU Member States and Norway towards third-country nationals in a prolonged situation of irregular stay. The overall focus is on those third-country nationals subject to a return decision but whose return was not enforced or was postponed, and those without a return decision who are unknown to the authorities. The study explores the responses and approaches by central and local authorities to end those situations and mitigate the social consequences for the third-country nationals affected. It examines access by these groups to mainstream services. The status of third-country nationals who cannot be returned due to legal or practical obstacles varies within and across the Member States as it does not rely on a harmonisation at EU level and usually depends on individual circumstances. Services provided to long-term irregular migrants with some form of status/authorisation are limited compared to those provided to regular migrants, often discretionary, and difficult to access, especially concerning social protection benefits and employment. Services available to undetected migrants with no authorisation to stay are even more limited and essentially rely on the application of standards set out in international human rights law. The main service providers for long-term irregular migrants are national authorities and municipalities, with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) providing complementary and/or autonomous services. In order to end irregular stay in general, not only focusing on long-term specifically, (voluntary) return is prioritised in the Member States, whereas regularisation is only marginally addressed in policy. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the situation of migrants who cannot be returned or who remain undetected by the authorities, due to the urgency in ensuring universal access to medical care. In a limited number of cases, labour market shortages in essential sectors due to border closures led to regularisation of workers with skills in shortage areas.
Year	2021
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34 Report

Accurate, timely, interoperable? Data management in the asylum procedure

Authors	European Migration Network (EMN)
Description	This study examines how data are managed in the different phases of the asylum procedure (making, registering, lodging and examining) across the Member States and Norway. It maps data management approaches in the asylum procedure (i.e. data protection and safeguards), examines challenges faced by Member States, and analyses the impact of any procedural changes to enhance data-sharing among asylum authorities (and others). This study reflects the situation and developments in data management in the asylum procedure between 2014 and 2020. Member States collect different types of data as part of the asylum procedure. However, some categories of data are commonly collected by most, if not all, Member States and Norway, including data on current and/or birth names, birth date, citizenship, contact details, health status, photo and fingerprints, information on family members already in a Member State, vulnerabilities, and level of education. Data on asylum applicants are primarily collected through oral interviews, questionnaires and electronic tools (for biometric data). However, several Member States have also started to use social media analysis, analysis of mobile devices and artificial intelligence (AI) to collect data on asylum applicants. Most Member States and Norway cross-check data on asylum applicants against European (i.e. Visa Information System (VIS), Schengen Information System (SIS), Eurodac) and national databases. Only a minority cross-check information against international databases. Since 2014, most Member States have experienced challenges in data management. These challenges primarily relate to the lack of human or financial resources and the interoperability of (national) databases. Some Member States changed their data management procedures in response to challenges to the implementation of asylum processes posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, including the digitalisation of some steps of the asylum procedure and changes in the collection of fingerprints.
Year	2020
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35 Report

HEUNI Report Series №91. Unseen Victims. Why Refugee Women Victims of Gender-Based Violence Do Not Receive Assistance in the EU

Authors	HEUNI, Inka Lilja, Elina Kervinen, ...
Description	The HEUNI report "Unseen Victims" presents the manifestations and consequences of gender-based violence and the challenges in assisting victims of violence in the migration context. With this report the authors aimed to increase the understanding of policymakers on the structural challenges asylum-seeking and refugee women who have experienced gender-based violence face.
Year	2020
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36 Report

The privilege of free movement

Authors	Saila Heinikoski
Year	2019
Journal Name	Approaching Religion
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37 Journal Article

Handbook on counselling asylum seeking and refugee women victims of gender-based violence

Authors	HEUNI, Inka Lilja
Description	The purpose of this handbook is to describe a counselling method for assisting refugee women who have been victims of gender-based violence (GBV). The handbook was developed during 2017-2019 in a project titled “Co-creating a counselling method for refugee women GBV victims (CCM-GBV)” funded by the European Commission through the Rights, Equality and Citizenship (REC) Programme.
Year	2019
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38 Report

Migration and Transnational Social Protection in (post) Crisis Europe (MiTSoPro)

Description	MiTSoPro focuses on the link between migration and welfare across different European and non-European countries. The first part of the project closely examines migrants’ access to welfare in home and host countries. In doing so, the project adopts a top-down analytical approach of the concept of Transnational Social Protection from above, thus aiming to provide answers to the following research questions: Do migrants have access to social protection in Europe and beyond? What kind of social benefits can they access in their countries of residence and what type of social protection entitlements can they export from their countries of origin? Do some migrant groups benefit from an easier formal access to welfare benefits than others? Do some countries offer more inclusive social protection regimes for immigrants and emigrants alike? The first part of the project provides an in-depth analysis of eligibility conditions for accessing welfare entitlements across 40 countries. The project thus includes all EU Member States and 12 non-EU sending countries distributed across different continents, whose nationals represent an important share of the migration inflows towards European countries (the 12 non-EU countries included in the project are: Argentina, China, Ecuador, India, Lebanon, Morocco, Russia, Senegal, Serbia, Switzerland, Tunisia and Turkey). For each country, we systematically analyse migrants’ access to social benefits across five core policy areas that are closely examined via a broad range of indicators (i.e. specific types of social benefits in kind and cash): 1) Health care (benefits in kind and cash in case of sickness and invalidity benefits); 2) Unemployment (covering both unemployment insurance and unemployment assistance); 3) Old-age pensions (including contributory and non-contributory pensions); 4) Family benefits (maternity, paternity, parental, and child benefits); 5) Guaranteed minimum resources (social assistance programmes aiming to provide a “safety net” aiming to protect individuals from severe poverty). The data collection process was conducted between April 2019-January 2019, based on a survey with national experts across all country analysed. The survey included standardized questions, thus ensuring comparability across the different countries analysed, despite their different political settings and migration histories. The project covers national legislations in place in 2019. This first dataset on migrants’ access to welfare entitlement is complemented by a second one that examines the programmes and initiatives led by home countries authorities to respond to the social protection needs of their non-resident nationals. Covering the same 40 countries, this second dataset highlights the role of three key actors (consulates, diaspora institutions and home country ministries/agencies responsible for specific social policy areas) through which sending states interact with their nationals abroad across the five policy areas previously mentioned. The data collection of this second dataset is based on another survey conducted between April 2018-January 2019 with national experts across the 40 countries analysed in the project.
Year	2019
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39 Data Set

Foreigners' Crime and Punishment. Criminalizing Practices in Expulsions of Foreign Offenders.

Principal investigator	Jukka Könönen ()
Description	Project description: This research proposal addresses a contested topic, expulsion of foreign offenders. The primary data consists of the analysis of expulsion decisions for Estonian, Romanian, and West African citizens in 2014 and 2018. The comparative research setting enables to examine both racialized practices in the criminalization of migration and and tightening of immigration policies after the refugee crisis in 2015. The use of expulsion decisions as a research data is novel in the international context. Moreover, this research discusses the relation between the criminal law and the immigration law in migration management. The punitive application of the immigration law points to the separation of legal practices for citizens and non-citizens, which has significant implications for the whole judicial system. This research contributes to the international debates by breaking new empirical, methodological, and theoretical grounds in the field of migration studies and criminology. / Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Tutkimushanke käsittelee kiistanalaista aihetta, ulkomaalaisten rikosperusteisia käännytyksiä. Hankkeen pääasiallisena aineistona ovat Viron, Romanian ja Länsi-Afrikan kansalaisille tehdyt käännytyspäätökset vuonna 2014 ja 2018. Vertaileva tutkimusasetelma mahdollistaa tarkastella sekä maahanmuuton kriminallisoinnin rodullistettuja ulottuvuuksia että maahanmuuttopolitiikan kiristämistä vuoden 2015 ”pakolaiskriisin” jälkeen. Käytetty aineisto on ainutlaatuinen kansainvälisessä kontekstissa. Tutkimus pureutuu ulkomaalaislain ja rikoslain väliseen yhteyteen maahanmuuton hallinnassa. Ulkomaalaislain rankaiseva soveltaminen viittaa oikeuskäytäntöjen eriytymiseen rikosprosesseissa kansalaisten ja ulkomaalaisten välillä, millä on laajempia merkityksiä koko oikeusjärjestelmän kannalta. Tutkimus tuottaa uutta empiiristä tietoa sekä metodologisesti ja teoreettisesti uudenlaisia lähestymistapoja suhteessa kansainväliseen keskusteluun muuttoliikkeistä ja kriminologiasta.
Year	2019
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40 Project

Immigration, Integration und Einbürgerung: Neuzuwanderer, Policy Entscheidungen und Reaktionen von StaatsbürgerInnen

Principal investigator	Marc Helbling (Principal Investigator ), Richard Traunmüller (Principal Investigator )
Description	Die Art und Weise wie Migrationsströme und die Integration vonMigranten reguliert werden ist zu einem zentralen Gegenstandöffentlicher und akademischer Debatten geworden. Während es vielForschung zur Frage gibt wie viele Migranten in ein Land gelassenwerden sollen, wissen wir noch relativ wenig darüber wie spezifischeRegulierungen von BürgerInnen wahrgenommen werden und wie sichdiese Regulierungen auf ihre Einstellungen und ihr Verhalten undschlussendlich auf die Akzeptanz von Immigranten auswirken. Zieldieses Projekts ist es, evidenzbasierte Antworten auf folgende Fragezu finden: Was sind die Folgen von Immigrations-, Integrations- undEinbürgerungspolitik auf die Einstellungen und das Verhaltengegenüber Immigranten. Um Antworten auf diese Fragen zu finden,werden zwei Umfragen mit verschiedenen Umfrageexperimenten in Deutschland durchgeführt. Die Experimente erlauben uns, denkausalen Einfluss von Policies auf Einstellungen und Verhalten insystematischerer Weise zu untersuchen. Um diese Policyeffektegenauer zu untersuchen, werden die befragten Personen mitUmfragevignetten konfrontiert. Um die rationalen Interessen vonBürgerInnen besser zu verstehen, werden die Policyeinflüsse inAbhängigkeit der Akzeptanz zu diesen Regulierungen gemessen.Darüber hinaus untersuchen wir, ob diese Effekte davon beeinflusstwerden, ob sich durch die Regulierungen der Status Quo für diebefragten BürgerInnen verändert.
Year	2019
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41 Project

Outflows of foreign population from selected OECD countries

Description	Outflows of foreign population from selected OECD countries
Year	2018
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42 Data Set

Commitment to Development Index

Description	The Commitment to Development Index focuses policies that benefit people living in poorer nations. It ranks 27 of the world’s richest countries (for the period 2003-2018) on these policies. The Index comprises seven components: aid (both quantity, as a share of gross national income, and quality), trade, finance, migration, environment, security, and technology. Each component is underpinned by a series of indicators of policy effectiveness in these areas. A country receives points for policies and actions that support poor nations in their efforts to build prosperity, good government, and security. The scores across these seven components are averaged for a final score. The migration component related to migration policy is composed of: 1) an indicator on international conventions 2) indicator on integration policies taken from the Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX), developed by the Migration Policy Group (MPG). The indicator on international conventions assesses the extent to which countries have ratified international conventions aiming to protect migrants. Three conventions are considered: 1949 Convention concerning Migration for Employment (No. 97); 1975 Convention concerning Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers (No. 143); 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.
Year	2018
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43 Data Set

MACIMIDE Global Expatriate Dual Citizenship Database

Description	The MACIMIDE Global Expatriate Dual Citizenship Dataset charts the rules that existed in near all states of the world since 1960 with regard to the loss or renunciation of citizenship after a citizen of a respective state voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another state. The central variable of the Dataset is the dualcit_cat variable. This is a categorical variable whose values may be used to interpret, in broad lines, the position of a country with regards to the expatriate dual citizenship. The dualcit_cat variable reflects what consequences the legislation and legal practice of a country attaches to the voluntary acquisition of a foreign citizenship. The value of this variable depends on a number of criteria, including whether a citizen of the reference country who voluntarily obtains a foreign citizenship automatically loses – in principle – the citizenship of the origin country, and whether a citizen of the reference country can renounce that citizenship. The value assigned to dualcit_cat reflects the position of the country on the 1st of January of the reference year. Any subsequent changes in legislation will be reflected in the dualcit_cat value of the following year and included in updated versions of the Dataset. The dualcit_binary variable is a recoding of the dualcit_cat variable. This variable can be used for broad comparisons of the dual citizenship positions around the world. The possible values reflect whether the legislation of a country, in a given reference year, provides for the automatic loss of the origin citizenship (1) or not (2). All data have been centrally collected and refer to specific provisions in national law.
Year	2018
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44 Data Set

Outflows of foreign population from selected OECD countries

Authors	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Description	Outflows of foreign population from selected OECD countries
Year	2018
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45 Data Set

English title not available, Finnish title: Siirtolaisuus ja verkostoanalyysi: Uusia tutkimusmenetelmiä siirtolaisuuden ja yhteiskunnallisen muutoksen tutkimukseen (HUMANA). (311 700 €)

Principal investigator	Rani-Henrik Andersson ()
Description	Summary in English not available, Summary in Finnish: Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Ihmisten liikkuvuuden ymmärtäminen on ajassamme ensiarvoisen tärkeää. Ilman siirtolaisuuden tutkimusta on mahdotonta ymmärtää menneisyyttä tai nykyisyyttä. 2000-luvun globaalissa ja verkottuneessa maailmassa se on entistäkin tärkeämpää. Liikkuessaan paikasta toiseen ihmiset tuovat mukanaan ajatuksia, uskomuksia ja arvoja, jotka vaikuttavat heidän uusiin yhteisöihinsä. Samalla pois muuttavat ihmiset jättävät jonkinlaisen tyhjiön entisiin yhteisöihinsä. Muuttoliikettä on tutkittu käyttäen perinteisiä historian, sosiologian, antropologian ja tilastotieteen menetelmiä. Nämä tutkimukset ovat rikastaneet omia tutkimusalojaan ja muita aloja, kuten taloustiedettä ja politiikantutkimusta. Tutkimusryhmämme HUMANA uskoo, että verkostoanalyysi voi tuoda paljon lisää ymmärrystä siihen, miten tutkimme, tulkitsemme ja ymmärrämme siirtolaisuutta. Projektimme tutkii suomalaista siirtolaisuutta 1900-luvun alun Yhdysvaltoihin. Aineisto koostuu aidosta väestölaskentamateriaalista ja kirkonkirjoista sekä lähtö- että kohdemaassa, mikä auttaa meitä luomaan paikoista sekä poliittisista, koulutuksellisista, uskonnollisista ja perhesuhteista verkostomallin, joka tarjoaa yksityiskohtaista, todellista tietoa useasta sukupolvesta. Samalla kehitämme menetelmää luomalla käytäntöjä ja työkaluja verkostoanalyysin tuomiseksi laajempaan humanistiseen käyttöön tutkijoille, joilla ei ole ohjelmointitaitoja. HUMANA kehittää menetelmää, jolla siirtolaisuutta ja sen aiheuttamia yhteiskunnallisia muutoksia voidaan tutkia mullistavalla tavalla. Toisin kuin perinteinen historiantutkimus, HUMANA luo dynaamista verkostoanalyysia ja historiallisia aineistoja yhdistämällä mallin todellisesta siirtolaisyhteisöstä ja sen sisäisistä suhteista ja dynamiikasta. Tällaista ei ole koskaan aiemmin tehty. Kehitämme ”työkaluja”, joilla menetelmä saadaan tutkijoiden ulottuville, vaikka he eivät osaisi ohjelmoida. Työryhmän jäsenet Kuukausiapurahan saajat: Kekki Saara, N N Muut työryhmän jäsenet: Flavin Francis
Year	2018
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46 Project

Confrontational yet submissive: Calculated ambivalence and populist parties’ strategies of responding to racism accusations in the media

Authors	Niko Hatakka, Mari K Niemi, Matti Välimäki
Year	2017
Journal Name	Discourse & Society
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47 Journal Article

Citizenship law indicators (CITLAW)

Description	CITLAW indicators address citizenship laws (acquisition and loss of citizenship) in Europe. Basic indicator scores are calculated on the basis of a list of substantive and procedural requirements for each mode of acquisition or loss using both additive and weighting formulas. CITLAW indicators are also aggregated at different levels in order to analyse more general features of citizenship laws. The 6 highest level CITLAW indicators that are calculated using all 45 basic indicators are: ius sanguinis, ius soli, residence-based ordinary naturalisation, naturalisation on specific grounds, voluntary renunciation and withdrawal/lapse. CITLAW indicators have been calculated for 42 European states for 2011 and 2016. Coding of CITLAW indicators is based on an assessment of legal provisions in national citizenship laws.
Year	2016
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48 Data Set

English title not available, Finnish title: Transnationaalinen liikkuvuus Euroopan pohjoisessa kriisiaikoina 1939–1945. (77 640 €)

Principal investigator	Pasi Tuunainen ()
Description	Summary in English not available, Summary in Finnish: Tieteellinen tutkimus / siihen pohjautuva työ \| 2-vuotinen hanke Vaikka ylirajaisuuden (transnationaalisuuden) problematiikkaa on käsitelty viime aikoina laajasti eri tieteenalojen piirissä, historiantutkimuksessa se on vasta nouseva tutkimussuuntaus. Pohjoiskalotin valtiot ja niiden kansalaiset saivat toisessa maailmansodassa osansa tällaisesta liikkeestä, jossa olivat tuolloin osallisina pääasiassa suomalaiset, norjalaiset, saksalaiset ja neuvostoliittolaiset. Projektin kaksi osatutkimusta "Saksalaisten rajanylittävä mobilisaatio ja sen aiheuttama keskustelu Pohjois-Suomessa ja Pohjois-Norjassa 1941–1945" sekä "Arktinen sodankäynti Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton rajalla 1939–1944" tarkastelevat kansallisvaltioiden fyysisten, mentaalisten ja kulttuuristen rajojen ylityksiä pohjoismaisessa sekä suomalais-saksalaisen yhteistyön viitekehyksissä. Hankkeessa sovelletaan rohkeasti ja oivaltavasti kansainvälistä pohjoista alue- ja rajatutkimusta kriisiaikojen tutkimukseen ja hyödynnetään monipuolista lähdeaineistoa. Projekti edesauttaa uuden rajatutkimuksen ja nousevan subarktisen tutkimuksen kehittymistä sekä osallistuu parhaillaan käytävään 'new war' -keskusteluun. Osatutkimusten teemat ovat myös ajankohtaisia, koska raja-alueet ovat kriisiytyneet monin paikoin, Euroopassakin. Tutkimus antaa aineksia ymmärtää nykyisyyttä, esimerkiksi Ukrainan ja Lähi-idän raja-alueiden kriisejä. Hankkeessa yhdistyvät historiatieteen, rajatutkimuksen, sotatieteiden, maantieteen, lehdistötutkimuksen sekä kulttuurintutkimuksen kvalitatiiviset lähestymistavat. Projektissa arvioidaan uudella tavalla pohjoisessa läpikäytyjä kriisivuosia sotilaiden ja siviilien näkökulmasta. Transnationaalista liikkuvuutta tutkitaan kansallisvaltioiden fyysisten, mentaalisten ja kulttuuristen rajojen ylityksinä pohjoismaisen ja suomalais-saksalaisen yhteistyön viitekehyksissä Pohjoiskalotin alueella toisessa maailmansodassa. Projektissa analysoidaan arktisten rajaseutujen sodankäynnille asettamia reunaehtoja ja yksilöiden sopeutumista pohjoiseen, ylirajaiseen toimintaan. Työryhmän jäsenet Kuukausiapurahan saajat: Anne Pitkänen
Year	2016
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49 Project

English title not available, Finnish title: Suomen Silta 3.0 (226 000 €)

Principal investigator	Jussi Jauhiainen ()
Description	Summary in English not available, Summary in Finnish: Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Tieteellinen tutkimus / siihen pohjautuva työ \| 3-vuotinen hanke Suomen silta 3.0 tutkimuksen kysymyksinä ovat: 1. Minkälaisia ovat virolaisten asumisen, työnteon ja vapaa-ajan aikatilat Suomessa, erityisesti pääkaupunkiseudulla, ja miten ne ovat kehittyneet 2000-luvulla? 2. Minkälaisia ovat virolaisten mobiliteetin (liikkumisen, sijainnin) strategiat ja käytännöt Suomessa, erityisesti pääkaupunkiseudulla, ja miten nämä poikkeavat virolaisten taustamuuttujien suhteen? 3. Mikä yhteys virolaisten aikatiloilla, mobiliteetilla ja yhteydenpidolla Viroon on virolaisten integraatioon tai segregaatioon Suomessa? Tutkimuskysymyksiin vastataan kattavan empiirisen tutkimuksen avulla, jonka taustalla on vankka teoriapohja mobiliteetin, integraation/segregaation ja aikatilojen käsitteistä sekä monipuoliset (mixed methods) tutkimusmenetelmät. Olemme huolellisella etukäteissuunnittelulla vähentäneet epäonnistumisen mahdollisuudet minimiin. Näkemyksemme on, että tutkimushanke on tieteellisesti ansiokas, varmasti toteutettava, erittäin ajankohtainen ja tuo uusia merkittäviä näkökulmia tähän aihepiiriin. Tässä yhdistetään ensi kertaa rekisteriperusteinen aineisto mobiilidataan. Tutkimuksessa tämä on ainutlaatuista, sillä aineistona ovat kaikki virolaiset pääkaupunkiseudulla. Tutkimusta tarkennetaan laajalla kyselyllä (yli 1000 vastaajaa) ja haastatteluilla (30). Tutkimushanke osoittaa transnationaaliseksi työssäkäyntialueeksi suunnitellun pääkaupunkiseudun ja Tallinnan kaupunkiseudun nykytilan, miten nykytilaan päädyttiin ja mitä tulevaisuuksia on. Tutkimushanke käsittelee lähinaapureitamme virolaisia Suomen pääkaupunkiseudulla sekä heidän spatio-temporaalisia käytäntöjään ja yhteyksiä Suomen ja Viron välillä. Yhdistetään väestön rekisteritiedot, mobiilipaikannusdata, kysely ja haastattelut. Ensi kertaa on mahdollista tutkia tarkkaan ja kattavasti Suomen ja Viron välillä toimivien virolaisten mobiliteetti, aikatilat, integraatiopolut ja transnationaaliset käytännöt. Kaikki tutkimuseettiset seikat on huomioitu hankkeessa. Työryhmän jäsenet Kuukausiapurahan saajat: Endli Kinsiko, Keiu Talve, NN NN Muut työryhmän jäsenet: Rein Ahas, Tiit Tammaru
Year	2016
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50 Project

English title not available, Finnish title: Matkalla ajassa ja paikassa: turvapaikanhakijat pohjoisessa Suomessa. (90 670 €)

Principal investigator	Tapio Nykänen ()
Description	Summary in English not available, Summary in Finnish: Pakolaiskriisi Euroopassa on eskaloitunut tavalla, jota sen paremmin tutkijat, poliitikot kuin viranomaisetkaan eivät osanneet odottaa. Mantereelle on saapunut turvapaikanhakijoita jo useita vuosia sekä Balkanin kautta että Välimeren yli, mutta vuosi 2015 on tuonut tullessaan ennennäkemättömän tilanteen, jota on luonnehdittu ”hallitsemattomaksi pakolaisvirraksi” tai ”turvapaikanhakijoiden tulvaksi”. Tutkimus- ja taidehankkeemme perehtyy pakolaiskriisiin pohjoisen Suomen tilanteen kautta. Tutkimme sitä sosiaalista ja poliittista dynamiikkaa, jota Tornion järjestelykeskuksen ja kuntiin perustettujen vastaanottokeskusten ympärille kehkeytyy. Hahmotamme nopeasti eskaloituneen tilanteen synnyttämää haastetta sosiaalityölle, vastaanottokeskuksissa asuvien turvapaikanhakijoiden elämäntarinoita ja käsityksiä poliittisesta tilanteesta sekä niitä kansainvälisiä verkostoja ja tietokanavia, joiden kautta turvaa hakevat ihmiset päätyvät matkaamaan Euroopan halki juuri pohjoiseen Suomeen. Hankkeemme on sekä poikkitieteellinen että taiteiden ja journalismin mahdollisuuksia tieteeseen yhdistelevä. Toteutamme projektissa neljä empiiristä tutkimusosiota, video- ja valokuvakseen perustuvan taideosion sekä journalistisen osan yhdessä Yleisradion kanssa. Pakolaiskriisi on musertavalta vaikuttava ongelma sekä yksilöllisellä että yhteiskunnallisella tasolla. Liikkeellä oleville ihmisille lähtemisen pakko on elämänlaajuinen tragedia. Siirtolaisuus on myös globaalin mittakaavan muutosvoima, joka sekä tuottaa poliittista epävakautta että avaa myönteisiä muutoksen mahdollisuuksia. Tutkimme aihetta yhdistämällä ennakkoluulottomasti tieteiden, taiteiden ja journalismin mahdollisuuksia. Vastaanottokeskuksia ei pohjoisessa ole aiemmin tutkittu.
Year	2015
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51 Project

World Population Policies Database

Description	Since the mid-1970s, the World Population Policies Database, last updated in 2015, provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the population policy situation and trends for all Member States and non-member States of the United Nations. Among several areas, the database shows the evolution of government views and policies with respect to internal and international migration. The migration strand covers internal migration, immigration, emigration, and return. The Database is updated biennially by conducting a detailed country-by-country review of national plans and strategies, programme reports, legislative documents, official statements and various international, Inter-governmental and non-governmental sources, as well as by using official responses to the United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development.
Year	2015
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52 Data Set

(No English title: Finnish title: Siirtolaisuutta, työvoiman liikkuvuutta ja multietnisiä kaupunkeja 1500–2000 käsittelevään tutkimukseen. (100 000 €))

Principal investigator	Maija Ojala ()
Description	No English summary available, summary in Finnish: Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Tutkimusaihe on lasten kokemus ja ymmärrys vanhempiensa ja perheidensä ylirajaisesta työperäisestä migraatiosta Euroopassa, painopisteenä Euroopan Unionin itäiset reuna-alueet. Valtiollisia rajoja ylittävää maasta- ja maahanmuuttoa on harvoin tutkittu lasten näkökulmasta, vaikka yleisesti tiedetään että kaikkialla migraatio vaikuttaa suuresti lapsiin, riippumatta siitä muuttavatko he itse rajojen yli vai pysyvätkö kotimaassaan vanhempiensa muuttaessa ja/tai käydessä töissä toisessa maassa. Tutkimusryhmä tarkastelee yksityiskohtaisesti seuraavia muuttoliiketapauksia: Viro/Suomi, Venäjä/Suomi, Latvia/Yhdistyneet Kuningaskunnat ja Romania/Suomi. Metodologinen lähestymistapa on vertaileva etnografia.
Year	2015
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53 Project

ELECLAW Indicators

Description	The ELECLAW indicators measure the degree of inclusion of the electoral franchise for three categories of potential voters or candidates: resident citizens, non-resident citizens and non-citizen residents. They cover both the right to vote (VOTLAW) and the right to stand as candidate (CANLAW) in three types of elections (presidential/executive, legislative and referendum) at four levels (supranational, national, regional and local). For each category of persons, the ELECLAW indicators measure on a 0 to 1 scale the degree of inclusion of electoral laws along two dimensions. First, eligibility restrictions determine the category of persons who have the right to vote or stand as candidate. Second, access restrictions determine how those eligible can exercise their right to vote by means of voter registration and voting methods. The indicators have been calculated on the basis of the qualitative information included in our National Electoral Laws and Electoral Rights databases and our country reports on Access to Electoral Rights. The current version includes the 28 Member States of the European Union based on electoral laws in both 2013 and 2015, as well as Switzerland, the Americas, and Oceania based on electoral laws in 2015.
Year	2015
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54 Data Set

Index of fees and economic requirements for naturalization (overall ECN index)

Description	The index addresses the economic requirements and the costs (fees) for naturalization. The index is composed by two sub-indexes index of economic requirements for naturalisation (ERN index) and index of naturalisation fees (fee index), which are combined by calculating the mean of the two indexes. ERN Index. Economic resources as a requirement for naturalisation may take three principal forms: the requirement to participate in the formal economy, to have an income, or not to draw certain welfare benefts In order to measure the relative strength of these requirements, six indicators on their legal format, thresholds, duration and exemptions are combined into an index ranging from 0 (no requirement) to 100 (most difficult requirement). These six indicators vary over time and across countries and can give a meaningful account of diﬀerences in economic requirements for naturalisation. Each indicator measuring the strength of economic requirements has three coding options. The index score for each observation (country_year) is measured by taking the mean of the six indicators. Fee Index. Fees may constitute an economic obstacle for accessing citizenship. For the purpose of investigating costs in the naturalisation process over longer periods and across countries, only general expenses in the naturalisation process, which are independent from an applicant’s individual condition, can be considered. These expenses are measured with five indicators, which are subsequently summarised to a weighted index, in which the total fees make up 70%, language skill certificates and exemptions/reductions for the second generation 10%, and exemptions/reductions for spouses and kin-citizens 5% of the index
Year	2014
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55 Data Set

Migration Policy Index

Description	The authors created an overall index of migration policies, taking into account 38 countries in the period 1996-2014. They constructed an indicator of the restrictiveness of immigration entry policy across countries as well as a more comprehensive indicator of migration policy that also accounts for staying requirements and regulations to foster integration. Specifically, they estimate a Bayesian-state space model to combine all publicly available data sources that are informative on migration policy. Therefore, starting from some of the previously-created indexes, and from a database of over 250 indicators of migration policy, they created three sub-indexes that correspond to three categories traditionally distinguished in migration policy: (1) entry policies (including family reunification); (2) stay policies (permanent as opposed to temporary migration); and (3) integration policies (including migrant rights). They constructed three different migration policy indexes, MPIE; MPIS and MPII, of respectively entry, stay, and integration policies, that asses the restrictiveness of each of these sub-fields of migration policy, as well as a comprehensive indicator MPIC reflecting the overall stance of migration policy.
Year	2014
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56 Data Set

Citizenship Regime Inclusiveness Index (CITRIX)

Description	This the Citizenship Regime Inclusiveness Index (CITRIX) mainly builds on selected and partly modified indicators of the Migration and Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) strand on the Access to Nationality. It also uses the citizenship indicators of Fitzgerald et al. (2014) as well as the resources offered by DEMIG and GLOBALCIT as further cornerstones for data collection. Covering a total of 23 OECD countries from 1980 to 2014 (805 country-year observations), CITRIX zooms in on four fundamental components of citizenship regimes relating to the acquisition of nationality by immigrants and their children: (1) the residence duration requirement for ordinary naturalization; (2) the toleration of dual citizenship in naturalization; (3) further naturalization requirements, namely language and citizenship tests as well as economic and criminal record condition; and (4) the strength of jus soli.
Year	2014
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57 Data Set

MIPEX (Migrant Integration Policy Index)

Description	The Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) is a unique tool which measures policies to integrate migrants. The MIPEX aims to address this by providing a comprehensive tool which can be used to assess, compare and improve integration policy. The index is a useful tool to evaluate and compare what governments are doing to promote the integration of migrants in all the countries analysed. The tool allows you to dig deep into the multiple factors that influence the integration of migrants into society and allows you to use the full MIPEX results to analyse and assess past and future changes in policy. The MIPEX includes 38 countries in order to provide a view of integration policies across a broad range of differing environments. Countries included are all EU Member States, Australia, Canada, Iceland, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey and the USA. 167 policy indicators have been developed to create a rich, multi-dimensional picture of migrants’ opportunities to participate in society. MIPEX addresses 8 policy areas of integration: Labour Market Mobility, Family Reunion, Education, Political Participation, Long-term Residence, Access to Nationality, Anti-discrimination and Health. Thanks to the relevance and rigor of its indicators, the MIPEX has been recognised as a common quick reference guide across Europe. Policymakers, NGOs, researchers, and European and international institutions are using its data not only to understand and compare national integration policies, but also to improve standards for equal treatment.
Year	2014
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58 Data Set

Determinants of International Migration: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment of Policy, Origin and Destination Effects (DEMIG - POLICY)

Description	DEMIG POLICY tracks more than 6,500 migration policy changes enacted by 45 countries around the world mostly in the 1945-2013 period. The policy measures are coded according to the policy area and migrant group targeted, as well as the change in restrictiveness they introduce in the existing legal system. The database allows for both quantitative and qualitative research on the long-term evolution and effectiveness of migration policies. DEMIG POLICY was compiled between 2010 and 2014 as part of the DEMIG project (Determinants of International Migration: A Theoretical and Empirical Assessment of Policy, Origin and Destination Effects). It tracks 6,500 migration policy changes (both immigration and emigration) in 45 countries, most of them enacted in the 1945-2013 period. DEMIG POLICY assesses for each policy measure whether it represents a change towards more restrictiveness (coded +1) or less restrictiveness (coded -1) within the existing legal system. Besides this main assessment of change in restrictiveness, every policy change is also coded according to the policy area (border control, legal entry, integration, exit), policy tool (recruitment agreements, work permit, expulsion, quota, regularization, resettlement, carrier sanctions, etc.), migrant group (low- and high-skilled workers, family members, refugees, irregular migrants, students etc.) and migrant origin (all foreign nationalities, EU citizens, specific nationalities etc.) targeted. The database has been compiled by the DEMIG team, in particular by Katharina Natter, Simona Vezzoli and Hein de Haas, and reviewed by national migration policy experts.
Year	2013
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59 Data Set

Debating Multiculturalism in the Nordic Welfare States

Year	2013
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60 Book

English title not available, Finnish title: Kehojen todisteet – Asiakirjojen, kertomusten ja bioteknologian keskinäisvaikutukset maahanmuuton valvonnassa. (219 950 €)

Principal investigator	Ilpo Helén ()
Description	Summary in English not available, Summary in Finnish: Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Perheen yhdistämiseen liittyvästä siirtolaisuudesta on tullut merkittävin laillisen maahanmuuton muoto Euroopassa 2000-luvulla. Hankkeessa lähestytään niin kutsuttua perhesiirtolaisuutta tutkimalla kahden oikeuslääketieteellisen teknologian – perheenyhdistämistä koskevan DNA-tutkimuksen sekä perheenyhdistämistä tai turvapaikkaa hakevien alaikäisten henkilöiden lääketieteellisen iänmäärityksen – roolia ja niiden antaman informaation merkitystä suomalaisessa maahanmuuttopolitiikassa ja -hallinnossa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös maahanmuuttajien kokemuksia ja käsityksiä tutkinnasta. Tutkimuskysymyksiä on viisi: Mihin maahanmuuton ongelmiin viitataan, kun bioteknologisten välineiden käyttöä perustellaan? Miten maahanmuuttopolitiikassa ja -hallinnossa käsitetään teknologioiden tarjoamat ratkaisut suhteessa yhtäältä ihmisoikeuksien turvaamiseen ja toisaalta väärinkäytösten torjumiseen? Millainen rooli erityyppisillä todisteilla on maahanmuuttajien tutkintaprosessissa, ja millä tavoin todisteet muokataan päätöksenteon kriteereiksi? Millaisia vaikutuksia DNA-tutkimuksilla ja lääketieteellisillä iänmäärityksillä maahanmuuton on hallinnointiin? Miten erityyppiset todisteet ja niiden suhteet käsitetään tutkittavien keskuudessa? Tutkimusaineisto koostuu hallinto- ja lainsäädäntöasiakirjoista, asiantuntijoiden ja tutkimusten läpikäyneiden maahanmuuttajien haastatteluista sekä valikoimasta Helsingin hallinto-oikeudessa käsitellyistä perheenyhdistämistä koskevista valitustapauksista.
Year	2013
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61 Project

Debating Multiculturalism in the Nordic Welfare States

Year	2013
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62 Book

Citizenship Implementation indicators (CITIMP)

Description	EUDO Citizenship Implementation Indicators measure on a 0 to 1 scale the formal aspects of naturalisation procedures: promotion activities, documentation requirements, administrative discretion, bureaucratic procedures, and review and appeal options. CITIMP indicators allow for comparisons of the specific steps in the procedure across countries. CITIMP indicators have been calculated for 35 European states, as well as for three German federal provinces. CITIMP indicators are an output of the research project 'Access to Citizenship and its Impact on Immigrant Integration (ACIT). = The project was financially supported by the European Fund for the Integration of Third Country Nationals, administered by DG Home Affairs. CITIMP indicators were computed on the grounds of self-collected information: questionnaires on implementation of citizenship policies were filled out by country experts.
Year	2012
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63 Data Set

Immigration for employment index (IMMEX)

Description	The index focuses on labour immigration (and related rights) in the EU27. The data reflect the policies in place by 1st of January 2012. IMMEX analyses admission schemes for migrant workers, looking at both general-worker schemes and schemes for high-skilled migrants. The index, which has been developed by the Migration Policy Group (MPG), addresses four domains: identification needs; conditions of admission; security of status acquired; rights associated with status. Dimensions are assessed through a set of indicators and policy options (principles of human rights and good governance). The policy options are designed to capture the scope of immigration policies with the first option representing favourable terms laid down in existing international legal instruments, national practices or NGO proposals, and in some instances EC legislation (enacted and proposed). The second and third options are based on less favourable or unfavourable provisions of EC legislation (enacted or proposed) or national legislation. Legal experts in each of the EU27 countries were asked to assess which of the three policy options comes closest to the situation in their respective country. The index is presented by scheme and country, for general migrant workers and high-skilled migrant workers.
Year	2012
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64 Data Set

Cerna’s High-Skilled Immigrants openness index

Description	Cerna’s index measures openness and restrictiveness of migration policies targeting high-skilled migrants. The index covers 2007 and 2012 and provides information on 20 countries. Countries are selected on the basis of different migration histories and experiences and levels of (economic) interest groups’ involvement in policy-making. The index is disaggregated into admissions mechanism and work permit rights (made up of six indicators: numerical caps, labour market test, labour protection, employer portability, spouse’s work rights and permanent residency rights). Scores are assigned to each of the six categories from 3 (=highly restrictive), 2 (=moderately restrictive), 1 (=minimally restrictive) to 0 (=highly open). All policies are ranked on the same criteria. The individual points for the six categories are then added and converted into an index, where the most restrictive country receives a value of 100.
Year	2012
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65 Data Set

Families on the move across borders: Children's perspectives on labour migration in Europe. / Rajojen yli liikkuvat perheet: lasten näkökulmia työperäiseen maahanmuuttoon Euroopassa.

Principal investigator	Laura Assmuth ()
Description	(Summary in English not available, Summary in Finnish: Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: Tutkimusaiheena on lasten kokemus ja ymmärrys vanhempiensa ja perheidensä ylirajaisesta migraatiosta Euroopassa, painopisteenä Euroopan Unionin itäiset reuna-alueet. Valtiollisia rajoja ylittävää maasta- ja maahanmuuttoa on harvoin tutkittu lasten näkökulmasta, vaikka yleisesti tiedetään, että kaikkialla migraatio vaikuttaa suuresti lapsiin riippumatta siitä muuttavatko he itse rajojen yli vai pysyvätkö he kotimaassaan vanhempiensa muuttaessa ja/tai käydessä töissä toisessa maassa. Tutkimusryhmä tarkastelee etnografian keinoin seuraavia muuttoliiketapauksia: Viro/Suomi, Venäjä/Suomi, Latvia/Yhdistyneet Kuningaskunnat ja ja Romania/Suomi.
Year	2012
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66 Project

Multicultural Policy Index

Description	The Multiculturalism Policy Index assesses the government commitment to the multicultural accommodation of newcomers. It is designed to monitor the evolution of multicultural policies across 21 Western countries. The Multiculturalism Policy Index is distinctive in focusing exclusively on multicultural policies designed to recognize, accommodate and support the cultural differences of minority groups. To capture change over time, the Index provides all three indices at three points in time: 1980, 2000 and 2010. Multicultural Policy Index is based on eight indicators: (i) constitutional, legislative or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/or regional and municipal levels; (ii) the adoption of multiculturalism in school curriculum; (iii) the inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the mandate of public media or media licensing; (iv) exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases; (v) allowing of dual citizenship; (vi) the funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities; (vii) the funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction; (viii) affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups On each indicator, countries are scored as 0 (no such policy), 0.5 (partial) or 1.0 (clear policy). The scores are then aggregated, with equal weighting for each area (‘recognition’ (Indicators 1–3), ‘accommodation’(Indicators 4–5) and ‘support’ (Indicators 6–8), and producing a country score ranging from 0 to 8.
Year	2011
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67 Data Set

IMPIC (Immigration Policies in Comparison)

Description	The Immigration Policies in Comparison (IMPIC) database includes data on migration policies for 33 OECD countries and the period 1980-2010. The IMPIC defines immigration policy as “government’s statements of what it intends to do or not do (incl. laws, regulations, decisions, or orders) in regards to the selection, admission, settlement and deportation of foreign citizens residing in the country”. The index covers: 1) labour migration; 2) family reunification; 3) refugees and asylum; 4) co-ethnics (e.g., easy access to co-ethics -e.g., children of emigrants). A total of 69 indicators are identified for the four policies fields. Indicators are coded between 0 (more liberal policies) and 1 (more restrictive polices) capturing the extent to which ‘a regulation limits or liberalises the rights and freedoms of immigrants.
Year	2010
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68 Data Set

UN Inquiry on population and development - International Migration

Description	The Inquiry gathers critically important data for monitoring the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and other international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Inquiry, mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 1838 (XVII) of 18 December 1962, has been conducted by the Secretary-General at regular intervals since 1963. The Twelfth Inquiry consists of multiple-choice questions, organized in three thematic modules: Module I on population ageing and urbanization; Module II on fertility, family planning and reproductive health; and Module III on international migration. In 1994, Member States attending the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo agreed that “population-related goals and policies are integral parts of cultural, economic and social development” and recommended that actions be taken “to measure, assess, monitor and evaluate progress towards meeting the goals of its Programme of Action”. The year 2019 will mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Cairo conference and adoption of the ICPD Programme of Action, which continues to provide crucial guidance for addressing the fundamental development challenges facing the world today. Population issues are also at the core of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted in 2015. The United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development (the “Inquiry”) gathers critically important data for monitoring the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action and other international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Inquiry, mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 1838 (XVII) of 18 December 1962, has been conducted by the Secretary-General at regular intervals since 1963. The most recent Inquiry, the Eleventh, was implemented in 2014.
Year	2010
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69 Data Set

Immigrant Inclusion Index (IMIX)

Description	Immigrant Inclusion Index (IMIX) is a quantitative tool for measuring the electoral inclusion of immigrants in 20 EU member states for 2010. The index includes both de jure (outputs) and de facto (outcomes) indicators. The jure strand assesses the laws regulating the immigrants’ access to citizenship and alien voting rights. Therefore, under de jure indicators, access to citizenship (ius soli, naturalization, and toleration of multiple citizenship for immigrants) and alien enfranchisement (active suffrage for non-citizen residents in legislative and presidential elections, and referend – national and local level) are included. De jure indicators are drawn from EUDO Citizenship Law Indicators. Within the de facto dimension the authors measure the citizenship rate, the naturalization rate, and the alien enfranchisement rate. Data are harmonized and the measurement level is ordinal and ranges from 0 (theoretical minimum) to 100 (theoretical maximum). To aggregate the components in the respective dimensions, they applied the arithmetic mean. Finally, the authors aggregated the de jure and the de facto dimension by applying the geometric mean.
Year	2010
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70 Data Set

CIVIX - Civic Integration

Description	The civic integration policy index (CIVIX) addresses civic integration requirements in EU-15. It analyses three target civic knowledge areas (country knowledge, language and values) for entry, settlement and citizenship acquisition. The scale of the CIVIX is 0 to 6: a high score indicates ‘thick’ citizenship content. A low score represents ‘thin’ citizenship content, with minimal or easy content requirements for obtaining status. The coding of requirements takes into account four distinct dimensions: the category of third-country nationals accountable, specifically family unification; whether civic conditions are required for entry, settlement or citizenship; the number of requirements across the civic targets of country knowledge, language and values, including integration courses, tests, contracts, oath ceremonies and interviews; and, finally, the severity of requirements along the path to citizenship (for example, a ‘high’ level of language proficiency or cost). This dimension is also reflected in point valuation, where more points are assigned to language and knowledge requirements at the settlement stage than at naturalisation, where a longer period of residency engenders greater linguistic and knowledge competence. In order to understand the ‘depth’ of current citizenship content and the degree of policy change over time, values were assigned for each of the 17 countries in 1997 and 2009 respectively.
Year	2009
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71 Data Set

Migrant Rights Index

Description	The index addresses the legal rights (civil and political, economic, social, residency, and family reunion rights) granted to migrant workers admitted under labour immigration programs in high- and middle-income countries to admitting migrant workers. Labor immigration programs are defined as policies for regulating the number, skills, and rights of migrants who are admitted for the primary purpose of work. It includes 104 programmes in force for the year 2009. Migrant rights refer to the legal rights (defined here as the rights granted by national laws and policies) granted to migrant workers on admission under a particular labour immigration program. So the indicators measure rights “in laws and regulations” rather than “in practice”. The dataset includes all high-income countries with a population exceeding two million, and, to ensure broad geographic coverage, a selection of upper- and lower- middle-income countries. In total, the sample comprises 46 countries including 34 high-income countries.
Year	2009
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72 Data Set

Naturalization policy index

Description	The index analyses naturalization policies in twenty-six Western immigrant-receiving democracies in order to show how different countries deal with newcomers (year of reference: 2009). The index looks at five aspects of a country’s citizenship and naturalization policies. First, it considers whether a country grants automatic citizenship only to children of citizens (ius sanguinis) or only to those who are born within the country’s border (ius soli). Second, every naturalization policy stipulates that immigrants have to have lived at least a certain number of years within the borders of the country before they can apply for citizenship. Third, it looks at whether passing a language test is part of the naturalization requirements. These tests vary significantly in difficulty. Fourth, in some countries immigrants cannot be naturalized without passing a citizenship test, while in other countries such a test does not exist. Moreover, these tests vary in nature. Fifth, and finally, it includes whether immigrants are required to give up their former nationality or nationalities before they can become citizens. These five scores are combined in an index that ranges from 0 to 15. Overall, this summary score should give a valid indication of the exclusiveness, or ‘ethnicness’, of a country’s naturalization policy.
Year	2009
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73 Data Set

Vikhrov's visa index

Description	The index is based on three types of entry visa restrictions: visa required, visa not required for short stays and visa not required. The author identifies country pairs which changed their visa regime during 1998–2010. This immigration policy index is constructed for all countries and territories in the world for both March 1998 and November 2009. This index is heterogeneous across destination and origin countries as well as over time.
Year	2009
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74 Data Set

Citizenship Policy Index (CPI)

Description	The Citizenship Policy Index (CPI) addresses policies for citizenship acquisition for the EU15 member states (for years 1980 and 2008), and other 10 EU member states entered in 2004 (for 2004). CPI consists of the simple aggregation of three factors: whether or not a country grants jus soli, the minimum length of residency requirement for naturalization; whether or not naturalised immigrants are allowed to hold dual citizenship. It also takes into account language and civic integration requirements that a number of countries have mandated as a condition for naturalization. Each component is scored on a 0-2 scale, yielding a 0-6-point range for the total index. CPI draws on in-depth research by individual country experts, within a common methodological framework. CPI allows for distinguishing between three groups of countries, depending on whether their citizenship policies can be characterised as ‘restrictive’ (scores between 0 and 1.5), ‘medium’ (over 1.5 but less than 4) or ‘liberal’ (4 and above).
Year	2008
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75 Data Set

International Migration Policy and Law Analysis (IMPALA)

Description	The International Migration Policy And Law Analysis (IMPALA) Database is a cross-national, cross-institutional, cross-disciplinary project on comparative immigration policy. The pilot database version covers 10 years and 9 country cases including Australia, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States of America. It covers The focus is admission policy, although the authors include also acquisition of citizenship, which is generally understood as being part of ‘immigrant policies’, namely what happens after admission. The project classifies and measures tracks of entry associated with five migration categories: economic migration, family reunification, asylum and humanitarian migration, and student migration, as well as acquisition of citizenship. It is the product of an international collaboration between researchers from George Mason University, Harvard University, London School of Economics and Political Science, Paris School of Economics, University of Amsterdam, University of Luxembourg, and University of Sydney.
Year	2008
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76 Data Set

Immigration/Citizenship rights index

Description	The Index captures citizenship rights in eighteen OECD countries. The index is based on four indicators: allowance of dual citizenship; acceptance of birthright citizenship; absence of a language requirement; number of years required prior to naturalization. The index is constructed as follows. first, authors created three categories for the residency requirement coded 0 for countries that require more than ten years, 1 for countries that require between five and ten years, and 2 for countries that require fewer than five years. Then they created an additive index as residency+2dual citizenship+2citizenship by birth+2*no language requirement
Year	2008
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77 Data Set

Global Migration Barometer

Description	Western Union commissioned the Economist Intelligence Unit to compile a migration index that ranks 61 countries by how attractive and accessible they are for migrants (the Global Migration Barometer), with a separate assessment of their need for migrants. The Economist Intelligence Unit developed the methodology behind the index, collected the data and scored the countries, with input from Western Union and an independent panel of migration experts. The index has been produced for 61 developed and emerging markets using a standard analytical framework. The model used to generate the index employs indicators that reflect the standard of living and economic development of a country, legislative policy and attitudes towards migration, and demographics and social welfare commitments. Many of the 32 indicators used to generate the index are based on quantitative data and have been drawn from national and international statistical sources. The others are qualitative in nature and have been produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit. Each of the indicators has been adjusted and weighted to produce a score of 0 to 100, where 100 represents the highest attractiveness, accessibility or need for migrants.
Year	2007
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78 Data Set

Index on strictness of migration policy

Description	The Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti collected information about migration policy reforms in the EU15 countries (except Belgium, Luxembourg and Sweden) over the period 1990-2005. The attached tables provide information on the sign of each reform, analyzing whether the measure increased the generosity of the immigration policy. We define a reform as permissive if: it lowers requirements for entry and to obtain residence or work permits, it introduces one temporary permits for both residence and work, it reduces the number of years to obtain permanent residence permit, and if it helps the integration of migrants into the community. On the other hand, a reform is considered as restrictive if: it introduces a quota system to entry, it increases requirements for entry and to obtain residence or work permits, it raises the number of years to obtain permanent residence permit and it introduces residence constraints. In order to construct an index of strictness of migration policies, the authors collected information on twelve EU15 countries, from 1990 to 2005, along six different dimensions: 1. The number of certificates and procedures needed to be admitted as a foreigner, whatever the motivations may be. 2. The number of certification or procedures required to legally reside in the territory. This differs from the requirements for entering the country as holding a valid document is typically not sufficient. 3. The number of years required to obtain a permanent residence permit. 4. The number of administrations involved 5. The number of years of stay required to obtain a first residence permit. 6. The existence of a quota system The six dimensions were initially expressed either in different units or in an ordinal scale. To make those measures comparable, the authors converted them in cardinal scores and we normalized them to a range from 0 to 6, with higher score representing stricter regulation. Furthermore, they also incorporated asylum legislation by using the index of strictness from the Asylum Policy Index developed by Hatton. The previous six criteria only apply to immigration for economic reasons. the authors excluded from our classification text laws that strictly concern asylum policy or citizenship. As a last step, the authors computed an overall summary indicator for each country, averaging the values of the six sub-indexes plus the index of strictness of asylum legislation.
Year	2005
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79 Data Set

Barrier to Naturalization Index (BNI)

Description	The Barrier to Naturalization Index focuses specifically on the naturalization process and jus soli. It takes twelve requirements of the naturalization process into account: (1) good conduct, (2) willingness to integrate, (3) language skills, (4) dual nationality, (5) application complexity, (6) application fees, (7) state discretion in granting citizenship, (8) residency requirements, (9) jus sanguinis laws preventing jus soli naturalization of children, (10) jus sanguinis concerning children of parents born in country (double jus soli), (11) women allowed to maintain citizenship after marrying a foreigner, and (12) mothers when married to a foreigner being able to transfer citizenship to their children. It purposely excludes entry requirements, unemployment, and other variables. Data were taken from the naturalization laws of each country and reports from foreign country consulates in the United States. For the index, components were grouped into four categories with a weighing scheme. The total index was constructed as a percentage of the maximum score of the highest-scoring country, so it varied from 0 to 1.
Year	2002
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80 Data Set

Politics, Migration and Minorities in Independent and Soviet Estonia, 1918-1998

Year	2000
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81 Doctoral Dissertation

Deterrence Index

Description	The Deterrence Index addresses the extent to which policies are a deterrence for asylum seekers. The Index seeks to quantify cumulatively the resulting mix of countries’ changing asylum rules. Five key deterrence measures have been considered from three areas: Three sets of instruments are included: (1) access control policy, which refers to the rules and procedures governing the admission of foreign nationals and its instruments include visa policy, regulations for carriers, safe third country provisions, etc. In this area, the deterrence measure refers to the introduction of so-called ‘safe third country’ provisions, which mean that persons seeking asylum in country A will be refused entry into that country, if on their way to country A, they have travelled through state B, a country which country A regards as a ‘safe country’ and in which the asylum seeker could have applied for asylum. (2) asylum determination procedures. Rules concerning determination procedures relate to entry into a country's refugee recognition system, appeal rights, and rules concerning protection that is subsidiary to the rather narrowly defined Geneva Convention criteria for full refugee status. In this area, the deterrence measure refers to rules concerning the granting of subsidiary protection status which allow asylum seekers to remain in a country of destination even though their application for full refugee status under the Geneva Convention is refused. (3) migrant integration policy. policy is concerned with rights and benefits given to asylum seekers inside a country of destination. Here measures are: freedom of movement vs. a compulsory dispersal policy; cash welfare payments vs. a system of vouchers; and third, the right to work under certain conditions vs. a general prohibition to take up employment as an asylum seeker. Policy-makers can introduce changes in the regulations in these three areas in an attempt to raise the deterrence effect of their policy, which in turn is expected to make their country less attractive to asylum seekers in relative terms. The dataset includes scores for 17 OECD countries for 1985 and 2000. To calculate the index, the researcher analysed two sets of annual yearbooks, the OECD’s ‘Trends in International Migration’ (SOPEMI) and the US Committee for Refugees’ ‘World Refugee Survey’ for the years 1985–2000. For each of the five measures, Thielemann creates a dummy variable (value 1 value whether a measure was in operation in a country). The aggregation is additive, with no weighting applied.
Year	1999
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82 Data Set

Zuwanderungsmonitor

Taxonomy

View Taxonomy Associations

83 Report Series

Finland

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