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Résumé La présente étude porte sur la migration des mauritaniens à l’étranger. Elle a permis de comprendre cette migration en faisant ressortir ses principales destinations, les catégories de migrants et les motifs de leur départ. Malgré la rareté des données sur le sujet, elle met en exergue les chiffres avancés fréquemment en ce qui concerne les effectifs des mauritaniens de l’étranger, soit 250.000 personnes, ainsi que leur apport en matière de transferts de fonds. Outre les migrants de travail, l’étude traite des autres catégories de migrants tels que les réfugiés, les étudiants ainsi que les migrants irréguliers. Les déterminants de cette migration mis en exergue comprennent des motifs liés à la recherche d’emploi, aux liens culturels et religieux ainsi que l’exil pour des raisons politiques. L’étude montre que plus de 5000 réfugiés mauritaniens sont entrés récemment au pays en provenance du Sénégal et du Mali dans le cadre d’une opération en cours visant le retour organisé par les Autorités en étroite collaboration avec le HCR. Enfin, les modalités institutionnelles de gestion des émigrés mauritaniens sont passées en revue. Abstract This article is mainly tackling the Mauritanian emigration and its patterns. It highlights migrants’ profiles, their main destinations and migration motives. Despite the scarcity of data on the subject, the article takes benefit from the statistics published recently on the Mauritanian emigration estimated to 250.000 persons and the migrants’ transfers. In addition to the migrant workers, the study deals with other categories Mauritanian migrants such as refugees, students and irregular migrants. The determinants of such migration include the employment and job search motives, to cultural and religious links in addition to the exile for political reasons. The study shows that more than 5000 Mauritanian refugees came back recently from Senegal and Mali within an organized operation of aiming the return in collaboration with the UNHCR. Finally, the institutional modalities of management of Mauritania emigrants have been described.

With over 4.5 million persons born in Turkey living abroad – for the most part in Europe – Turkey is currently one of the most significant emigration countries in the world. If native-born children of immigrants are included, over 6 million, or more than 8 percent of the country’s population lives abroad. These large numbers are a product of various migratory flows from Turkey which began in the early 1960s with the arrival of Turkish migrants in various Western European countries, and continued with the arrival of Turks in Australia, and the oil-rich countries of North Africa and the Middle East (MENA), and then in the former communist countries such as the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The emigration history of the last fifty years in Turkey indicates that the migratory flows of Turkish citizens have become a part of various migratory systems. The main aim of this essay is two-fold. First, it attempts to document the dynamics and mechanism of project-tied migration from Turkey to the Russian Federation, particularly focusing on the case of project-tied migrant workers from Turkey to Moscow. Second, it looks at the migratory system between Turkey and the former communist countries of Eastern Europe, Central and Northern Asian countries, with special reference to macro, micro, and meso factors affecting the migration system concerned.

(En) In the last two decades, Egypt has become host to many different kinds of migrants from both North and South. In the 1990s, Egypt witnessed a massive inflow from Africa, while the Iraqi migration began after the American-led invasion in 2003. This paper looks at the situation of Iraqi refugees in Egypt, and tackles; first, the causes of Iraqi migration in Egypt and trends within that migration; second, the living conditions of Iraqis in Egypt including the question of access to services and rights; third, the problems that Iraqis experience there; fourth, the way that civil society and international assistance deal with Iraqi refugees. Finally, the paper proposes some recommendations that would improve the situation of Iraqi refugees. *** (Fr) Au cours des deux dernières décennies, l’Egypte a accueilli des flux migratoires divers provenant du nord et du sud. L’on note particulièrement les flux migratoires provenant de l’Afrique pendant les années 90 suivis par l’arrivée des réfugies iraquiens suite à l’invasion américaine de l’Irak en 2003. Ce papier met en exergue la situation des réfugies iraquiens en Egypte et analyse les dynamiques, causes et tendances de cette immigration. Il met également en lumière les conditions de vie des réfugies iraquiens et les problèmes que ces derniers affrontent en Egypte. En outre, le papier analyse comment la société civile égyptienne et les organisations internationales traitent de la question des réfugies iraquiens en Egypte. Finalement, quelques recommandations fondamentales qui permettraient d’assurer une meilleure gestion du problème et d’améliorer la situation des réfugiés iraquiens sont proposées.

(En) In the last two decades, Egypt has become host to many different kinds of migrants from both North and South. In the 1990s, Egypt witnessed a massive inflow from Africa, while the Iraqi migration began after the American-led invasion in 2003. This paper looks at the situation of Iraqi refugees in Egypt, and tackles; first, the causes of Iraqi migration in Egypt and trends within that migration; second, the living conditions of Iraqis in Egypt including the question of access to services and rights; third, the problems that Iraqis experience there; fourth, the way that civil society and international assistance deal with Iraqi refugees. Finally, the paper proposes some recommendations that would improve the situation of Iraqi refugees. **** Résumé (Fr) Au cours des deux dernières décennies, l’Egypte a accueilli des flux migratoires divers provenant du nord et du sud. L’on note particulièrement les flux migratoires provenant de l’Afrique pendant les années 90 suivis par l’arrivée des réfugies iraquiens suite à l’invasion américaine de l’Irak en 2003. Ce papier met en exergue la situation des réfugies iraquiens en Egypte et analyse les dynamiques, causes et tendances de cette immigration. Il met également en lumière les conditions de vie des réfugies iraquiens et les problèmes que ces derniers affrontent en Egypte. En outre, le papier analyse comment la société civile égyptienne et les organisations internationales traitent de la question des réfugies iraquiens en Egypte. Finalement, quelques recommandations fondamentales qui permettraient d’assurer une meilleure gestion du problème et d’améliorer la situation des réfugiés iraquiens sont proposées.

People trafficking and People Smuggling has long been a problem for European Governments, adversely affecting the security of their citizens. In many cases women and children are exploited for the sex trade and labour exploitation. In formulating the SCIIMS project the consortium will focus upon an overarching question from which the developed system, demonstration and experimentation will answer: In the European Union context how can new capabilities improve the ability to search, mine, and fuse information from National, trans-national, private and other sources, to discover trends and patterns for increasing shared situational awareness and improving decision making, within a secure infrastructure to facilitate the combating of organised crime and in particular people trafficking to enhance the security of citizens? The programme objectives are: 1) Development and application of information management techniques enabling information to be fused, and shared nationally and trans-nationally within a secure information infrastructure in accordance with EU Crime and Immigration Agencies information needs; 2) Development and application of tools to assist in decision making in order to predict, analyse and intervene with likely people trafficking and smuggling sources, events, and links to organised crime. The SCIIMS Consortium will utilise State of the Art products which will form the platform to develop new innovative capabilities and technologies. This approach is designed to provide the EU with an early exploitation opportunity by the consortium & User Groups. Capabilities and technologies will include: - Data Mining of large data sets utilising a data stream approach. - Information Management, and fusion techniques in order to analyse relationships between different pieces of information. - Web/database semantics tools to provide comprehensive search and retrieval of information. - Decision aids based on self learning probabilistic tools.

"Theoretical background and objectives Economic participation of migrants has been a major problem in many European countries for the last decades. There is overwhelming statistical evidence for the problematic labour market status of migrants, but data also show that not all migrant groups are affected to the same extent. Previous studies have revealed that differences in socio-economic integration are strongly related to ethnic origin. However, this research does not allow us to firmly establish to what extent cultural and religious factors are responsible for the differential socio-economic position of ethnic groups. Therefore, we investigate the effects of host-country orientation and cultural difference of migrants on their socio-economic integration in Germany, analysing unemployment and employment durations of male and female migrants, as well as transitions from domestic work to employment for female migrants from Turkey, Former Yugoslavia, Greece, Spain and Italy. Given the large gap in unemployment and employment rates not only between natives and migrants, but also between groups of migrants, we look at several economic, human capital and cultural factors in order to test whether migrant-specific characteristics can help to explain ethnic group differences in labour market outcomes. The migrant-specific cultural variables we investigate include host-country language proficiency, interethnic contacts, host-country media consumption, and religiosity. In the case of married female migrants, the analysis moreover takes relevant characteristics of their husbands into account, which have not received attention in earlier studies. Research design and methodology The German Socio-Economic Panel provides reliable longitudinal data, allowing us to conduct analyses over a period of nearly 20 years (1988-2006). We use duration data to analyse the hazard of labour market status transitions by estimating Cox regression models with a random frailty term to account for unobserved heterogeneity. Individual longitudinal data on employment trajectories of migrants have been combined with labour market context data and relevant human capital and cultural factors. A longitudinal approach is crucial for addressing this research question, since the relationship between socio-cultural factors such as host-country language proficiency and interethnic contacts and labour market integration is likely to be recursive. Our samples cover not only persons born outside Germany, but also their 2nd generation offspring. Findings The results indicate that although labour market transitions of migrants strongly depend on the labour market context, host-country orientation and religiosity also have a certain impact on the labour market integration of individual migrants, especially on transitions into employment of male migrants and married migrant housewives. However, while for most of our cultural variables we find significant effects on the individual level, these factors do not help to clarify the differences among the different migrant groups, which persist at a similar level even after controlling for labour market, general human capital, as well as cultural variables."

Consubstantial to the founding project of social sciences, moral issues have been eclipsed for a long time in sociological and anthropological research. Without neglecting recent efforts of social scientists to readdress them, my intention is to take up this repressed ambition by laying the foundations of a critical moral anthropology. The crucial importance of morals in everyday life as well as in global crisis, in the evaluation of actions as well as in the justification of policies, in the relations with others as well as in the construction of social identities makes this ambition a reasonable necessity. Empirical validation will be done through a comparative ethnography of moral economies around two groups: immigrants in juridical precariousness; adolescents from underprivileged areas. Our study will concern their interactions with regulation structures police and justice, social work and mental health. It will enlighten the concepts of moral work and stakes, of moral categories and evaluation, of moral communities and boundaries. Fieldwork will be mainly conducted in the banlieues of Paris. For the immigrants, we will study how situations and claims are evaluated at the border to enter the territory (Waiting Zone for Foreigners of Roissy) or in case of appeal for refugees (National Court for Asylum); we will also analyze processes of sanction for their illegal situation (Retention Center of Coquelles) or for offences (Prisons of La Santé, Fresnes and Val d Oise). For the adolescents, we will focus on the ordinary setting of institutions in charge of these publics (Val d Oise), but also on two innovative responses based on mental health (Network of Yvelines Sud and House for Adolescents of Val d Oise East). Based mainly on anthropology and sociology, the project also involves political science, philosophy, psychology and psychiatry. The research team includes the PI, 5 post-docs, 5 PhD students and two part-time researchers, all from IRIS.

Support and Opposition to Migration Support and Opposition to Migration (SOM) is a family of projects, with the core project funded by the European Commission as part of the Seventh Framework Programme. The projects look at the politicization of migration in several European countries. The aim of these comparative projects is to determine why and when potential conflicts over migration become politicized, examining both anti-immigration and anti-racist movements. The projects increase knowledge about the political dynamics related to migration, and provide policy-relevant information. The projects focus on the role of four types of actors—the state, political parties, movements, and the media—in politicizing, or depoliticizing, the issue of immigration in several receiving countries. The core project covers seven countries: Austria, Belgium, Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland. Large-scale migration to European countries led to all sorts of tensions in the receiving countries. The presence of immigrants, however, has not become a politically contested issue everywhere. The ways in which the issue of immigration has become politicized differ significantly across countries. The dependent variables of the projects measure the extent to which and the way in which the issue of immigration became politicized. This is measured on the basis of claims and counter-claims made by three types of movements: interest groups of immigrants, anti-immigration movements, and anti-racist solidarity groups. A comparative approach is used to study divergences and convergences between countries. The aims of the projects include: increasing knowledge about conflicts over the social and political participation of immigrants in Western Europe determining why and when potential conflicts become politicized, examining both anti-immigration and anti-racist movements increasing knowledge of how institutional conditions constrain processes of politicization providing policy-relevant information by assessing which actions of state institutions are successful in managing conflict on immigration and integration.

Das Forschungsprojekt (...) befasst sich mit den Zusammenhängen zwischen Bildung, Migration und der sozio-ökonomischen Situation in einem Entwicklungsland. Sowohl in Entwicklungstheorien als auch in Migrationstheorien wurde bisher der Faktor Bildung selten umfassend berücksichtigt. Der in Nigeria zu beobachtende Brain Drain Hochqualifizierter kann nicht nur mit sozioökonomischen Disparitäten erklärt werden. Ziel des Projektes ist, räumliche und strukturelle Disparitäten hinsichtlich der Mobilität von Hochqualifizierten in und aus Nigeria zu erkennen und deren Auswirkungen zu analysieren, sowohl im Hinblick auf damit einhergehende Entwicklungshemmnisse als auch in Bezug auf fördernde sozio-ökonomische Aspekte (z.B. durch zirkuläre Migration/ Transmigration) ergänzt durch einen wissenssoziologischen Ansatz. Zentrale Fragen auf einer strukturellen Ebene sind u.a.: Welche Regionen/ Hochschulen sind weshalb Ziel-/ Quellregionen der nationalen und internationalen Migration, und inwieweit bestimmen bildungs- und arbeitsplatzorientierte Wanderungen das Wanderungsgeschehen? Auf individueller bzw. akteursbezogener Ebene stehen Unterschiede der Hochqualifizierten in der regionalen, sozialen, ethnischen und religiösen Herkunft sowie die Migrationsbiographie der Befragten und ihre Einbindung in Migrantennetzwerke im Vordergrund. Die Datenerhebung erfolgt zum einen durch die Befragung von Absolventen/ Experten von drei nigerianischen Universitäten (Alumni-Netzwerk) und zum anderen werden Nigerianer in der Diaspora (Deutschland, Großbritannien, USA) hinsichtlich ihrer Migrationsbiographie und ihrer sozialen Netzwerke befragt.

"Theoretical background and objectives In the light of growing migration from countries with a Muslim cultural background as well as increasing Islamic fundamentalism related to terrorist attacks in Western Europe and the US a new research field has emerged that investigates the way states and ordinary citizens react to these new phenomena. However, we know surprisingly little about the attitudes of ordinary citizens towards Islam and Muslim migrants. Islamophobia has only recently started to be addressed by social scientists. We therefore know relatively little about the extent of Islamo­phobic attitudes in Western Europe and North America and what Islamophobia exactly is. These questions are studied in three partly related smaller projects that investigate individual countries, on the one hand, and a large range of different countries on the other hand. In a first part, Islamophobia in Switzerland has been studied. More particularly the aim of this project was to take a closer look at Islamophobia and to investigate whether it really is a new social phenomenon or simply a new name for xenophobia. To undertake such an investigation we provided and tested theoretical considerations why Islamophobia could be different from xenophobia. While xenophobia is defined as a general hostility towards foreigners, it might be argued that Islamophobia stands for hostility towards specific aspects of foreignness. We tested whether people with a specific understanding of citizenship, religious persons and post-materialists behave differently towards Muslims than towards immigrants in general. In a second part, attitudes of young people in Canada towards Muslims and their cultural practices are investigated. We are mainly interested in the three following questions: First, we ask whether peoples' attitudes towards Muslims are the same as attitudes towards other outgroups. In other words, is prejudice blind in the sense that it does not reflect a dislike of a particular minority but of minorities in general? We will analyse whether or not the same people show hostile attitudes towards Muslims and other groups and whether or not attitudes towards different groups can be explained by the same factors. Second, we ask whether it might be that Islamophobia is a socially better accepted way to express xenophobia. Might it be that mainly better educated people express hostile attitudes towards Muslims but not towards foreigners in general? Third, we want to know whether people make a difference between Muslims as a group and their practices. Might it be that people accept them as a group of foreigners (because they are tolerant and not prejudiced), but reject their illiberal practices (how they treat their women for example)? The third part of the project consists of a publication-project that invites leading researchers from various countries in Western Europe and North America to focus on survey data to investigate the following research questions: What is Islamophobia? How can we explain Islamophobia? How is Islamophobia related to similar phenomena such as xenophobia and anti-Semitism. How has Islamophobia evolved over time? What have been the effects of 9/11? Which country differences do we observe, and how can regional or country-specific experiences with Muslim migration shape individual attitudes towards this group of migrants? What are the reactions towards Muslims of young in contrast to older adults? Findings Overall, the results did not confirm my arguments, which suggests that Islamophobia is the same as xenophobia. People with a specific understanding of citizenship, religious people and post-materialists do not have different attitudes towards Muslims and foreigners in general. This might be rather surprising in the light of my descriptive analyses that have shown that between 1996 and 2007 hostile attitudes against foreigners have clearly decreased while Islamophobia has increased. Moreover, it appeared that in both years 1996 and 2007 much more people did not like to have Muslims as neighbours than immigrants."

The large-scale migration caused all sorts of tensions in the receiving countries, particularly when it became clear that immigrants planned to settle permanently and eventually claimed to participate socially and politically in their countries of settlement. However, the presence of immigrants did not yet become a politically contested issue everywhere. In some countries such as Spain, Ireland immigration did not become as politicized yet as in other European countries such as Switzerland, Austria and Belgium. The ways in which the issue of immigration became politicized are very different according the country. This research project has four aims. First, it will increase the knowledge about the conflicts over the social and political participation of immigrants in Western Europe. Secondly, it will answer to the question why and when do potential conflicts become politicized, and when and why do they not become politicized. Thirdly, the project will increase the knowledge of the way political processes are constrained by institutional conditions. Fourthly, the project will provide policy-relevant information by assessing which actions of state institutions have been more or less successful in managing conflict on immigration and integration. The project focuses on the role of four types of actors —the state, political parties, movements and the media— in politicizing, or de-politicizing, the issue of immigration in seven receiving countries (Austria, Belgium, Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland). The dependent variable in our study is the extent to which and the way in which the issue of immigration became politicized. This will be measured on the basis of claims and counter-claims made by three types of movements: interest groups of immigrants, anti-immigration movements, and anti-racist solidarity groups. Moreover a comparative approach will be used to study divergences and/or convergences between selected countries.

The project investigates new forms of sociality that young people with migrant background are producing in the context of urban club cultures in three European cities. It comparatively studies the phenomenon of ethnic club scenes with Turkish, South Asian and Maghrebi orientations in Berlin, London and Paris, corresponding to the major immigrant groups in each city and country. The project aims to explore how migrants participate in forms of social engagement and cultural experimentation that are specific to metropolitan city life, but have so far been not been addressed as relevant to the lives of ethnic minorities. Research seeks to shift attention from the predominant research focus on migrant identity to a focus on migrant practices of sociality, countering the heavy bias towards the study of attitudes and cultural identifications that tends to dominate across different disciplines. Its novel approach combines a focus on socio-cultural practices with an interest in urban scenes as fluid social formations that are semi-public and lack defined membership or criteria of belonging. Through ethnographic case studies carried out with a team of researchers in and across the three cities, the project explores the potential of urban club scenes for producing and experiencing different kinds of solidarity and encounter among disadvantaged groups.

On the margins of the EU, African women migrants can be important transmitters of social cultural practices. But in certain societies of immigration (France, Spain) these women, because of the ageing factor can be victims of some kind of discrimination. Often their husbands can replace them for new co-spouses. This situation creates tensions and that is, for the women, all the more constraining and painful when the women carry on a productive and reproductive activity. this proposal, through a specific anthropological demography methodology, wants to bring into question meaningful motions of ethnicity, transnationalisation, gender and the changing context in relation to aesthetic and body concepts of African women in the settlement countries mainly in Spain and France (Europe) and in Senegal and Gambia (Africa).

The project will examine the influence of border security issues on the situation at Russian borders with EU members (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland) and on the EU-Russian relations on the whole. The author would like to estimate the seriousness of border security challenges (drug-trafficking, illegal migration, smuggling in consumer goods, other kinds of transborder crime etc.) and adequacy of their perceptions by decision-makers and public opinion. The project will be resulted in recommendations aiming to improve EU and Russian border policies in respect to the other sides.

This paper focuses on traditional groups of irregular migrants in Israel, especially the various types of unauthorized labor migrants, and to a lesser extent on refugees. Estimates for the sizes of the various groups of unauthorized labor migrants – Palestinians from the Occupied Territories and unauthorized labor migrants from overseas – have been presented using diverse sources and calculations. Their demographic characteristics, mostly age and sex, as well as trends regarding their economic impact on the Israeli economy and deportations have been developed in a concluding part.

In this paper, particular attention is given to Palestinian refugees since they comprise over half of the world-wide Palestinian population. Demographic and economic data is used to study the impact of refugees on Palestinian society and the Palestinian economy. The paper has four main sections: along with a brief review of the literature, the first section provides definitions of irregular migration and Palestinian refugees. The second section offers a detailed look at demographics, while the third section examines socioeconomic characteristics. Both the second and third sections offer comparisons between refugees and non-refugees in the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt). A conclusion is given in the fourth and final section. The data shows a variance in socioeconomic characteristics between Palestinian refugees and non-refugees living in the oPt. Both refugees and non-refuges live in similar social and economic settings, thereby strengthening solidarity amongst Palestinians. The article concludes by noting that the increasing numbers of young Palestinians in the oPt along with a trend of local de-development and a lack of economic opportunities will drive more Palestinians to emigrate. For Palestinian refugees, this will give rise to a second, or even third, displacement.