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Measuring Irregular Migration and Related Policies (MIRREM)

Principal investigator	Albert Kraler (Scientific Coordinator), Ettore Recchi (PI European University Institute), Franck Düvell (PI University of Osnabrück), Arjen Leerkes (PI University of Maastricht), Jussi Jauhiainen (PI University of Turku), Claudia Finotelli (PI Complutense University Madrid), Marina Nikolova (PI Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy), Maurizio Ambrosini (PI University of Milan), Michele LeVoy (PI Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migration), Veronika Bilger (PI International Centre for Migration Policy Development ), Jasmijn Slootjes (PI Migration Policy Institute Europe), Pawel Kaczmarczyk (PI University of Warsaw), Tuba Bircan (PI Vrije Universiteit Brussel ), Anna Triandafyllidou (PI Toronto Metropolitan University), Alan Desmond (PI University of Leiceister), Carlos Vargas-Silva (PI University of Oxford), João Carvalho (PI CIES-ISCTE)
Description	Targeted policy responses for irregular migration require better knowledge about the characteristics of the irregular migrant population and dynamics of irregular migration, as well as about the effects of policy measures. Yet, quantitative data relating to irregular migration are scarce, often outdated and contested. The inadequecy of current data makes it challenging for stakeholders to develop and monitor policies. How do legal frameworks in different countries define migrant irregularity? What are the characteristics of irregular migrants in terms of age, gender, nationality or other socioeconomic variables? How can the effects of policy measures, such as regularisation, be assessed? MIrreM adresses the challenge of insufficent knowledge about irregular migration and regularisation in Europe by actively involving relevant stakeholders in every stage of this project – as co-creators of its results and as stakeholders to its mission. In a rigorous comparative and multi-level study, we will assess the policies, data needs and estimates that define migrant irregularity in 11 EU member states, the UK, Canada, the USA and five transit countries. Using several coordinated pilots we will develop new and innovative methods for measuring irregular migration and ‘regularisation scenarios’, and we will explore if and how these instruments can be transferred or scaled up to other socio-economic or institutional conditions. Based on these insights, we will develop two public databases: a) a database with estimates on irregular migrant stocks and b) a database on irregular migration flows, that will also include data on regularisations. Together with the expert groups, we will synthesize our findings into a Handbook on data on irregular migration and a Handbook on regularisation that will support evidenced-based and targeted policymaking concerning irregular migration. Finally, we will develop training resources for policymakers, practitioners, journalists and early-career researchers.
Year	2022
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1 Project

Irregular Migration to Jordan: Socio-Political Stakes

Authors	Françoise DE BEL-AIR
Description	A striking evidence is the high figures of undocumented migrants in Jordan. The questions asked in the present report are the following: do these figures signal a failure of policies? What are actually the aims of policies directed at illegal migrants in Jordan? And, ultimately, are unauthorized migrants really unwanted, and why?
Year	2008
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2 Report

Limits to Regulating Irregular Migration in Turkey: What Constrains Public Policy and Why?

Authors	Saime Ozcurumez, Denız Yetkın
Year	2014
Journal Name	Turkish Studies
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3 Journal Article

Irregular Migration in Israel– A Legal Perspective

Authors	Guy MUNDLAK
Description	Two competing views of irregularity in migration dominate the legal debate. The first sees irregularity as a form of deviant behavior that justifies the denial of rights, deportation and the development of negative incentives for illegal migrants. The second holds irregularity to be an outcome of diverse circumstances, some of which are beyond the migrant's control and some of which require the state to adjust its immigration policy. According to this second viewpoint, irregularity should sometimes be addressed by means of regularization, securing rights and strengthening the state's responsibility toward its migrants. The two views clash: (a) over the understanding of who the irregular migrants are and the reasons for their irregularity, (b) over the balance between the state's monopoly on determining citizenship, and the view that de facto affiliation with the community and other values such as moral obligation and moral worth can impose on the state recognition of status (c) over the conceptual relationship between uninvited presence and rights, and (d) over the likely effects of granting rights on the inflow of further irregular migrants. This report describes Israel's legal regime in the context of illegal migration. It looks at the reasons for irregularity, possibilities for regularization, extension and the denial of rights to irregular migrants and the debate on the incentives, negative and positive alike, employed by the state for individuals with an irregular status.
Year	2008
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4 Report

FROM UNDESIRABLES TO ILLEGALS: AN APPROACH TO MIGRANT IRREGULARITY

Authors	Noelia Gonzalez Camara
Year	2010
Journal Name	Arbor
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5 Journal Article

REGINE: Regularisations in Europe

Authors	Martin Baldwin-Edwards, Albert Kraler
Year	2009
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6 Book

Irregular Migration

Authors	Franck Düvell
Year	2010
Book Title	Global Migration Governance
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7 Book Chapter

Rethinking irregular migration in Turkey: Some Demo-Economic Reflections

Authors	Ahmet İÇDUYGU
Description	At the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe, Turkey faces irregular migration flows, both as a country of destination and of transit: the irregular migration flows to the country consist mainly of transit migrants, clandestine immigrant workers, asylum seekers and refugees. In the last decade, the major migration flows into Turkey have come from Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh, while significant numbers have also arrived from Moldova, Romania, Ukraine, the Russian Federation and Georgia. Migrants from the former countries are mainly transients heading for Europe or other more developed parts of the world. They stay in Turkey only on a temporary basis. Migrants from the latter group of countries are foreign nationals who intend to work illegally in Turkey, for a limited period of time. Turkey’s position over the 1951 Geneva Convention, excluding non-European asylum seekers, further complicates the situation as non-Europeans account for the majority of asylum seekers in Turkey. Another feature of migration to Turkey is the national diversity of the immigrants: authorities in Turkey have identified 163 nationalities that have arrived in the country in the last decade. Clearly, Turkey has become a country with multiple roles in irregular migratory movements. Utilising a relatively revealing data set on the apprehending of irregular migrants provided by the security forces together with the findings of several surveys conducted in the country, this paper, first, documents the irregular migration experience in Turkey over the last 30 years. It also relates the phenomenon of irregular migration in Turkey to the wider context of European international migratory regimes. Then the paper outlines the developments associated with irregular migration in the country. The role of Turkey’s EU affairs within these changes is complex and contradictory, and not yet fully explored. After describing irregular migration, the paper explores, finally, the way in which the political construction of irregular migration is associated with the securitisation and economisation of international migratory regimes in Europe and around its peripheries.
Year	2008
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8 Report

General Directorate for Combating Organized Crime, Police of the Republic of Armenia. Combating Irregular Migration (Armenian)

Year	2011
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9 Book

General Directorate for Combating Organized Crime, Police of the Republic of Armenia. Combating Irregular Migration (Russian)

Year	2011
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10 Book

General Directorate for Combating Organized Crime, Police of the Republic of Armenia. Combating Irregular Migration

Year	2011
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11 Book

Irregular Migration of Egyptians

Authors	Howaida ROMAN
Description	After defining irregular migration and tackling its different dimensions, the analytical note proposes to analyse the causes and dynamics of irregular migration in Egypt. It highlights furthermore the determinants of EU Policies in the realm of irregular migration, and Egypt’s policy-making approach towards irregular migrants. The conclusion emphasizes the necessity of forging coherent and effective policies on irregular migration in the context of a partnership between origin countries and destination countries, and between government agencies and non-governmental organizations.
Year	2008
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12 Report

A Study on Irregular Migration from Bangladesh to Malaysia through the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea

Authors	Afzalur Rahman, University of Chittagong
Year	2020
Journal Name	Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan
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13 Journal Article

Skilful survivals : irregular migration to the Gulf

Authors	Philippe FARGUES, Nasra M. SHAH
Year	2017
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14 Book

Communicating Irregular Migration

Authors	Christine M. Jacobsen
Year	2015
Journal Name	American Behavioral Scientist
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15 Journal Article

Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU (ed.), Irregular migration in Europe : myths and realities, Farnham : Ashgate, 2010, pp. 93-113

Authors	Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU
Year	2010
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16 Book

Detention as Punishment: Can indefinite detention be Greece’s main policy tool to manage its irregular migrant population?

Authors	Anna Triandafyllidou, Danai Angeli, Angeliki DIMITRIADI
Year	2014
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17 Policy Brief

Irregular Migration and Human Rights: Theoretical, European and International Perspectives

Authors	Ryszard Cholewinski, Barbara Bogusz, Adam Cygan, ...
Year	2018
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18 Book

EU-funded research project CLANDESTINO Database on Irregular Migration

Description

EU-funded research project CLANDESTINO (2007-2009) produced an inventory of data and estimates on undocumented migration (stocks and flows) in selected EU MS and Database on Irregular Migration. In the framework of the CLANDESTINO project, country experts reviewed literature and estimations in 12 countries, covering about 83 percent of the population of the European Union(EU27). Quantitative information is accompanied by substantial background materials, both on issues of general concern and on the situation in individual countries. The database on Irregular Migration provides an inventory and a critical assessment of data and estimates in the European Union and selected member states. A detailed explanation and evaluation of the methodology adopted in each estimation is provided. The data and estimates that were used refer to the period 2001-2008. The Database on Irregular Migration is hosted by the Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI) and was created in the context of the EU-funded research project CLANDESTINO (2007-2009). ELIAMEP is the coordinator of the CLANDESTINO research consortium. For more information see also the CLANDESTINO web site. The criteria under which the estimates of irregular migration are classified in the CLANDESTINO database are exemplified in the classification report. The project finished in 2009, although some updates are still available.

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19 Data Set

The Southeastern Mediterranean: The Greece-Turkey Irregular Migration System

Authors	Thanos Maroukis, Anna Triandafyllidou
Book Title	Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe
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20 Book Chapter

Irregular Migration in Europe

Year	2016
Journal Name
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21 Journal Article

Irregular Migration in Turkey

Year	2012
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22 Report

Insecure lives: Irregular Migration and Precarious Labour in Finland (INSECURE) / Epävarma elämä: Epävirallinen maahanmuutto ja prekaari työ Suomessa (INSECURE) (550 000 €)

Description	Project description: INSECURE is a multi-sited, multi-method study of irregular migration in Finland. It provides an understanding of how mobility controls, employment and citizenship regimes affect migrants’ social and material conditions in Finland and produce everyday insecurity of existence and marginalisation. The project obtains knowledge on how migrants cope with precarious living and working conditions. INSECURE analyses the ways in which irregular migration is framed as a security question in Finnish policy documents. The project produces applicable empirical knowledge to assist policy-making in confronting the question of irregular migration in Finland. By investigating the situation of vulnerable subjects excluded from the realm of citizenship, the project breaks new ground in revealing what security de facto means in contemporary societies characterised by multiple forms of mobilities, including irregular migration. / Hankkeen julkinen kuvaus: INSECURE on monipaikkainen ja –metodinen tutkimus epävirallisesta maahanmuutosta Suomessa. Projekti tuottaa uudenlaista ymmärrystä siitä, kuinka liikkuvuuden, työmarkkinoiden ja kansalaisuuden kontrollointi tuottavat jokapäiväistä turvattomuutta ja syrjäytymistä ja vaikuttavat siirtolaisten yhteiskunnallisiin ja taloudellisiin elinehtoihin Suomessa. Projektissa tutkitaan, kuinka siirtolaiset rakentavat elämäänsä turvattomuuden ja prekaarien työsuhteiden ja asumisolojen ympäristössä. INSECURE analysoi epävirallisen maahanmuuton turvallistamista viranomaisdiskursseissa Suomessa. Projekti tuottaa soveltamiskelpoista empiiristä tietoa epäviralliseen maahanmuuttoon liittyvän päätöksenteon tueksi. Haavoittuvassa asemassa olevien ja kansalaisuuteen sidottujen oikeuksien ulkopuolelle suljettujen siirtolaisten aseman tutkiminen avaa uusia näkökulmia turvallisuuden käytännön merkityksiin nykyisessä yhteiskunnassa, jota luonnehtii monimuotoisen liikkuvuuden ja epävirallisen maahanmuuton muodot.
Year	2014
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23 Project

Les donnees derriere l’image : Migrations irrégulières dans les pays ACP et le Sud global

Year	2014
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24 Book

Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe

Authors	Anna Triandafyllidou, Thanos Maroukis
Year	2012
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25 Book

EU-Turkey Relations and Irregular Migration: Transactional Cooperation in the Making

Authors	Angeliki DIMITRIADI, Ayhan KAYA, Başak KALE, ...
Description	The aim of the paper is twofold. First, to outline the relationship of the EU and Turkey in the field of irregular migration and present the main drivers that underpin the relations from 1999 to 2017. While acknowledging that emphasis on irregular migration is given particularly post-2011, the paper argues that the dynamics characterising the relationship between Turkey and the EU do not change significantly in the pre-and post-2011 period. Secondly, the paper presents the most likely of the three scenarios – conflict, cooperation, and convergence – in the area of irregular migration drawing from the drivers of the past and present in the EU, Turkey, but also the Southern neighbourhood and beyond. The paper argues that though conflict is unlikely, equally so is convergence, with a model of transactional operational cooperation more likely and reflective of EU-Turkey relation on irregular migration management.
Year	2018
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26 Report

Facilitation of Irregular Migration

Authors	Elspeth Guild, Steve Peers, Diego Acosta Arcarazo, ...
Year	2018
Book Title	EU Immigration and Asylum Law (Text and Commentary): Second Revised Edition
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27 Book Chapter

Irregular Migration in Egypt

Authors	Heba NASSAR
Description	Egypt’s capital Cairo hosts one of the five largest urban refugee populations in the world. For this reason, our paper concentrates on the legal aspect of irregular migration, discussing the characteristics of these migrants as asylum seekers and refugees while also examining transit migrants. First, the paper tackles associated concepts and data issues, with reference to the existing literature and international standards. In the second part, an overview of the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) situation is given as a prelude to the Egyptian experience. In the third part, the socio-economic profile of refugees and asylum seekers from Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Iraq is given with reference to their legal status, their rights and their living conditions measured in terms of income and sources of income, access to education, employment, health care and social services. The paper concludes by looking at the socio-economic situation in Egypt and policy recommendations concerning government practices, procedures, mechanisms, policies and laws. Gaps in research have also been highlighted so that these issues can be better addressed in the future.
Year	2008
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28 Report

Irregular Migration: Causes, Patterns, and Strategies

Authors	Magdalena Arias Cubas, Stephen Castles, Chulhyo Kim, ...
Book Title	Global Perspectives on Migration and Development
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29 Book Chapter

Irregular Migration in Turkey

Year	2012
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30 Report

Irregular migration and informal economy in Southern and Central-Eastern Europe : breaking the vicious cycle?

Authors	Thanos Maroukis, Krystyna Iglicka, Katarzyna Gmaj
Year	2011
Journal Name	International Migration
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31 Journal Article

MRS No. 12 - Irregular Migration in Turkey

Year	2003
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32 Book

Legal Aspects of Irregular Migration in Turkey

Authors	Ibrahim KAYA
Description	Turkey receives ever-increasing numbers of irregular migrants from its economically and politically unstable East and South trying to cross its territory towards Europe. Turkey has also experienced dramatic economic and social change. Therefore, with regard to international migration Turkey, once regarded as a sending country, has become a transit as well as a destination country. There are various categories of irregular migrants which may overlap. A smuggled, even a trafficked, migrant may seek asylum in Turkey. An asylum seeker may become an irregular employee. An irregular employee may apply for asylum. Similarly, someone who was heading for Europe through Turkey may get stuck in Turkey and be forced to start employment without a valid work permit. A rise in ‘irregular’ migration is an issue of concern in Turkey. Irregular migration has been perceived as having social, economic and security consequences. Restrictive legislation and reinforced control mechanisms have been introduced by Turkey over the years. International law and EU instruments are part of this legislation. 2003 was a milestone in coping with irregular migration since most of the legislation was adopted in that year and immediately afterwards. It should also be noted that despite Turkey’s restrictionist stance an intensification of global and regional disparities has brought about more irregular migration and, given the magnitude of the problem, the solutions are beyond the control of a single country, requiring international cooperation and coordination.
Year	2008
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33 Report

Irregular Migration and Smuggling of Migrants from Armenia

Year	2002
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34 Book

The evidence behind the picture: Irregular migration in ACP countries and the global South

Year	2014
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35 Book

Governing irregular migration and asylum at the borders of Europe : between efficiency and protection

Authors	Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Angeliki DIMITRIADI
Year	2014
Journal Name	[Global Governance Programme], [Cultural Pluralism]
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36 Journal Article

Irregular Migration and Invisible Welfare

Authors	Maurizio Ambrosini
Year	2013
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37 Book

La migration irrégulière au Mali

Authors	Modibo KEITA
Description	Le présent article aborde la problématique de la migration irrégulière au Mali en la plaçant dans son contexte historique, sous-régional et national. Il montre comment le concept de migration irrégulière, informelle, illégale ou clandestine est récemment apparu du fait des modifications apportées aux cadres législatifs nationaux à partir des années 1970 et 1980 afin de restreindre la mobilité internationale des personnes. Les causes qui poussent à la migration irrégulière sont esquissées et les principaux acteurs responsables de sa gestion sont passés en revue ainsi que leurs stratégies d’intervention. L’article se termine par des recommandations pertinentes pouvant contribuer à maîtriser durablement les flux migratoires provenant du Mali et de la sous-région ouest-africaine en général. Abstract This paper deals with the issue of irregular migration in Mali with an historical perspective and in the regional and national context. It shows how the concepts of irregular, informal, illegal or clandestine migration appeared because of the modification of the legal frameworks ruling migration in the 1970s and 1980s, with the aim of limiting the mobility of the persons at an international level. The push factors of irregular migration are briefly presented, as well as the main actors responsible for the management of migration and their strategies. This paper concludes with policy recommendations contributing to a sustain management of migration flows from Mali and the West African sub region.
Year	2011
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38 Report

Detention as punishment : can indefinite detention be Greece’s main policy tool to manage its irregular migrant population ?

Authors	Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Danai ANGELI, Angeliki DIMITRIADI
Description	The challenges that Europe faces with regard to controlling irregular migration and providing protection to people in need are complex. An effective policy for irregular migration control includes arrest and return (through voluntary, semi-voluntary or indeed forced return) and it may seem to be best served by regular detention of apprehended undocumented immigrants and asylum seekers whose case is pending. At the same time, if this policy is to be in line with international obligations and the European Charter of Fundamental Rights it must provide for adequate services and safeguards so that those apprehended are informed of their rights including the possibility to apply for asylum, and are not routinely detained.
Year	2014
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39 Report

Irregular Migration: Incentives and Institutional and Social Enforcement

Authors	Alessandra VENTURINI
Description	National and international migration laws determine the legal or illegal status of a migrant. For any given legislation the number of illegal migrants depends on the social-political and economic conditions of the sending countries and on the organizations which favour frontier transit, but also on push-pull forces in the host countries.
Year	2009
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40 Report

Egyptian irregular migration to Europe

Authors	Ayman Zohry
Year	2014
Journal Name	MIGRATION LETTERS
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41 Journal Article

Can we put an end to human smuggling?

Authors	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Year	2015
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42 Policy Brief

Micro-Management of Irregular Migration

Authors	Reinhard Schweitzer
Year	2022
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43 Book

The dynamics of Ukrainian migration to Greece: Routes, decisions, practices

Authors	Marina Nikolova
Description	The current analysis focuses on the irregular migration flows of Ukrainians to Greece and attempts to provide answers to the question of their expectations and motivations that shape their plans and whether and how their decisions and actions are influenced by various policies or actors. The purpose of the study is to present an assessment of the impact of migration regularisation policies and insurance policies as they appear from the life stories of Ukrainian migrants in Greece. The term ‘irregular migrants’ will be used as an interpretation of irregular residence as a result of legislation and regulations that define certain forms of mobility as desirable and legitimate, and others as illegal and non-desirable (Castles, S. et al. 2012).
Year	2015
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44 Report

Irregular Migration: Beyond Common Wisdom

Authors	Maurizio Ambrosini
Book Title	Irregular Immigration in Southern Europe
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45 Book Chapter

Research Handbook on Irregular Migration

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46 Book

Towards a Theory of Illegal Migration: historical and structural components

Authors	Martin Baldwin-Edwards
Year	2008
Journal Name	Third World Quarterly
Citations (WoS)	17
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47 Journal Article

EU Policies on Irregular Migration

Authors	Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU, Maria ILIES
Year	2010
Book Title	Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU (ed.), Irregular Migration in Europe. Myths and Realities, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2010, 23-41
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48 Book Chapter

CARIM - Proceedings on Irregular Migration

Authors	CARIM, Hervé LE BRAS, Ibrahim AWAD
Description	This report provides a summary (in English and French) of the main findings on irregular migration into and through the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean (SEM) countries derived from a Meeting between Policy Makers and Experts, which was held in Florence (26 - 27 January 2009). It also includes two keynote speeches given during the Meeting. The Meeting between Policy Makers and Experts was the concluding event of a CARIM research project as the result of which more than 30 papers, which are listed in this publication and which can be accessed from the CARIM web pages, were published. Le rapport suivant met en exergue les résultats principaux (versions anglaise et française) de la rencontre entre décideurs politiques et experts sur la migration irrégulière dans les pays du Sud et de l’Est de la Méditerranée organisée par le CARIM (Florence, 26 - 27 janvier 2009). Il rend également compte des deux interventions principales tenues au cours de la rencontre. La rencontre entre les décideurs politiques et les experts est l’aboutissement d’un projet de recherche mené par le CARIM. Dans le cadre de ce projet, plus de 30 publications, citées dans le rapport et consultables en ligne sur le site du CARIM, ont paru.
Year	2009
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49 Report

Evaluation of irregular migration governance in Turkey from a foreign policy perspective

Authors	N. Ela Gokalp Aras, Zeynep Sahin Mencutek
Year	2018
Journal Name	New Perspectives on Turkey
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50 Journal Article

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