Ukraine

Young people have experienced profound changes in the way Polish national identity is expressed in public since the conservative Law and Justice Party (PiS) gained far-reaching control of Polish politics in 2015. This report exam­ines young people’s political attitudes in conjunction with their views on the arrival of over two million refugees from Ukraine in 2022, and their views on those refugees who have been trying to get into the EU through the Polish- Belarusian border since 2021. Views on both events allow us to better under­stand young people’s sense of Polishness. Moreover, opinions on national his­tory are central to understandings of identity, as are young people’s percep­tions of Poland’s place in Europe. The fears and uncertainties young Poles express are analysed in an original online survey conducted in March 2022 among 2 002 respondents aged 16–34, combined with insights from focus group discussions conducted in May 2022 among a set of young participants and participants aged 65 and older in the cit­ies of Gdańsk and Lublin. Such a combination of methodologies allows unique insights into the reasoning behind the patterns that a survey can identify. The key findings are as follows: - Nearly half of young people state that Poland should let in as many refugees from Ukraine as necessary. The presence of Ukrainians in Poland since the start of the war in Ukraine in 2014 and the resulting personal contacts are an important factor in the welcoming attitude to and support for the Ukrainian refugees who have arrived since February 2022. - There is also overall approval for the political support for Ukraine, in par­ticular when it comes to supplying humanitarian assistance. In addition, nearly 15 % of respondents support the deployment of Polish soldiers to Ukraine. - The welcoming attitude vis-à-vis Ukrainian refugees stands in stark con­trast to the support for the pushbacks of the mostly Muslim refugees who have tried to enter Poland via Belarus since 2021. The relative ethnic and religious homogeneity of Poland that resulted from World War II feeds into fear of others, particularly Muslims. There is, moreover, rather low support for granting those refugees the right to apply for asylum, with only 9 % of young people stating that these people should definitely have the right to apply. - Gender is crucial when it comes to understanding the different views on the refugees coming from Ukraine and the Middle East. Women are more likely to want to see refugees from Ukraine return as soon as it becomes possible to Ukraine, whereas men are more likely to support a hard line on refugees at the border with Belarus. - Despite the current government’s involvement in memory politics, the com­mon Polish-Ukrainian history is practically unknown to young Poles, and even when it is known it is considered largely irrelevant. Ukraine and Be­larus are for young Poles a different ‘Eastern Europe’ than the Central Eu­rope they feel part of. - The informal help that Polish people, including the younger generation, have offered to refugees from Ukraine is hard to quantify. Many offered ac­commodation in their own homes, transportation, or help in settling in, but few would consider this ‘humanitarian aid’ in the early phase of the war. - Resentment and fear are among the key emotions driving the opinions and sentiments of many young people when they talk about their attitudes towards refugees and related changes in Polish society and politics. Young Poles, and particularly young women, are significantly more concerned about welfare issues such as access to childcare, healthcare, and the situa­tion on the job market than people of their grandparents’ generation. These fears and uncertainties underpin assessments of politics and attitudes to­wards ethnic and social diversity in Poland.

In diesem Projekt vergleichen wir die Integrationsverläufe der Flüchtlingen in Deutschland und der Ukraine. Dabei geht es um zwei Arten von Flüchtlingen . Für Deutschland, fokussieren wir auf geflüchtete Menschen, die ihre Heimatland zugunsten eines neues Landes aufgrund der humanitären Gründen verlassen müssten. Für die Ukraine werden die so genannten intern Vertriebene in Betracht gezogen - die Personen, die bei ihrer Flucht – im Unterschied zu Flüchtlingen im rechtlichen Sinn – keine Staatsgrenze überschritten haben und im eigenen Land verblieben sind. Da die zwei Gruppen sich stark im Bezug von Spracheffizienz in der Sprache der Aufnahmegesellschaft, Informationen und Netzwerke unterscheiden, erwarten wir betrachtliche Unterschiede in der Integration in die Gesellschaft und Arbeitsmarkt.

This project studies the links between migrants' integration and their transnational engagement. Over the past couple of decades, rich empirical research in the field of transnational migration studies has highlighted that migrants engage in transnational mobility for an array of reasons, ranging from economic motives to emotional or political ties with their country of origin. They develop transnational business, trade, investments, or social and cultural programmes and circulate between their two countries. Research objectives: ITHACA aims to explore the interconnections between the integration process and transnational mobility of migrants by answering three key questions: • To what extent, and in what ways, do integration conditions in the country of destination encourage transnational mobility? • What are the conditions in the country of origin that encourage transnational mobility? • What type of transfers take place through the transnational mobility of migrants? To study these questions, ITHACA examines the links between integration and transnational mobility in regard to four countries of destination (Austria, Italy, Spain and the UK) and altogether five countries of origin (Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Morocco, the Philippines and Ukraine). ICMPD is responsible for conducting the Austrian case study. The groups studied in Austria include Bosnians, Indians, Filipinos and Ukrainians.

Das TP widmet sich der transnationalen Entwicklung auf dem Feld der Langzeitpflege. Pflegesicherungssysteme sind eine der jüngsten Sozialpolitikexpansionen in Wohlfahrtsstaaten. Die Pflegepolitiken sind durch vorwiegend weibliche Arbeitskräftemigration transnational verflochten. Es werden die Folgen dieser Migration für die Sozialpolitik der Immigrationsländer in Abhängigkeit von ihrem Wohlfahrtsstaatstypus ebenso untersucht wie die Migrations-Auswirkungen auf die Sozialpolitik in den Emigrationsländern unterschiedlichen Wohlstandsniveaus, so in Polen, Rumänien und der Ukraine.

The project asked two main research questions: How do migration control policies affect the plans and actions of prospective (and actual) irregular migrants? and, why some policies are more successful than others? In seeking to answer these questions, four empirical issues were addressed: (a) how migrants make and change their plans despite legal restrictions at destination countries; (b) which are the actors (national, local, transnational, state or non-state) that affect their decisions and actions; (c) how do these actors affect the decision making of potential migrants, their plans and actions ; (d) why specific actors are more effective than state policies in shaping migrants plans and decisions. The empirical research undertaken in this project concentrated on three migration systems within which irregular migration is an important component of overall migration towards Greece: Migration System 1.Balkans to EU migration system: Albania to Greece; Migration System 2. Eastern Europe to EU migration system: Georgia and Ukraine to Greece; Migration System 3. Southeast Asia to EU migration system Pakistan and Afghanistan to Greece.

In this collaborative project the causes and implications of the provision of domestic services in private households in many ED membership countries are explored. It aims at differentiating between different countries on different levels, including an analysis of how transnational migration is affecting the construction of welfare provision and the law in European societies as well as the most intimate of institutions, the home and family, will be examined and policy recommendations will be made.The proposed individual research is a follow-up to the project Gender, Ethnicity and Identity. The New Maids in the Age of Globalization (2002- 2005, see: www.uni-muenster.de/fqei).It will analyze the aspect of transnational care provision and transnational care chains between the Ukraine, Poland and Germany. While Polish women have become care providers for German children and elderly persons, middle class households in Poland is employing Ukrainian women for care work in large Polish cities. On top of that, Ukrainian women are also found in German households as care-providers. We can thus speak of an East-West care chain linking Ukrainian with Polish and German households.

Im Zentrum des MOBILISE Projekts steht die folgende Forschungsfrage: Warum reagieren einige Menschen auf gesellschaftlichen Unmut mit Protesten, während andere in die Emigration gehen? Wir verknüpfen die konzeptuellen Erwartungen aus der Migrationsforschung und der Forschung zu sozialen Protesten miteinander und untersuchen: a) ob es ähnliche Faktoren sind, die die Entscheidung für Migration und/oder Protest auf der Ebene des Individuums bestimmen; b) wie der jeweilige politische, soziale und wirtschaftliche Kontext diese Arten von Mobilisierung beeinflusst; c) ob die Optionen Migration und Protest unabhängig voneinander sind, oder ob sie sich gegenseitig verstärken, oder ob eine Option die andere unterdrückt. MOBILISE verbindet verschiedene methodologische Ansätze (nationale repräsentative face-to-face Panel-Umfragen, Online-Umfragen unter Migrant*Innen; Direktumfragen unter Protestteilnehmenden, Fokusgruppen, narrative Interviews, Soziale Medien-Analyse) und ein Forschungsdesign, das zeitgleich an verschiedenen Standorten umgesetzt wird. Das Projekt konzentriert sich auf die Ukraine, Polen, Marokko und Brasilien - vier Länder, die in den letzten Jahren sowohl von signifikanter Emigration als auch von Protesten geprägt waren. Wir folgen den Migrant*innen aus diesen Ländern nach Deutschland, Großbritannien und Spanien. MOBILISE verbindet in seiner Konzeption und empirischen Reichweite vier innovative Elemente: 1) Es verbindet die Phänomene Migration und Protest in einer Studie; 2) es erfasst alle für eine vergleichende Studie relevanten Gruppen (Protestierende, Migrant*innen, Migrant*innen, die protestieren, und Individuen, die sich weder für Migration noch für Protest entschieden haben); 3) es erfasst Individuen durch die Panel-Struktur der Umfragen über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg; 4) es nutzt Soziale Medien als Zugang zu Echtzeit-Informationen über die Rolle von Netzwerken und politischen Transfers (political remittances). Durch diese vier Dimensionen verspricht das Projekt, erstmals in diesem Umfang empirische Daten zu erheben, einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Theoriebildung in der Migrations- und Protestforschung zu leisten sowie einen Transfer von empirischen Erkenntnisse an Policy-Makers zu ermöglichen, die von zentraler Bedeutung für politische und wirtschaftliche Stabilität sind.

The MACIMIDE Global Expatriate Dual Citizenship Dataset charts the rules that existed in near all states of the world since 1960 with regard to the loss or renunciation of citizenship after a citizen of a respective state voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another state. The central variable of the Dataset is the dualcit_cat variable. This is a categorical variable whose values may be used to interpret, in broad lines, the position of a country with regards to the expatriate dual citizenship. The dualcit_cat variable reflects what consequences the legislation and legal practice of a country attaches to the voluntary acquisition of a foreign citizenship. The value of this variable depends on a number of criteria, including whether a citizen of the reference country who voluntarily obtains a foreign citizenship automatically loses – in principle – the citizenship of the origin country, and whether a citizen of the reference country can renounce that citizenship. The value assigned to dualcit_cat reflects the position of the country on the 1st of January of the reference year. Any subsequent changes in legislation will be reflected in the dualcit_cat value of the following year and included in updated versions of the Dataset. The dualcit_binary variable is a recoding of the dualcit_cat variable. This variable can be used for broad comparisons of the dual citizenship positions around the world. The possible values reflect whether the legislation of a country, in a given reference year, provides for the automatic loss of the origin citizenship (1) or not (2). All data have been centrally collected and refer to specific provisions in national law.

Since the mid-1970s, the World Population Policies Database, last updated in 2015, provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the population policy situation and trends for all Member States and non-member States of the United Nations. Among several areas, the database shows the evolution of government views and policies with respect to internal and international migration. The migration strand covers internal migration, immigration, emigration, and return. The Database is updated biennially by conducting a detailed country-by-country review of national plans and strategies, programme reports, legislative documents, official statements and various international, Inter-governmental and non-governmental sources, as well as by using official responses to the United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development.

The Research Team is supporting the PPTI Team in implementing Specific Objective 2 of the Prague Process Targeted Initiative: Knowledge Base. This objective builds on the results of the “Building Migration Partnerships” (BMP) project implemented in 2009-2011. Objective: The aim of this component is to maintain, update and/or further improve the BMP knowledge base, through gathering information in the form of Migration Profiles for countries in Eastern Europe, Southern Caucasus, Central Asia and Russia. Information and data gathering will be a continuous process throughout the whole implementation period with the purpose of collecting and analysing data, statistics and information on migration flows, trends and dynamics between the countries participating in the Prague Process. The information gathered will be presented in form of Migration Profiles and the i-Map. Activities: • Expert-level Workshop on data management/data and sources utilisation for the elaboration of Migration Profiles or other documents of similar nature • Expert Missions of a group of 3 EU experts nominated by the Project Steering Committee to the 11 participating beneficiary countries. The target of these missions: 1. To re-introduce the purpose of Migration Profiles, their history and format to the relevant state authorities both on policy and expert level; 2. To confirm existing or identify new responsible national bodies for development or update of the Migration Profiles and agree on the methodology and timeframe for development of the Migration Profiles; 3. To gather key information and data, identify existing gaps and propose solutions for how to address them on the national level; 4. To exchange information on selected thematic areas of the Action Plan of the Prague Process which are not covered by the 4 Pilot Projects of the Prague Process Targeted Initiative or to meet a request for information from Prague Process states which do not participate in the Specific Objective 2 Knowledge Base. • Elaboration of 4 and update of 7 existing migration profiles including additional research, expert input, data gathering and analysis. The Support team (ICMPD project team) will act as the help desk for the national authorities in charge of coordination of development of the Migration Profile and will ensure communication between the national authorities and experts from the leading states including ensuring translation of relevant documents in English and Russian language. The support team will collect and store all information and communication, translate relevant information into the PP Knowledge Base and the i-Map and will keep the Knowledge Base up-to-date. • 2 Study visits of 11 beneficiary states’ experts (1 expert on migration analysis and statistics for each state) to project partner states (Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Sweden). The purpose of the study visits is to get acquainted with the work of analytical units of the partner states (e.g. the Analytical Centre for Border Protection and Migration within the Ministry of Interior in the Czech Republic) Outcomes: • Interactive online i-Map updated and improved. • 4 beneficiary states' Migration Profiles developed and used. • 7 existing beneficiary states' Migration Profiles updated and used. • Strengthening the capacity of the 11 beneficiary states to gather and process data on migration.

The Inquiry gathers critically important data for monitoring the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and other international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Inquiry, mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 1838 (XVII) of 18 December 1962, has been conducted by the Secretary-General at regular intervals since 1963. The Twelfth Inquiry consists of multiple-choice questions, organized in three thematic modules: Module I on population ageing and urbanization; Module II on fertility, family planning and reproductive health; and Module III on international migration. In 1994, Member States attending the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo agreed that “population-related goals and policies are integral parts of cultural, economic and social development” and recommended that actions be taken “to measure, assess, monitor and evaluate progress towards meeting the goals of its Programme of Action”. The year 2019 will mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Cairo conference and adoption of the ICPD Programme of Action, which continues to provide crucial guidance for addressing the fundamental development challenges facing the world today. Population issues are also at the core of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted in 2015. The United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development (the “Inquiry”) gathers critically important data for monitoring the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action and other international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Inquiry, mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 1838 (XVII) of 18 December 1962, has been conducted by the Secretary-General at regular intervals since 1963. The most recent Inquiry, the Eleventh, was implemented in 2014.

The index is based on three types of entry visa restrictions: visa required, visa not required for short stays and visa not required. The author identifies country pairs which changed their visa regime during 1998–2010. This immigration policy index is constructed for all countries and territories in the world for both March 1998 and November 2009. This index is heterogeneous across destination and origin countries as well as over time.

Prosjektet ønsket i utgangspunktet å undersøke hvordan omsorg blir forstått og praktisert i de ulike landene og i de spesielle situasjonene som transnasjonal migrasjon representerer. Vi var interessert i forståelsen til de involverte migrerende selv, men også de ulike lands og myndigheters syn og politikk. Ikke minst gjelder dette deres oppfatninger av ”barnets beste” slik dette blir formulert i barnekonvensjonen. Forstås omsorg som noe som bør gis av foreldre i en kjernefamilie modell som norm? Kan andre typer slektskapsformer og normer gi andre praksiser og forståelser? Hvordan løser migrantene selv omsorgsspørsmål i praksis?

This study brings into focus the issue of reproduction and transformation ofcultural authority in the so-called post-Soviet context. It seeks to examine howintelligentsia may be presented and what empowering narratives it may articulate in a concrete locality, namely, in the post-1991 West Ukrainian city of L'viv. Theauthor argues that claims for cultural authority stemming from the socio-culturallocation of intelligentsia are decisive in discussions about Ukrainian nationalidentity and cultural development, which gained momentum after independence.Despite significant discursive transformations, after 1991 intelligentsia is stillpresented as the essence of the nation, as its typical and brightest representativeswho assume the right to speak for the whole nation and to extrapolate own valuesand choices to it.