Jordan

Auf Basis architektur- und sozialwissenschaftlicher Methoden untersucht das Forschungsprojekt die physisch-materiellen und symbolischen Aneignungsprozesse von geflüchteten Menschen an unterschiedlichen Asylorten. Damit rückt es das handlungsrelevante Raumwissen in einer hochmobilen Ausnahmesituation (Flucht) in den Mittelpunkt. Empirisch ist die Studie so angelegt, dass syrische Geflüchtete vergleichend in Deutschland (Berlin) und Jordanien (Zataari) untersucht werden.

The government of Jordan provided some emergency assistance to migrant workers during the pandemic, but migrants’ lack of formal employment impeded the implementation.

This report summarizes findings of two household surveys examining the living conditions of the Palestinian refugee-camp population in Jordan 2011, and examines how the living conditions have evolved since the late 1990s. It finds that people’s overall situation has improved, but that there are significant differences across camps and socio-economic groups, on many indicators.

This report presents the main findings of a household survey conducted in the Jordanian governorates of Amman, Irbid and Mafraq between February and March 2014, aimed at assessing the implications of the large influx of Syrian Refugees onto the labour market in the three geographical areas. The results are based on information gathered on the current labour market situation, as well as some of the changes that have occurred since the beginning of the Syrian Refugee influx into Jordan in March 2011.

FOCUS is an EU funded research project running from January 2019 to June 2022, led by the IFRC Reference Centre for Psychosocial Support hosted by the Danish Red Cross with partners from nine countries (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark France, Germany, Ireland, Jordan and the United Kingdom). FOCUS aims at deepening the understanding of critical dimensions of integration. The project takes stock of the decade passed since the arrival of more than 1 million refugees and migrants from Syria and other countries (UNHCR 2018), with a special emphasis on psychological and social factors, and makes this knowledge accessible in an efficient and useful way.

"Angesichts der vielfältigen Herausforderungen, die sich aus dem jüngsten Fluchtmigration nach Europa ergeben haben, sind evidenzbasierte Lösungen und Strategien zur Erleichterung eines erfolgreichen Integrationsprozesses dringlicher denn je. Wir verstehen Integration als einen dynamischen wechselseitigen Prozess, der sich nicht ausschließlich auf Flüchtlinge beschränkt, sondern die Aufnahmegesellschaften aktiv miteinbezieht. FOCUS verfolgt das Ziel, die Beziehungen zwischen Geflüchteten und Aufnahmegesellschaften und das Verständnis füreinander zu vertiefen. Der Schwerpunkt wird dabei auf die psychosozialen und sozioökonomischen Dimensionen dieser Beziehungen gelegt. Durch die Verbindung der sozioökonomischen und sozialpsychologischen Forschung und die Schaffung von Synergien zwischen beiden Zugängen im Bereich erzwungener Migration versucht FOCUS, umfassende Indikatoren zu entwickeln, die ein differenzierteres Verständnis von Integration widerspiegeln. Um dieses Bestreben zu verfolgen, werden Feldforschungen mit Geflüchteten aus Syrien und Teilnehmer*innen der Aufnahmegesellschaften in vier Ländern durchgeführt (Deutschland, Jordanien, Kroatien und Schweden). Die Standorte wurden sorgfältig ausgewählt um sicherzustellen, dass Erkenntnisse aus Ländern mit diversen Erfahrungen im Bereich Fluchtmigration und lokaler Integration gewonnen werden. Die Feldforschungen umfassen sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Methoden, die erforderlich sind, um ein tieferes Verständnis der Hindernisse, Möglichkeiten und Lösungen für die Integration aus der Perspektive von Geflüchteten und Aufnahmegesellschaften zu gewinnen und somit stärkere, wissenschaftlich basierte Nachweise zu den Auswirkungen von Instrumenten/ Programmen zur Förderung der Integration zu entwickeln. FOCUS ist ein EU-Horizon 2020-Projekt, das im Januar 2019 seine Arbeit aufnahm und von acht Partnerländern (Belgien, Dänemark, Deutschland, Frankreich, Irland, Jordanien, Kroatien, Schweden) implementiert wird. In Berlin wird das Projekt in Kooperation zwischen der Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Charité Campus Mitte und dem Berliner Institut für empirische Integrations- und Migrationsforschung der Humboldt Universität umgesetzt."

Background In the context of the current development of the Global Compact on Refugees, as well as the recent experience of the Jordan Compact, responses to large-scale refugee crises, and the potential of development approaches, are key areas of potential study. Policy makers are (re-)examining policy options in the context of forced migration, protection and development, based on the priorities and challenges all stakeholders involved are facing. With this in mind, the study aims to assess potential policy options, with the goal of clarifying and incorporating the needs and priorities of relevant stakeholders, not least refugees and the countries hosting them. Objectives The study aims to enhance policy-relevant knowledge on the potential of regional protection policies to support durable solutions and resilience-based development. The study therefore seeks to provide a comprehensive assessment of viable policy options to address the development-displacement nexus for protection in the Middle East region and across the world. Findings Policy options presented in the final report focus on four main areas of work, all of which are considered equally important, and which were developed based on input from stakeholders in refugee hosting countries (Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey in particular). For more on the policy options, please see the report linked below. The first area of policy work for refugee-hosting countries and relevant organisations and donors is focused on analysing the situation and designing a tailored approach to it. Host countries (and donors) must ensure that all relevant information on refugees has been collected and assessed, in order to design and prioritise the most appropriate actions. Similarly, implementing a multi-stakeholder approach (across stakeholder groups and levels of national administration) can improve the effectiveness of policy implementation. Secondly, countries must ensure effective communication and coordination. This involves streamlining and communicating one’s approach both within and outside the national context to ensure a unified approach. Thirdly, countries, donors and implementing organisations should implement policies and programmes that integrate development perspectives into service provision. Longer-term impacts require implementing sustainable structures in refugee-hosting countries. Finally, countries, donors and implementing organisations should focus on programmes and policies aimed at boosting business and decent work – for both refugees and nationals.

Die Sozialanthropologin Dr. Ruba Salih und die Nahostwissenschaftlerin Dr. Sophie Richter-Devroe beschäftigen sich im Rahmen ihres Forschungsprojekts mit dem Rückkehrrecht der palästinensischen Flüchtlinge. Dabei konzentrieren sie sich auf die Frage, wie palästinensische Flüchtlinge im Westjordanland, in Jordanien und im Libanon ihre Forderung nach einem Recht auf Rückkehr nach Palästina / Israel mit Strategien zur Stärkung ihrer Position im jeweiligen Gastland verbinden.

The project will investigate how policies of migration management and protection systems shape access to protection, education and sustainable livelihoods for refugee populations, refugee mobility (their decision to repatriate, remain or move on to Europe or other third countries) and political developments and political stability in host communities. The analysis will focus in particular on the humanitarian responses and how refugees are provided access to education and sustainable livelihoods. The project will provide recommendations for international interventions to governments and humanitarian organisations on ways to improve current policies of migration management and refugee protection. Recommendations will focus on policy options that give refugees better access to education and sustainable livelihoods, limit tension between host population and refugees, limit secondary mobility and facilitate repatriation when possible. The project will target four countries and regions with large refugee populations: Lebanon (the Bekaa Valley); Jordan (Amman); Uganda (Nakivale); Niger (Agadez). The analysis will draw on existing, high-quality survey data on refugee and host populations in three of the regions, in combination with document analysis and qualitative interviews. We approach the refugee protection systems as systems of practice and aim to describe the structural factors that create opportunities for action for international actors, refugees, local governments and host populations, how the various actors respond to these opportunities (or lack of opportunities), as well as how they understand their own situation and opportunities.

Flucht kann eine einschneidende traumatische Erfahrung sein, die einen Einfluss auf Individuen, Familien und die Gesellschaft hat. In vielen Fällen beinhaltet sie traumatische Belastungen wie etwa das Erfahren einer akuten Bedrohungssituation, die Entscheidung zu fliehen, Trennung von der eigenen Familie, das Durchleben extremer Gefahrensituationen und der Flucht, das Erreichen von Aufnahmelagern mit weiteren Unsicherheiten, Angst vor der Rückführung und vor allem Ansiedlung oder Umsiedlung. Sozialpsychologische Studien haben gezeigt, dass diese Schocks - wenn sie auch teils kurzfristige Erfahrungen widerspiegeln - langfristige Auswirkungen auf die Ansichten eines Menschen und seine Präferenzen haben. Unter den elf Millionen Syrern, die bis heute ihre Heimat verlassen haben, sind etwa vier Millionen, die sich für eine Flucht in andere Länder entschieden haben. Dieses Ereignis verursacht nicht nur humanitäre Herausforderungen für die Flüchtlinge selbst, sondern auch soziale und politische Herausforderungen für diejenigen Länder, in die sie fliehen. Ziel des Projekts ist es, mit Hilfe verhaltensökonomischer Methoden die Auswirkungen dieses speziellen Traumas auf verschiedene sozio-ökonomisch relevante Werte (z.B. Hilfsbereitschaft, Vertrauen, Risikobereitschaft, Reziprozität oder Ehrlichkeit) der syrischen Flüchtlinge zu testen. So soll neues Wissen über den Zusammenhang zwischen traumatischen Erfahrungen und Wertesystemen verbessert und auch die Kenntnis über Wirkungen verschiedener Flüchtlingspolitiken erhöht werden.

Objectives: The overall objective of the project is to develop solutions for protracted displacement situations (PDS) that are better tailored to the needs and capacities of persons affected by displacement. Current policies struggle to find solutions to forced displacement. Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) are often stuck in ‘limbo’, i.e. living in situations of vulnerability, dependency and immobility, due to continuous cycles of displacement and a lack of durable options. The project will therefore aim at answering the questions whether and how PDS, dependency and vulnerability are related to the factors of connectivity and mobility. It will further look at how in turn, connectivity and mobility can be operationalized to enhance the self-reliance and resilience of displaced people. Summary: Protracted displacement situations are estimated to affect about 13 million individuals globally, approximately two-thirds of the 20 million refugees today. PDS affects both refugees who have left their countries of origin as well as internally displaced individuals subsisting in precarious living conditions and seeking stability and safety with no prospects of local integration, resettlement, or safe return. TRAFIG will conduct its research by analysing specific sites of exhibited protracted displacement situations throughout Asia, Africa and Europe in order to better understand the daily lives and challenges of those living in PDS, and to ultimately devise new and creative approaches for the alleviation of these problems. Moreover, TRAFIG seeks to explore the relationship between connectivity and mobility, and the realities of protracted displacement situations which increase vulnerability in order to understand how PDS can be challenged. ICMPD’s policy unit leads the stakeholder engagement and dialogue with policymakers and further seeks innovative options for the exploitation of results. In addition, the unit examines governance frameworks on displacement at the European and global level. Project Partners: BICC (Bonn International Center for Conversion), Addis Ababa University, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, CMI (Chr. Michelsen Institute), Danube University Krems, Dignity Kwanza – Community Solutions, FIERI (Forum of International and European Research on Immigration), ICMPD (International Centre for Migration Policy Development), SHARP (Society for Human Rights & Prisoners’ Aid), Universiteit Leiden, University of Sussex, Yarmouk University

The MACIMIDE Global Expatriate Dual Citizenship Dataset charts the rules that existed in near all states of the world since 1960 with regard to the loss or renunciation of citizenship after a citizen of a respective state voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another state. The central variable of the Dataset is the dualcit_cat variable. This is a categorical variable whose values may be used to interpret, in broad lines, the position of a country with regards to the expatriate dual citizenship. The dualcit_cat variable reflects what consequences the legislation and legal practice of a country attaches to the voluntary acquisition of a foreign citizenship. The value of this variable depends on a number of criteria, including whether a citizen of the reference country who voluntarily obtains a foreign citizenship automatically loses – in principle – the citizenship of the origin country, and whether a citizen of the reference country can renounce that citizenship. The value assigned to dualcit_cat reflects the position of the country on the 1st of January of the reference year. Any subsequent changes in legislation will be reflected in the dualcit_cat value of the following year and included in updated versions of the Dataset. The dualcit_binary variable is a recoding of the dualcit_cat variable. This variable can be used for broad comparisons of the dual citizenship positions around the world. The possible values reflect whether the legislation of a country, in a given reference year, provides for the automatic loss of the origin citizenship (1) or not (2). All data have been centrally collected and refer to specific provisions in national law.

Since the mid-1970s, the World Population Policies Database, last updated in 2015, provides comprehensive and up-to-date information on the population policy situation and trends for all Member States and non-member States of the United Nations. Among several areas, the database shows the evolution of government views and policies with respect to internal and international migration. The migration strand covers internal migration, immigration, emigration, and return. The Database is updated biennially by conducting a detailed country-by-country review of national plans and strategies, programme reports, legislative documents, official statements and various international, Inter-governmental and non-governmental sources, as well as by using official responses to the United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development.

L’objectif du programme de recherche LAJEH (réfugié en arabe)est d’approfondir la connaissance sur les migrations forcées au Moyen-Orient, en analysant les flux actuels de réfugiés dans leur contexte historique et régional. A partir d’une approche multidisciplinaire et empirique, ce projet analyse l’implication des migrations forcées sur les pays d’accueil et la façon dont ceux-ci y réponde. Ce projet de recherche se concentrera sur les réfugiés enregistrés mais aussi sur l’ensemble des groupes de déplacés et de migrants affectés par les conflits et leurs conséquences. Trois axes de recherche complémentaires seront développés : les conditions d'intégration des migrants forcés dans l’économie des pays d’accueil, le développement de réseaux de solidarité entre migrants à un niveau local, régional et national, et les conséquences des déplacements forcés sur la fabrique du politique dans les pays d’accueil. Les crises politiques et conflits répétés continuent de générer de large flux de migrant. Le Moyen-Orient accueille aujourd'hui une des plus importantes population de réfugiés dans le monde (Palestiniens, Syriens et Irakiens), alors que la majorité des pays d’accueil (l’exception de la Turquie) ne sont pas signataires de la Convention de Genève de 1951. Le Moyen-Orient est caractérisé, en raison des disparités économiques et des conflits, par une importante et ancienne mobilité humaine. Les migrations apparaissent comme un élément clef de compréhension des changements socio-politique de la région. Avec plus de 20 millions de travailleurs migrant – un quart du total des migrant dans les pays en voie de développement – le Moyen-Orient est l’une des principales régions d’émigration et d'immigration dans le monde. A titre d'exemple, la Jordanie et le Liban comptent aujourd’hui respectivement 10 % et 25% de réfugiés syriens sur leur population totale. Traditionnellement connus comme pays d’émigration, le Liban, la Jordanie et la Turquie sont devenus des espaces d’installation et de transit pour les migrants économique et forcé. Les migrations sont déclenchées par les opportunités et les contraintes à l'échelle régionale et nationale, mais elles sont aussi façonnées par les stratégies propres aux migrants, leurs aspirations et leur possibilité en terme de ressource lié à leur inscription dans des réseaux locaux et familiaux. Les migrations économiques contemporaines comme les mouvements de réfugiés peuvent seulement être compris à la lumière de deux contextes corrélés : les dynamiques de fortes mobilités impliquant des migrations transfrontalières et l’existence de réseaux transnationaux bien établis et des diasporas plus ou moins structurées. Les conséquences des migrations de masse en Jordanie, au Liban et en Turquie seront analysées à différentes échelles. La plupart des études disponibles ont abordé les effets macroéconomiques des migrations de masse sur les sociétés d'accueil (marché du travail, infrastructures, services publics, etc.). Tout en tenant compte des phénomènes migratoires aux échelles régionales et nationales, ce programme de recherche se concentrera plutôt sur les effets locaux de la migration dans les villes, les villages et les zones frontalières, et plus particulièrement sur les espaces à population mixte. Cette approche va nous permettre d'analyser la façon dont les politiques nationales sont mises en œuvre au niveau local. Elle permettra également d'examiner les stratégies d'adaptation adoptées les populations autochtones et les communautés migrantes déjà présentes face à de nouveaux flux de migrants forcés. Trois axes de recherches interconnectés seront développés: 1. économie et formes d'installation locales, 2. les réseaux de solidarité et 3. les systèmes politiques locaux et nationaux.

The Diaspora Policies dataset focuses on thirty-five states characterized in terms of their symbolic policies, social and economic policies, religious and cultural policies, citizenship policies and government and bureaucratic control, coded in nineteen categorical variables. The dataset includes features of diaspora policies. The dataset is composed of 19 indicators, regrouped in five headings: symbolic policies, social and economic policies, religious and cultural policies, citizenship policies and government and bureaucratic control. Data for these variables has been collected from a variety of secondary sources, as well as primary sources from states, international organizations and diaspora organizations

The Inquiry gathers critically important data for monitoring the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and other international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Inquiry, mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 1838 (XVII) of 18 December 1962, has been conducted by the Secretary-General at regular intervals since 1963. The Twelfth Inquiry consists of multiple-choice questions, organized in three thematic modules: Module I on population ageing and urbanization; Module II on fertility, family planning and reproductive health; and Module III on international migration. In 1994, Member States attending the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo agreed that “population-related goals and policies are integral parts of cultural, economic and social development” and recommended that actions be taken “to measure, assess, monitor and evaluate progress towards meeting the goals of its Programme of Action”. The year 2019 will mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Cairo conference and adoption of the ICPD Programme of Action, which continues to provide crucial guidance for addressing the fundamental development challenges facing the world today. Population issues are also at the core of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted in 2015. The United Nations Inquiry among Governments on Population and Development (the “Inquiry”) gathers critically important data for monitoring the implementation of the ICPD Programme of Action and other international agreements, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Inquiry, mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 1838 (XVII) of 18 December 1962, has been conducted by the Secretary-General at regular intervals since 1963. The most recent Inquiry, the Eleventh, was implemented in 2014.

The index is based on three types of entry visa restrictions: visa required, visa not required for short stays and visa not required. The author identifies country pairs which changed their visa regime during 1998–2010. This immigration policy index is constructed for all countries and territories in the world for both March 1998 and November 2009. This index is heterogeneous across destination and origin countries as well as over time.

Western Union commissioned the Economist Intelligence Unit to compile a migration index that ranks 61 countries by how attractive and accessible they are for migrants (the Global Migration Barometer), with a separate assessment of their need for migrants. The Economist Intelligence Unit developed the methodology behind the index, collected the data and scored the countries, with input from Western Union and an independent panel of migration experts. The index has been produced for 61 developed and emerging markets using a standard analytical framework. The model used to generate the index employs indicators that reflect the standard of living and economic development of a country, legislative policy and attitudes towards migration, and demographics and social welfare commitments. Many of the 32 indicators used to generate the index are based on quantitative data and have been drawn from national and international statistical sources. The others are qualitative in nature and have been produced by the Economist Intelligence Unit. Each of the indicators has been adjusted and weighted to produce a score of 0 to 100, where 100 represents the highest attractiveness, accessibility or need for migrants.