Migración laboral

Labour migration is the movement of persons with the aim of employment or income-generating activities (e.g. entrepreneurship). Research in this category includes studies on earnings, remittances, skill attractiveness, as well as gender perspectives on labour migration.

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Towards Effective Temporary Labor Migration Schemes Report on Lebanon and Jordan

Authors Eugene SENSENIG-DABBOUS, Guita HOURANI
Description
Migration policy is one of the fields least scrutinized in the Arab world. Responding to international economic trends, policy makers, social partners, and civil society players in Jordan and Lebanon have come to the realization that certain labour market bottlenecks can only be overcome by bringing in foreign workers. This has led to a significant immigration of laborers from a wide variety of countries and forced all relevant participants in the policy making process to renew their interest in coordinated temporary labour migration schemes. Both in Jordan and Lebanon, experts and policy makers alike see opportunities in these schemes that can help them meet the changing demands in their labour markets without permanently adding to their populations and labour forces. In the countries of origin, reciprocally, temporary labour migration schemes are intended to allow governments to alleviate pressures on their labour markets in the short and medium-term, and also let them reap the benefits of migration, through remittances and skill acquisition. In this study the authors will consider, based on a tripartite approach, whether the interests of employers and workers organizations coincide with those of governments in designing and implementing temporary migration schemes. The internationally codified rights of migrant workers to equality and non-discrimination and to their integration into societies and workplaces will be compared to the realities on the ground in Lebanon and Jordan. Have the limited provisions for protecting employees’ rights and a lack of their integration into the host societies negatively affected policy goals, closely linked to social cohesion? Does the effective protection of migrant workers contradict the needs of the indigenous populations in Lebanon and Jordan in general? Can the empowerment of the migrants themselves and their inclusion into the tripartite decision making process facilitate migration policy reform? Which social players can – and have – step in if the state and social partners neglect those roles foreseen for them by the international organizations dealing primarily with migrant labour, first and foremost the International Labour Organization (ILO)?
Year 2011
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2 Report

Labor migration and the moral sustainability of the Norwegian welfare state

Principal investigator Stein Kuhnle (Project Leader)
Description
The 2004 enlargement of the European Union, with the ensuing movements of Accession 8 migrants, has and will continue to have a profound impact on migration patterns in Norway. Both the demographic and geographic characteristics of immigrants are shifting , and much of the hostility directed towards the traditional "asylum seekers" now turns towards the new East European migrants. The aim of the research project Labour Migration and the Moral Sustainability of the Norwegian Welfare State is to examine cent ral aspects of this new immigration: 1) The first part of the project, Labour immigration and the welfare state, examines various aspects of the welfare state in light of the new immigration patterns in Norway. Firstly, we study the extent to which these new patterns threaten the continued support of the welfare state in general and Norwegian welfare state in particular, and how they affect and shape preferences on how to make moral trade-offs in the design of welfare polices. Secondly, we study the extent to which labor migration to Norway is labour induced by conducting a qualitative case study of how poles living as labor migrants in Norway make use of the welfare system. Thirdly, we study how the Norwegian and Polish press portray the migration from Poland to Norway, e.g. the extent to which it accurately reflects reality. 2) The second part of the project, Segregation, economic dependence, and gender equalization, examines the importance of social network denominators among the new labor migrants i n the value creating system in Norway. Furthermore, the project will calculate how much of the value creation in Norway that are reaped by foreign owners and employees in sectors and regions, as a proxy on how dependent value creation in Norway is on work force migration. Finally, the gender composition of the Norwegian and foreign work force will be compared to see how much, if at all, migration reverses the gender equalization of Norwegian industries.
Year 2013
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3 Project

External Labour Migration in Ukraine as a Factor in Socio-demographic and Economic Development

Authors Oleksii POZNIAK
Description
The paper focuses on the role of labor migration in Ukrainian development, particularly its impact upon demographics and the labor market. The author evaluates the real size and composition of the resident population of Ukraine. It is demonstrated that the de facto population is almost 1.5% smaller than its official size. The impact of external labor migration on the unemployment level is studied. It is demonstrated that without labor migration the unemployment level in Ukraine would be almost twice as high as the registered level. Special attention is paid to the entrepreneurial potential of labor migrants and its possible financial effects. It is proved that the main challenge associated with labor migration policy in the country is the underestimation of the possibility of using the entrepreneurial potential of labor migrants and their relatives staying in Ukraine. The potential financial benefits from the entrepreneurial activities of migrants and their relatives exceeds 1 billion hryvnias (around 100 million euros) as of 2010. It is demonstrated that in 10-12 years Ukraine will face a workforce deficit. Ukraine will need employable-age migrants up until 2061, namely 7.9 mln. people. The need to pursue a more proactive policy of immigrant integration is justified. Based on the analysis performed, recommendations for improvements in Ukrainian state policy are developed and justified, including measures in the field of emigration regulation, as well as the attraction and integration of immigrants.
Year 2012
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5 Report

Ethnography, anthropology and migration to the Arabian peninsula : themes from an ethnographic research trajectory

Authors Andrew M. GARDNER
Description
This paper provides an overview and evaluation of ethnographyメs contribution to our understandings of labor migration to the Gulf States of the Arabian Peninsula. It posits ethnographic research as a complementary research method that helps discern complexities and relations that can be quantitatively explored, but also suggests that ethnographic research has distilled a set of themes and issues that are best ascertained and pursued with qualitative methods. Based largely on the authorメs own research agenda and experience, this paper focuses on four primary ethnographic themes that thread through more than a decade of work: theorizing and framing the kafala, labour migration as an industry, migration and structural violence, and the household basis of labour migration.
Year 2014
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6 Report

Response paper to the research report “The impact of labour migration on the demographic situation of Armenia”

Authors Anastas AGHAZARYAN
Description
The impact of labour migration on the demographic situation of Armenia” is an interesting research report describing issues relating to the demographics of labor migration in Armenia in the last 40 years. The paper contains worthwhile discussions, rich statistical material and interesting conclusions. However, there are parts of the paper which deserve, in our opinion, to be contested. Also, several of the author’s judgments are not sufficiently objective and the paper neglected some important aspects, which we would like to bring up below. The methodology used by the author did not address the actual impact assessment of migration on the demographic situation and on demographic processes. The author described the demographic situation through assumptions. Therefore, we ack a realistic impact analysis in the paper. Another weak side of the paper is the fact that the author assesses the impact of labor migration on demographic processes (marriages, births, deaths…) from a quantitative perspective, neglecting qualitative effects. In the following, we comment on each section of the aforementioned paper.
Year 2013
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7 Report

Rola cudzoziemców na rynku pracy w Polsce

Year 2014
Journal Name Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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8 Journal Article

Arbeitskräftemigration in Deutschland

Principal investigator Johann Fuchs (Principal Investigator), Alexander Kubis (Principal Investigator)
Description
Auf der Basis detaillierter Daten zu Humankapital und Migration können wir testen, wie sich die geografische Mobilität auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt auswirkt. Wir analysieren Migrationsprozesse auf kleinräumiger Ebene. Fragen der Staatsangehörigkeit, des Erwerbspersonenpotenzials, sowie regionale Lohnunterschiede stehen im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung. Ziel ist die Verbesserung der Beratungsqualität in Bezug auf arbeitsmarktpolitische Handlungsfelder. Die Untersuchungen sollen Aussagen zur den Effekten internationaler Zuwanderung sowie der Binnenmigration auf regionale Wachstumspotenziale in Deutschland ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Rahmen von Publikationen veröffentlicht.
Year 2013
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9 Project

The Impact of Labor Emigration on the Demographic and Economic Development of Georgia in the Post-Soviet Period

Authors Mirian TUKHASHVILI, Mzia SHELIA
Description
The deep economic, political, social and cultural crisis faced by Georgia in the post-Soviet period negatively affected the territorial mobility of the population. A catastrophic reduction in the resources required for demographic growth led to sub-replacement fertility. At this point, emigration processes of extremely unnatural intensity, including labour migration, became of the greatest importance. The authors stipulate that a reduction in the negative impact of labor migration on the demographic situation will result in a switch from sub-replacement to replacement level fertility. In the post-Soviet period the Georgian economy collapsed, standards of living deteriorated and many people went to work abroad. Despite the numerous difficulties associated with emigration, its impact on the economy of Georgia was multilateral. Remittances sent by labour migrants to their home country are an important source of poverty reduction for Georgia. Their impact on small business development is positive. In Georgia, the unemployment rate has fallen and there have been positive structural changes in the balance of labour demand and supply. As discussed in the present paper, the harmonization of economic and migration policy includes many important reforms, including the facilitation of the migrants’ return.
Year 2012
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10 Report

A case for return preparedness

Authors Jean-Pierre CASSARINO
Year 2014
Book Title Global Migration Issues
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11 Book Chapter

European Integration and Labour Migration

Authors d'Artis Kancs, Julda Kielyte
Year 2010
Journal Name European integration online papers, 2015, Vol. 19, Special issue 1, Article 6, pp. 1-33
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12 Journal Article

The legal framework for circular migration in Belarus

Authors Oleg BAKHUR
Description
In this paper we regard circular migration as recurrent entry (and subsequent departure) of foreign citizens to the Republic of Belarus, as well as Belarusian citizens to other countries for a short period of time for employment and labor activities, as well as for studies. It should be noted that the term ?circular migration? is not used in Belarusian legislation. Nevertheless Belarus concluded a number of international agreements directed at regulation of labor migration and adopted national legal acts on labor migration and other types of migration that we can consider circular. As far as the main component of circular migration is labor migration, its legislative regulation is ensured by legal acts on labor migration (both international and national) that we have studied in detail in the paper devoted to labor migration.1
Year 2012
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13 Report

Labour Migration

Authors Laura Oso, Paweł Kaczmarczyk, Justyna Salamońska
Year 2022
Book Title Introduction to Migration Studies
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16 Book Chapter

The Sectoral Turn in Labour Migration Policy

Authors Alexander Caviedes
Book Title Labour Migration in Europe
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18 Book Chapter

A new era for labour migration in the GCC?

Authors Philip Martin, Froilan T. Malit
Year 2017
Journal Name MIGRATION LETTERS
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19 Journal Article

A sectorial approach to labour migration : agriculture and domestic work

Authors Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU
Description
Today more than ever, the European Union needs a comprehensive albeit differentiated approach towards legal labour migration, which responds to the varied needs of domestic labour markets and at the same time discourages effectively irregular migration. The segmented structure of domestic labour markets and the demographic deficit of Europe lead to increasing demand for a migrant labour force. This labour force is concentrated in specific sectors, such as cleaning, catering and care jobs for women; and construction, agricultural and semi-skilled manufacturing jobs for men. Such labour shortages are better catered to by a demand-led approach that takes into account the different economic cycles of Member States, their different economies and labour markets, while at the same time responds to long-term sociodemographic processes, including: a. The ageing of European societies; b. The configuration of nuclear families without extended support networks to cover needs for care of children or elderly/disabled people; c. The participation of women in paid work outside the home; d. These trends are irreversible and persist even in periods of economic downturn or weak growth. A flexible albeit proactive regulatory framework that would allow for demand and shortages to drive recruitment of migrant workers, while also being adaptable to territorial and sectorial variations, would be optimal. Of course, the thorny issue also needs to be addressed of how to match flexibility with worker protection from exploitation, setting up a clear and realistic set of rights and duties for both employer and employee. A framework sectorial approach can be tested in niche sectors such as domestic work or agriculture, complementing existing directives regulating training, research, students, intracompany transferees, highskill migrants and seasonal employment.
Year 2017
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20 Report

Labour migration dynamics in Libya

Authors Linda Cottone
Year 2020
Book Title Labour migration dynamics in Libya
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22 Book Chapter

The Impact of International Labour Migration on the Republic of Moldova

Authors Vladimir GANTA
Description
Labour migration has an important impact on the social and economic life of Moldova. It is, therefore, very important to measure it, so as to offer policy makers useful information to develop evidence-based policies. The purpose of this research was to identify and measure labour migration impact by analyzing data coming from these three large surveys: the Labour Force Survey, the Labour Force Migration Survey and the Child Labour Survey. Results show that about 26% of the country’s population face all the benefits and costs of labour migration directly. There are 135,000 couples who are separated by migration most of the time. About 146,000 children have one or both parents working abroad. Labour migration is a relieving but also a threatening factor for the labour market. If labour migrants were to search for a job in Moldova, the unemployment rate would reach 26%, higher than the present 7%. Labour migration is also a boosting factor for economic inactivity: 119,000 persons are economically inactive because they have plans to go or return abroad for work. Though not an issue today, labour immigration will probably have a big impact in the future as labour resources will be needed.
Year 2012
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23 Report

THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF LABOR MIGRATION IN ISRAEL

Authors Rebeca Raijman, Adriana Kemp
Year 2016
Journal Name Arbor
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24 Journal Article

Labor migration and remittances in the GCC

Authors George S. Naufal
Year 2011
Journal Name Labor History
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25 Journal Article

Tijdelijke arbeidsmigratie 2015 - 2035

Authors Adviescommissie voor Vreemdelingenzaken
Description
Voor de periode 2015-2035, zo constateerde de Commissie Arbeidsparticipatie (commissie Bakker) in haar rapport van juni 2008,1 wordt een tekort aan arbeidskrachten op de arbeidsmarkt verwacht. Het Nederlandse beleid is er in de komende jaren primair op gericht om dat tekort met nationale (beleids-) inspanningen op te lossen. Volgens de commissie Bakker dient dit te gebeuren door een hogere arbeidsparticipatie en arbeidsproductiviteit alsook door het beter laten aansluiten van onderwijs op de arbeidsmarkt. Daarnaast wijst de ACVZ op de mogelijkheid om productie naar elders te verplaatsen zodat arbeidskracht vrijkomt voor die sectoren waar dat het meest nodig is (infrastructuur, zorg, bouw, onderwijs, horeca). Maar naast deze inspanningen zou volgens de ACVZ tijdelijke arbeidsmigratie, bijvoorbeeld in de vorm van de in de beleidsnotitie Internationale Migratie en Ontwikkeling 20082 bedoelde circulaire migratie, als aanvullend instrument nuttig kunnen zijn. Drie overwegingen ten aanzien van tijdelijke arbeidsmigratie zijn voor de ACVZ van belang. Allereerst dient de ‘tijdelijkheid’ van tijdelijke arbeidsmigratie centraal te staan. De terugkeer zal, hoe problematisch dat ook is, moeten worden gegarandeerd. Ten tweede, kan daar waar het gaat om bijvoorbeeld arbeidsvoorwaarden niet aan het beginsel van gelijke behandeling worden getornd. Ten derde acht de ACVZ het van belang, dat ondanks de benodigde reflectie op de huidige financiële crisis en de recessie die daar een gevolg van is, niettemin de mogelijkheden van langdurige tijdelijke arbeidsmigratie als arbeidsmarktinstrument voor de periode vanaf ongeveer 2015 zouden moeten worden bestudeerd en op bruikbaarheid te worden getoetst. In het advies richt de ACVZ zich op het vereiste raamwerk voor werving, binnenkomst, verblijf en terugkeer van tijdelijke arbeidsmigranten. Daarbij wordt niet alleen rekening gehouden met de belangen van Nederland. Uitgangspunt is ook om waar mogelijk tegemoet te komen aan de belangen van de migrant en het land van herkomst. Tijdelijke arbeidsmigratie wordt in dit advies als volgt gedefinieerd: Tijdelijke arbeidsmigratie is die vorm van migratie die onderdanen van derde landen de mogelijkheid biedt om voor een periode van maximaal vier jaar in Nederland te komen werken waarna zij aan het einde van die periode terugkeren naar hun land van herkomst dan wel vertrekken naar elders. In het advies wordt ingegaan op: • het organisatorische en juridische kader; • planning, besluitvorming, keuze van landen van herkomst, afspraken met landen van herkomst en de rol van internationale organisaties; • werving, arbeidsovereenkomst, inreis en verblijf waarbij de rol van marktpartijen aan de orde wordt gesteld; • werkgevers en vakopleidingen; • haalbaarheid en handhaving waaronder terugkeer en de daarbij te bieden faciliteiten; • (andere) randvoorwaarden, zoals gezin, opleidingen; • samenwerking binnen de EU en/of met individuele lidstaten.
Year 2009
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26 Report

Arbeidsmigrasjon

Authors Jon Horgen Friberg
Year 2016
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27 Report

Legal Aspects of Labour Migration Governance in Georgia

Authors Gaga GABRICHIDZE
Description
The main goal of the present study is to analyze the legal aspects of labour migration governance in Georgia. For this purpose, an analysis of national legal instruments related to labour migration governance has been carried out. And an overview is given of those international agreements, which are of relevance for Georgia. The study is carried out in the following main directions: First, there is an overview of existing legislative mechanisms; second, an analysis of the coherence of these mechanisms; and, third, a survey of gaps and challenges and recommendations. The content of the study is mainly based on the analysis of legal documents. However, it should be noted that the number of legislative acts and other official documents related to labour migration is very limited. This is due to the liberalization of migration policy, which is a reflection of the extremely liberal policy of the current Georgian government. As a consequence, Georgian legislation does not provide for the overseas employment of Georgian citizens in any form. And as to the access of aliens to the Georgian labour market, there are only some limited mechanisms, which in practice do not have a visible regulatory effect. Namely, legislation does not impose any obligation for aliens to obtain a work permit before starting work. Thus, the Georgian labour market is wide open to citizens of foreign countries. It is recommended that the state changes to a model of labour migration governance which would be both efficient and active. This model should be based on a consideration of economic and demographic effects and it should be developed on the basis of migration flow analysis.
Year 2012
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28 Report

Literature review labour migration

Authors Maastricht University - Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market, Frank Cörvers, Julia Reinold, ...
Description
Attracting and retaining migrants can have many benefits for the host country and its economy, for example to mitigate skills shortages. Regulating immigration may prevent several negative consequences of a shrinking and ageing population. However, research and policy often focus on the highly skilled or so-called knowledge migrants (kennismigranten) as a source of human capital, which can increase innovation and a country’s competitiveness. A group of labour migrants that receives significantly less attention from research and policy, are the medium-skilled migrant workers. Although it makes up a significant share of the migrant population, this group is rarely supported by specific migration policies. Therefore, in this report we would like to answer the following central research question: What is known in available literature about the opportunities and limitations of filling labour shortages through labour migration, especially in the middle segment of the labour market? CONTENT: 1. Introduction, 2. Methodology, 3. Shortages and skill requirements in the middle segment of the Dutch labour market, 4. Priority supply from EEA+ countries and beyond, 5. Migration as a solution to address shortages in the middle segment of the Dutch labour market, 6. Alternative solutions to staffing bottlenecks in the middle segment of the Dutch labour market, 7. Conclusions and directions for further research.
Year 2021
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33 Report

Arbeidsmigratie: Oplossing voor economie en demografie?

Authors Adviesraad Migratie
Description
In het maatschappelijk debat over de vraag of arbeidsmigratie een oplossing is voor vergrijzing lopen drie vraagstukken door elkaar. Het eerste is de houdbaarheid van de verzorgingsstaat met het oog op de groei van het aantal gepensioneerden ten opzichte van het aantal actieven, de ‘grijze druk’. Het tweede is het structurele personeelstekort doordat meer mensen met pensioen gaan dan er jongeren tot de arbeidsmarkt toetreden. En het derde is het behoud van de welvaart, gemeten als het bruto binnenlands product per hoofd van de bevolking. Het doel van deze verkenning is om een indruk te geven van de grootte van de bijdrage die arbeidsmigratie kan leveren aan het beperken van de gevolgen van de demografische ontwikkelingen voor deze drie vraagstukken in de komende decennia. Concreet gaat het hierbij om de vraag in welke mate arbeidsmigratie de stijging van de grijze druk (de verhouding tussen gepensioneerden en actieven) kan matigen, de omvang van de (potentiële) beroepsbevolking kan vergroten en het welvaartsniveau (gemeten als het bruto binnenlands product (bbp) per hoofd van de bevolking) kan helpen op peil te houden. De gevolgen van extra arbeidsmigratie zijn tevens afgezet tegen die van andere opties om de beroepsbevolking te vergroten, in het bijzonder een geleidelijke (verdere) verhoging van de AOW-leeftijd. Om de effecten van arbeidsmigratie te bepalen, hebben we een gedachte-experiment uitgevoerd. We zijn nagegaan wat de gevolgen zijn als er jaarlijks netto 50.000 extra arbeidsmigranten naar Nederland komen (netto betekent het verschil tussen het aantal arbeidsmigranten dat arriveert en het aantal dat vertrekt). Het aantal van 50.000 heeft een louter illustratieve betekenis. We richten ons daarbij zowel op de effecten op de korte termijn (de komende jaren) als op de middellange (tot 2040) en lange termijn (tot 2070). Andere studies (zoals die van NIDI/CBS en de Staatscommissie Demografische ontwikkelingen) eindigen bij de middellange termijn. We vergelijken het effect van 50.000 arbeidsmigranten per jaar met de middenvariant van de bevolkingsprognose van het CBS. Dat is ons referentiepunt, maar onze conclusies zouden niet wezenlijk anders zijn als we van een ander referentiescenario zouden uitgaan. Om een zo helder mogelijk beeld te schetsen van het effect van 50.000 extra arbeidsmigranten per jaar, maken we een aantal vereenvoudigende veronderstellingen. We veronderstellen om te beginnen dat de extra migranten tijdelijk in Nederland verblijven en weer vertrekken voordat zij de pensioenleeftijd bereiken.
Year 2023
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34 Report

International labor migration and domestic labor supply

Authors Rakesh Kochhar
Year 1992
Journal Name Journal of Population Economics
Citations (WoS) 6
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37 Journal Article

Global Labor Migration

Authors Charlie Fanning, Nicola Piper
Year 2021
Journal Name Labor
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40 Journal Article

Afgewogen arbeidsmigratie - gericht arbeidsmigratiebeleid voor brede welvaart

Authors Adviesraad Migratie
Description
De Adviesraad Migratie pleit voor een arbeidsmigratiebeleid dat niet enkel is gebaseerd op economische belangen maar ook rekening houdt met maatschappelijke en ecologische gevolgen, oftewel: brede welvaart. We laten zien hoe een concrete uitwerking van brede welvaart als doelstelling van arbeidsmigratiebeleid op drie terreinen eruit zou kunnen zien: 1. Het vaststellen van bandbreedtes voor de omvang van arbeidsmigratie naar Nederland. 2. Het beoordelen van aanvragen voor een verblijfsvergunning voor werk van mensen van buiten de EU (direct arbeidsmigratiebeleid). 3. Het integreren van het arbeidsmigratieperspectief in andere beleidsterreinen zoals het economisch structuurbeleid en het arbeidsmarktbeleid (indirect arbeidsmigratiebeleid). Om het arbeidsmigratiebeleid op een bredewelvaartsleest te schoeien is een nieuwe adviescommissie nodig, bestaande uit deskundigen en een brede vertegenwoordiging uit de samenleving. Het Verenigd Koninkrijk (VK) en Canada kunnen hier als voorbeeld dienen. De Adviesraad Migratie biedt in dit adviesrapport geen kant-en-klare recepten voor toekomstig arbeidsmigratiebeleid, maar wil met de concretisering van het begrip ‘brede welvaart’ het maatschappelijke en politieke debat voeden
Year 2024
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43 Report

International Labour Migration Statistics (ILMS) Database in ASEAN

Description
The International Labour Migration Statistics (ILMS) Database in ASEAN is the first of its kind in the region. It provides a coherent and powerful research tool for policymakers and others to profile and monitor the international migrant labour force within the region. The ILMS Database gathers together a range of statistical sources relating to international migrants and international migrant workers in the ten ASEAN Member States in order to fill an important knowledge gap.
Year 2015
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47 Data Set

Literature review labour migration

Authors Maastricht University - Research Centre for Education and the Labour Market United Nations University, Research and Documentation Centre, Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (UNU_MERIT), ...
Description
Attracting and retaining migrants can have many benefits for the host country and its economy, for example to mitigate skills shortages. Regulating immigration may prevent several negative consequences of a shrinking and ageing population. However, research and policy often focus on the highly skilled or so-called knowledge migrants (kennismigranten) as a source of human capital, which can increase innovation and a country’s competitiveness. A group of labour migrants that receives significantly less attention from research and policy, are the medium-skilled migrant workers. Although it makes up a significant share of the migrant population, this group is rarely supported by specific migration policies. Therefore, in this report we would like to answer the following central research question: What is known in available literature about the opportunities and limitations of filling labour shortages through labour migration, especially in the middle segment of the labour market?
Year 2021
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48 Report

Historical and present-day child labour: is there a gap or a bridge between them?

Authors M Rahikainen
Year 2001
Journal Name CONTINUITY AND CHANGE
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49 Journal Article
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