Dinamicas poblacional

The UN publishes global population projections and estimates every two years from 1951 using current population by age, and age-specific rates of fertility, mortality and migration to assess hypothetical population trends and to help understand determinants of population change and inform policy discussions. This is prepared by the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat. The main results are presented in a series of Excel files displaying key demographic indicators for each development group, income group, major area, region and country for selected periods or dates within 1950-2100.

This interdisciplinary research project aims to study urbanization in China’s non-metropolitan and non-industrial ethnic-diverse border regions under post-socialism. Literature on urbanization in China focuses mainly on traditional large metropolitan or industrial cities in the center with Han majority population, and examines either the structural or the subjective features of urban development. The complex dynamics of urbanization and power relations in the new cities in the periphery remain understudied. The project fills this knowledge gap, by exploring how urbanization intersects with tourism growth and in-migration and affects ethnic relations in Jinghong, a fast-growing city in China’s south-western borderlands. In Jinghong, the Han, China’s ethnic majority, have become the city’s drivers of urban and economic development, competing over land, resources and political power with long-term Dai/Tai minority ethnic residents. Unconventionally drawing on methods of Anthropology, Urban Planning, Architecture, Urban Geography, and Sociology, this pioneering project aims at producing a theoretically and empirically innovative analysis that combines structural, socio-economic, and political examination with an investigation of subjective and experiential aspects of urbanization, highlighting conflicts, mindsets, and prejudices in the day-to-day urban interactions between Han majority and ethnic minority citizens and the state. I expect that the development of this project will profoundly impact my career. Thanks to training provided by the Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, at the University of Sassari, Italy’s utmost interdisciplinary institution of Architecture and Urban Planning, I will acquire new skills and build fruitful relations with European institutions and scholars. The training, network and publications of the project’s outcome will allow me to increase my possibilities of obtaining an ERC Grant.

La France et l'Allemagne sont deux grands pays d'immigration. En 2010, les personnes nées à l'étranger représentaient 7,2% et 6,3% de leurs populations respectives (Brücker et al., 2013). En dépit de situations économiques différentes en France et en Allemagne, l'accroissement récent des demandes d'asile et de l'immigration illégale soulève un débat similaire sur les conséquences économiques de l’immigration, et les conclusions à en tirer en termes de régulation des flux migratoires. Au travers de trois work-packages scientifiques (WPs), ce projet cherche à étudier l'impact des travailleurs immigrés sur l’emploi et les salaires des nationaux. Nous souhaitons enrichir la littérature en cherchant à comprendre pourquoi l'impact de l'immigration varie selon le pays de destination. Nous examinerons l'allocation des tâches et les stratégies de production (WP1) et l'intégration commerciale (WP2) afin de détecter les effets conditionnels de l'immigration sur le marché du travail. Nous étudierons également les interactions entre l’intégration des immigrés au marché du travail et les politiques d'immigration (WP3). Le WP1 se focalisera sur le côté de la demande du marché du travail. Nous chercherons à comprendre en quoi les travailleurs immigrés affectent l'allocation des tâches au sein des firmes et entre firmes. Nous étudierons aussi le lien entre l'emploi de travailleurs étrangers et les stratégies de production des firmes (telle que l’outsourcing). Le WP2 analysera dans quelle mesure l'impact des travailleurs étrangers sur les salaires des travailleurs nationaux est conditionné par l'intégration commerciale et les caractéristiques d'une économie tel que son niveau de granularité (i.e. la prévalence de grandes firmes dans les dynamiques macroéconomiques). Le WP3 étudiera, de manière théorique et empirique, les déterminants des politiques d'immigration à destination de certaines catégories d'immigrés dans les pays de l'UE. Par ailleurs, nous analyserons la façon dont le degré de substitution entre travailleurs nationaux et étrangers affecte les politiques d'immigration. Le WP4 organisera la coopération scientifique. Les équipes partenaires comptent des chercheurs aux compétences complémentaires, un prérequis pour répondre aux enjeux d'un projet se situant à l’intersection de l'économie des migrations, du commerce international et de l'économie politique de l'immigration. Les deux équipes se pencheront sur le côté de la demande du marché du travail (WP1) et sur l'intégration commerciale (WP2), alors que l'équipe allemande se focalisera sur les politiques d'immigration (WP3). Il est attendu un transfert de connaissances concernant l'utilisation des données allemandes et françaises. Les travaux seront publiés dans des revues scientifiques de haut niveau, et les recommandations de politiques publiques seront disséminées au travers de policy papers. Le projet contribuera au débat public portant sur les conséquences économiques de l'immigration en Europe.

Migration has gained in importance in recent years due to significantly increased migration rates, in addition to the effect of migration on various population structures such as age, gender and marital status in both sending and receiving countries. This paper aims to look at the recent patterns of migration from and to the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) in terms of size, characteristics, remittances, migration determinants, return migration, etc. To this objective, data have been taken from the Migration Survey 2010, which represents a unique source for studying migration issues in the oPt being the first specialized national survey on migration conducted there. With this survey, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics aimed to broaden its knowledge of migration patterns in the light of the severe shortage in migration statistics both at the national and at the international level. This paper includes four main sections. After a brief introduction describing the overall structure of the Migration Survey 2010, section 1 analyzes recent migration flows from and to the oPt; in the second part, emigration patterns from the oPt as well as migrants’ characteristics are described; section 3 focuses, instead, on perceptions and attitudes towards migration among Palestinians; finally, section 4 deals with return migration trends. Résumé Le phénomène migratoire a récemment pris une importance inédite au regard de l’augmentation des flux migratoires, ainsi que de l’impact des migrations sur la structure de la population en termes d’âge, de sexe et d’état matrimonial dans les pays à la fois d'origine et d’accueil. Cet article se propose d’analyser les tendances migratoires récemment enregistrées à partir de et vers les territoires Palestiniens occupés (tPo) en termes d’échelle, de caractéristiques des migrants, d’envois de fonds, de déterminants de la migration, de migration de retour, etc. Les données réunies et traitées ont été recueillies dans le cadre de l'Enquête Migration 2010, laquelle représente une ressource inédite en vue de conduire des études sur les questions de migration dans les tPo - étant la première enquête nationale spécialisée sur les migrations. Sur la base de cette enquête, le Bureau Central Palestinien des Statistiques (BCPS) se donne comme objectif d’élargir sa connaissance des migrations au regard toujours de la rareté des statistiques se rapportant aux migrations aux niveaux national et international. Ce document comprend quatre sections. Après une brève introduction décrivant la structure globale de l'Enquête sur les migrations - 2010, la première section se propose d’analyser les récents flux migratoires en provenance de et vers les tPo ; dans la deuxième partie sont décrites les tendances migratoires ainsi que les caractéristiques des émigrants ; la troisième section se concentre autour des perceptions et attitudes envers la migration enregistrées parmi les Palestiniens ; enfin, la dernière partie porte sur l’analyse des tendances à la migration de retour.

The UK Foresight Migration and Global Environmental Change Project recently concluded that migration is likely to be increasingly influenced by environmental change in the future through the impact of climate change on economic, social and political drivers. However, the range and complexity of the interactions between these drivers means that it will rarely be possible to distinguish individuals for whom environmental factors are the sole driver. In parallel, within debates about climate change adaptation there has been an emerging trend to position migration as an adaptation strategy to environmental shocks and stresses. However, migration is expensive, requiring a number of assets/capitals. This can result in some populations who experience the impacts of environmental change seeing a reduction in the very capital required to enable a move. Environmental change is therefore equally likely to make migration less possible as more probable. In the decades ahead, millions of people are thus likely to be unable to move away from locations in which they are extremely vulnerable to environmental change. To the international community, this ‘trapped’ population is likely to represent just as important a policy concern as those who do migrate. In determining the extent and location of these populations the non-ubiquity of migration within a community needs to be accounted for in order to separate those people who want to migrate but are unable to do so from those who are unwilling to migrate and instead choose to cope with livelihood stresses in alternative ways. This distinction requires a contextually driven analysis of the decision to migrate or stay. Such a focus on the migration decision is suited to an agent-based modelling approach which takes into account an individual’s intention to migrate, the influence of migration and non-migration behaviour of others and their perceived ability to migrate within a decision mediated by household and community-level factors.

The need to deal with health inequalities is now on the agenda of key supranational institutions, such as the European Commission (EC). To tackle the so-called “causes of the causes of health inequity”, the focus should be put on structural policies, policies that – especially in the current times of financial and employment crisis – influence patterns of social stratification, living and working conditions, and thus people's health. The SOPHIE project aims to generate new evidence on the impact and effectiveness of structural policies in reducing health inequalities, and to develop innovative methodologies for the evaluation of these policies in Europe. We will study major policy areas, including macro-economy, welfare state, labour market and employment relations, built environment, housing, as well as gender-oriented and immigration-related policies. Examples of these policies at the European, national and local levels will be examined, in addition to their impacts on health inequalities by social class, gender and migrant status. The project will develop theoretical frameworks as well as quantitative and qualitative methods for evaluating the effectiveness of such policies in different contexts. Novel methods that are useful for evaluating the impact of complex social interventions will be employed, including realist reviews, explanatory case studies and concept mapping. Particular attention will be given to increasing the involvement of affected stakeholders (civil society and deprived population groups) in the identification, design and evaluation of policies to tackle health inequalities. Affected communities and stakeholders will work with responsible policymakers in activities of dissemination of results, knowledge transfer and translation of findings into policy recommendations. Through SOPHIE, the EC will gain knowledge on the impact on health and health inequalities of social and economic policies which may be implemented or recommended to Member States

More than 51 million people worldwide are forcibly displaced today as refugees, asylum seekers, or internally displaced persons. According to the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, to be recognized legally as a refugee, an individual must be fleeing persecution on the basis of religion, race, political opinion, nationality, or membership in a particular social group, and must be outside the country of nationality. However, the contemporary drivers of displacement are complex and multilayered, making protection based on a strict definition of persecution increasingly problematic and challenging to implement. Many forced migrants now fall outside the recognized refugee and asylum apparatus. Much displacement today is driven by a combination of intrastate conflict, poor governance and political instability, environmental change, and resource scarcity. These conditions, while falling outside traditionally defined persecution, leave individuals highly vulnerable to danger and uncertain of the future, compelling them to leave their homes in search of greater security. In addition, the blurring of lines between voluntary and forced migration, as seen in mixed migration flows, together with the expansion of irregular migration, further complicates today's global displacement picture. This report details the increasing mismatch between the legal and normative frameworks that define the existing protection regime and the contemporary patterns of forced displacement. It analyzes contemporary drivers and emerging trends of population displacement, noting that the majority of forcibly displaced people – some 33.3 million – remain within their own countries, and that more than 50 percent of the displaced live in urban areas. The author then outlines and assesses key areas where the international protection system is under the most pressure, and finally examines the key implications of these trends for policymakers and the international community, outlining some possible policy directions for reform.

The European challenges in the field of migration have an impact on society, since the division between them opposed to newcomers and welcoming them has been continuously increasing. The project addresses the perceptions of the Belgian and European population about refugees/migrants and vice versa as well as their interactions with the policy agenda of asylum and migration with a European comparative perspective and a specific focus on Belgium. As Europe face important migratory challenges and political difficulties we have seen an increase of the public opinion’s polarisation regarding asylum and refugees, it is important to address this question. Including teams from our project will analyse this polarisation and its links to policies, as it is necessary for a better understanding of the current debate on migration in Europe and Belgium. The 2015 asylum crisis will be considered as indicative of the general European and Belgian citizens’ reactions about migration. The focus is then on attitudes, representations, discourses and practices about refugees, on the interactions at the local level between the majority populations and newly arrived migrants. The project will follow two objectives. First studying public opinion towards asylum seekers and refugees with a European cross- national perspective but also how these groups perceive Belgium, its asylum system and its reception policies. The second objective is to analyse the polarisation of the public opinion by focussing on pro and anti-refugees’ actions at the local level. This will allow understanding the links between public opinion and the implementation of asylum and reception policies. In order to fulfil these objectives, our project is based on 5 Work Packages that each focus on a specific dimension. The first two ones aim at developing a European comparative perspective on perceptions towards migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. This then includes a quantitative analysis of public opinion’s perceptions towards new immigration flows as well as a comparison of 5 European case studies (Sweden, Italy, Grece, Hungary and Germany). The three other work packages aim at a deep analysis of the Belgian situation. First, they consist of understanding actions and reactions towards asylum seekers and refugees at a local level. This implies to study the opposite reactions with an in-depth analysis of their content, justifications and determinants but also to focus on interactions between social groups (pro vs. anti migrants groups; ional citizens & refugees) as well as the interactions between the population’s reaction and the implementation of asylum and receptions policies. Second, studying the Belgian situation implies to analyse asylum seekers and refugees perceptions regarding the country’s asylum and reception policies. Lastly, it implies to realise a policy evaluation of those policies. The aim of this project and the main questions it addresses focus more on the relations and on the dynamics existing between the citizens and the migrants, asylum seekers and refugees. Hence, we propose to broaden the scope of what is usually done by extending the focus on actors that are often not implied in migration studies: the majority population and the impact of new migration waves on social cohesion. The expected results concerns: 1) an in-depth and comparative knowledge of attitudes towards migrants and refugees in Europe; 2) an analysis of the factors influencing the attitudes of rejections, disregards and support; 3) an in-depth analysis of the specificities of the current wave of migration compared to the last ones; 4) an in-depth analysis of citizens’ and migrants’ discourses, representation and practices and of their reaction on social cohesion at a local level;

The significance of migration as a social, political and broader public concern has intensified significantly. Migration is increasingly seen as a high-priority policy issue by many governments, politicians and throughout the world. As well as migration projections and scenarios that are essential for appropriate planning and effective policymaking, a deeper understanding of the root causes and drivers of migration and of their interrelation with people’s propensity to migrate is needed. Enhancing migration data is a crucial step to advance migration governance since better data is needed in order to accomplish sustainable social and economic development and national migrant data strategies are required to inform good policies. The project’s overall objective is to improve understandings of changing nature of migration flows and the drivers of migration, to analyse patterns, motivations and new geographies. Moreover, HumMingBird aims to calculate population estimates and determine emerging trends and future trends and accordingly to identify possible future implications of today’s policy decisions. Correspondingly, migration scenarios will be developed in a more forward looking manner that takes into account both quantitative and qualitative perspectives of different migration actors that might have an impact people’s decisions to migrate and consequent trends that will have an impact on our societies. Global scenarios will base on not only a realistic understanding of the drivers and dynamics of migration but also on the effects and effectiveness of past migration policies. Projects ambitions are to identify the uncertainties and reappraise, to explore the reasons why migration predictions may not hold and to demonstrate non-traditional data sources for migration research.

From the sheer numbers of migrants to the complex processes that set people on the move and the multiple changes they bring to both origin and destination countries, international migration suffers considerable deficits of knowledge. As international migration connects each country of the world with all the others, addressing knowledge gaps will require international consensus on definitions and methods of data collection. There is a long way to go before this most challenging objective will be reached. The current study describes some of the steps that need to be taken. Defining international migration A proper assessment of international migration data at the world level must be based on a systematic inventory of what exists and what does not in each country. For lack of such an inventory, this report provides an overview assessment of the various criteria used by public administrations to define and produce data on international migration. Documenting international migration Data are generally collected by national administrations to serve their own needs and not those of scientific research or evidence-based policymaking, with the result that data on international migration are too often insufficient and lacking in quality. Policymakers often lack the minimal statistical evidence necessary to make informed decisions, while academics lack the basic data needed for scientific research. This report identifies key issues that should be addressed to improve migration data for policymaking and scientific research. These include: disentangling migrants from travellers and differentiating between short-term mobility and migration; matching entry and exit data; counting emigrants, i.e. absent individuals; counting circular, seasonal and temporary migrants; and measuring irregular migration. These issues often require ad hoc measurement methods such as specialized surveys. Mapping research on international migration Research addresses the causes of international migration, the process of migration itself as well as its consequences; it does so in the countries of origin and destination, as well as in the transnational space spanning origin and destination. This paper outlines 7 priority areas for research on international migration: Determinants of migration in countries of origin; Pull factors in countries of destination; Linkages between countries of origin and destination; Migration stages; Emigrants, as actors of change in countries of origin; The inclusion of migrants and their contribution to development in destination countries; And finally, the global consequences of migration. Conclusions To significantly improve our understanding of international migration, including its multiple determinants, complex processes and diverse impacts, the following challenges need to be addressed: All countries should acknowledge that international migration is defined; by border crossing. Equating immigrants with foreign citizens confuses a geographic notion with a legal one and indirectly serves policies of exclusion; All countries should agree on producing population data by detailed country of birth using the same unified list of world countries; International organizations should make all possible efforts to extend the coverage of migration surveys to all the countries that host sizeable migrant populations in the Global North as well as in the Global South; The scientific community should organize itself at a global level to develop and disseminate methodologies to fill the huge knowledge gaps that are the result of the currently patchy, mostly administrative data.

Movement is the primary response of animals to spatiotemporal heterogeneity in ecological conditions. The consequences of movement for individual fitness, populations and ecological communities give this behavior a central place in ecological theory. Human activities alter both spatiotemporal variations in ecological conditions triggering movements (e.g. resource distribution) and availability of movement corridors (e.g. destruction of migration routes). An understanding of factors driving animal movements, affecting their mechanics, and characterizing the preferred travel routes is essential for ecological theory and to evaluate the impact of human activities on population dynamics and on the potential for human-wildlife conflicts. Due to recovering ungulate populations and increased road and rail traffic, ungulate-vehicle collisions represent an important source of conflict. These collisions lead to casualties, injuries and substantial economical losses. Due to poor knowledge of movement drivers and mechanics, mitigating measures currently taken to minimize the probability of collisions are often inadequate and inefficient. Despite the 10-year old call for a “behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes” (Lima & Zollner 1996), only limited information about cognitive mechanisms underlying movement is included in fundamental and applied ecology. During the past decades behavioral scientists have made important progresses in the understanding of animal spatial cognition and goal-oriented movements in laboratory settings. This project proposes a novel interdisciplinary approach to develop a mechanistic movement model integrating theory on space use from ecology in natural settings with theories from behavioral and cognitive sciences in the laboratory. Such model will have a broad range of applications in theoretical and applied animal movement ecology. We will use this model to identify risk areas for moose-vehicle collisions in Norway and guide mitigating actions.

"Theoretical background and objectives Across many advanced democracies – albeit to varying extents and in different forms – we observe a growing distance between the positions taken by political elites, and those of mass publics and electorates. This elite-mass divide has crystallised in a limited number of issue areas, which are often related to globalisation and denationalisation, in their political, socio-cultural, and economic forms. It shows that the denationalisation of markets, governance structures, and migration flows entails not only an aggregate growth in opportunities and wealth, but also a reconfiguration of power, wealth, and status between different classes of actors within national political systems as well as between supranational and national institutions. In the national political arena, various globalisation processes led to tensions in many countries reflected in the rise of populist movements and parties on the left and right. On the international level, inter­national institutions are not any more seen as just functional agencies to foster coordination between governments, but increasingly as sites of political authority and arenas of political contestation. Against this background, we ask: (1) To which extent do these different conflicts follow a similar logic and can be described as a ""new political cleavage""? (2) Whether the positions of the two sides of such a cleavage are already embedded in encompassing normative foundations which we may label as cosmopolitanism and communitarianism? (3) To what extent does the appropriate handling of such a conflict require a significant change in the landscape of political institutions? This research project feeds into three themes with far-reaching implications for understanding new social conflicts in globalising societies: (1) Part of the success of the modern nation-state was its ability to successfully institutionalise social and political cleavages. To the extent that new political cleavages challenge the role of political institutions of the nation-state as such and that some players use political arenas outside of the traditional nation-state realm for their purposes, the classical patterns of legitimacy and decision-making in national democracies get undermined. (2) International institutions, such as the WTO or environmental regimes, were successful in acting as, more or less, technical agencies under firm control of the executives of the member states. To the extent that these international institutions exercise authority and thus become an arena of political contestation, their ""technical"" foundation of success gets challenged as well. This mechanism applies in general, albeit in different forms, to the EU as well. (3) Migration and integration have been seen for a long time as issues of social relevance, but only with limited impact on the core of national political institutions. To the extent that this cultural component of the new cleavage becomes dominant, migration and integration will move closer to the centre of political competition and will eventually change norms, rules, and procedures within the national political systems. Research design, data and methodology There are three empirical modules in this project: In Module 1 we will investigate the following aspects: ""objective"" representation deficits, the subjective perception of them, the emergence of populist parties and the consequences for political conflict as well as democracy's capacity to reproduce their legitimacy. Moreover, it will extend the cross-country comparison from Europe to Latin America, where a major reaction to globalisation and its socio-economic consequences is not exclusive against immigration, but rather inclusive towards the marginalised underclass of their countries. In Module 2 we address the question why elites tend to have and act according to a more cosmopolitan world view than their citizens/electorates. While it seems plausible to assume that modest cosmopolitan positions are more widespread among political elites than among citizens, it is less obvious that especially economic elites are also widely committed to more ambitious cosmopolitan positions such as the constitutionalisation of global governance. On the one hand, the project seeks to explain why political elites are more cosmopolitan than citizens/electorates but also what the determinants of the emergence of different forms of cosmopolitanism among different elites are and how it clashes with different variants of communitarian inclinations of many ""normal"" citizens. In Module 3 we undertake an inquiry into the question about the relative distribution of (different types of) cosmopolitanism and communitarianism across different political arenas (supranational, international, transnational, national and regional). We assume that cosmopo­litan positions dominate the political arenas beyond the nation-state and use them mainly for purposes of agenda-setting and compliance with international norms within nation-states. In this way, they can strengthen their position in national political arenas without being necessarily in the majority position. At the same time, communitarian political forces are put into the defence and appear parochial. We will develop a distinct type of political sociology covering cosmopolitanism and communi­tarianism along the three mentioned paths of enquiry. The first project component focuses mainly, but not exclusively, on the first research module and will rely primarily on secondary analysis of population surveys and party programme data. We can therefore take a large-N approach and investigate a wide range of countries. Components two and three of the research project require the creation of primary data. We plan to apply three types of analysis in order to investigate the issues mentioned in research modules two and three: (1) A content and frame analysis of pro-cosmopolitan and pro-communitarian opinion articles in elite newspapers and weeklies as well as in opinion articles in tabloid newspapers. (2) An online questionnaire among members of the political elite (local, regional, national politicians/party functionaries and European/international functionaries as well as NGO representatives) measuring cosmopolita­nism and communitarianism items that are also available in existing representative population surveys, allowing a comparison between elite and mass opinions. (3) An analysis of the major focus of political activity when pursuing the cosmopolitan agenda. The hypothesis to be tested here is that cosmopolitans and communitarians act on different playing fields thus making the direct political confrontation impossible."

Η παρούσα έκθεση εξετάζει διεξοδικά την ένταξη μεταναστών και προσφύγων στην Ελλάδα κατά την τελευταία δεκαπενταετία, εστιάζοντας στις επιπτώσεις που είχε η οικονομική και προσφυγική κρίση. Η ανάλυση καλύπτει τέσσερις κρίσιμους τομείς: την αγορά εργασίας, την απόδοση ιθαγένειας, την εκπαίδευση και τη συμμετοχή στα κοινά. Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας μελέτης διαπιστώνεται ότι η οικονομική κρίση έπληξε ιδιαίτερα τον μεταναστευτικό πληθυσμό, οδηγώντας σε σημαντική μείωση της απασχόλησης και αύξηση της ανεργίας. Παράλληλα, καταγράφεται μείωση του αριθμού των αδειών διαμονής, υποδηλώνοντας την αποχώρηση μεταναστών ή την απώλεια του νόμιμου καθεστώτος τους. Όσον αφορά στον τομέα της ιθαγένειας, οι πρόσφατες νομοθετικές αλλαγές και η αυστηροποίηση των κριτηρίων έχουν δυσχεράνει την απόκτησή αυτής, ιδιαίτερα για τη δεύτερη γενιά μεταναστών. Στην εκπαίδευση, τα στοιχεία από το πρόγραμμα PISA καταδεικνύουν σημαντικές διαφορές στις επιδόσεις μεταξύ γηγενών και μαθητών μεταναστευτικής καταγωγής, με τη διαφορά να διευρύνεται για τη δεύτερη γενιά μεταναστών. Αναφορικά με τη συμμετοχή στα κοινά, τονίζεται η περιορισμένη λειτουργία των Συμβουλίων Ένταξης Μεταναστών και Προσφύγων (ΣΕΜΠ) και οι προκλήσεις που αντιμετωπίζουν τα Κέντρα Ένταξης Μεταναστών (ΚΕΜ). Συμπέρασμα της παρούσας έκθεσης είναι ότι η ένταξη δεν έχει αποτελέσει προτεραιότητα της ελληνικής μεταναστευτικής πολιτικής, με τις προσπάθειες να επικεντρώνονται κυρίως στη διαχείριση των συνόρων και του προσφυγικού ζητήματος, και με την έμφαση να δίνεται στην ένταξη των προσφύγων, παραβλέποντας τις ανάγκες του μεταναστευτικού πληθυσμού. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό προτείνονται συγκεκριμένες πολιτικές παρεμβάσεις για κάθε έναν από τους τέσσερις κρίσιμους τομείς. Στην αγορά εργασίας, προτείνεται η επανένταξη μεταναστών που έχασαν το νόμιμο καθεστώς τους κατά τη διάρκεια της οικονομικής κρίσης και η καταπολέμηση της παράτυπης εργασίας. Όσον αφορά την απόδοση ιθαγένειας, συστήνεται η επανεξέταση των οικονομικών κριτηρίων και ο επανασχεδιασμός του τεστ πολιτογράφησης. Στον τομέα της εκπαίδευσης, προτείνεται η ενίσχυση της σχολικής φοίτησης για παιδιά προσφύγων και η βελτίωση των τάξεων υποδοχής, ενώ αναφορικά με τη συμμετοχή στα κοινά, συστήνεται η ενδυνάμωση των ΣΕΜΠ και των ΚΕΜ. Επιπλέον, προτείνεται η αναβάθμιση της σημασίας της ένταξης στο χαρτοφυλάκιο της μεταναστευτικής πολιτικής, η συμπερίληψη του μεταναστευτικού πληθυσμού στην Εθνική Στρατηγική για την Ένταξη, και η βελτίωση της λειτουργίας του προγράμματος HELIOS. Επιπλέον, τονίζεται η ανάγκη για μια ολοκληρωμένη προσέγγιση που θα αντιμετωπίζει τις προκλήσεις ένταξης τόσο των προσφύγων όσο και των μεταναστών, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις μακροπρόθεσμες επιπτώσεις στην κοινωνική συνοχή και την οικονομική ανάπτυξη της χώρας.

Naar verwachting neemt het aantal mensen dat naar Nederland migreert de komende jaren toe. Overheden zullen zich daarom steeds beter moeten voorbereiden op de komst van migranten, bijvoorbeeld door opvang te regelen. Toegenomen migratie houdt ook in dat de zogenoemde irreguliere migratie toeneemt, dat wil zeggen: het oversteken van een landgrens zonder de daarvoor benodigde toestemming of het verblijven in een land zonder de benodigde documenten. Deze vorm van migratie gaat gepaard met relatief grote risico’s zoals smokkel en uitbuiting. Tegelijkertijd is er slechts beperkt zicht op zowel de aantallen als de reisroutes van irreguliere migranten. Dit leidt tot verhoogde risico’s op smokkel en uitbuiting en tot beperkte beheersbaarheid van migratie vanuit overheden. Verschillende ketenpartners in de Nederlandse migratieketen hebben te maken met verschillende aspecten van irreguliere migratie. Ze beschikken daardoor (slechts) over data met betrekking tot de eigen specifieke domeinen. Dit kan bijvoorbeeld informatie zijn over reisroutes van irreguliere migranten die over land Nederland binnenkomen, of juist via luchthavens. Ook de dataverzameling bij deze ketenpartners kan specifiek afgestemd zijn op de aspecten waarmee zij te maken hebben.