Libya

As part of the East Africa Migration Route Initiative (EAMRI), the United Kingdom Home Office, with the support of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, had tasked the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) to implement the East Africa Migration Route Gaps and Needs Analysis project, to establish a clearer picture of migration flows and trends as well as migration management capacities and frameworks in place in East Africa. The project consisted of two phases: a desk research phase, concluded with the “East Africa Migration Route Report”, and a field research phase to validate and complete the findings of the preceding desk analysis. The “East Africa Migration Route Report” had recommended focussing the field research on three countries placed along the East Africa migration route – Ethiopia, Kenya and Libya - stating that they merited “further attention in the EU’s effort to understand migration flows in East Africa.”1 The report at hand is the result of the field research missions to Ethiopia, Kenya and Libya, which took place between December 2007 and February 2008. During the missions a broad range of stakeholders were consulted on the migration flows to/through/from, and migration trends in, Ethiopia, Kenya and Libya. Migration management capacities and needs of relevant authorities were also assessed.

'The relationship between climate and culture is one of the most important areas of debate in the case of the Late Pleistocene, c.60,000-10,000 BP (years ago), when profound and frequently abrupt climatic changes coincided with significant human migrations and shifts in behavioural complexity. A major weakness in past research is that models of climate:people interactions in the Late Pleistocene have been based on regional data sets of very variable quality, so it is impossible to move beyond broad generalisations about how humans did or did not respond to climatic change. This is particularly the case in North Africa, the focus of the proposed project. There were certainly climate shifts, but they did not result in uniform environmental change: the peak of cold conditions c.18,000 BP was characterized by considerable aridity and steppe-like vegetation, but certain locations may have remained better-watered ‘rifugia’. Cultural shifts were also profound but not uniform: in the Maghreb, for example, ‘Iberomaurusian’ stone technologies continued to be used from c.24,000 BP right up to the end of the Pleistocene c.10,000 BP, whereas in Libya a distinctive Late Stone Age industry (‘Dabban’) was replaced by an ‘Oranian’ industry in some respects similar to the Maghreb Iberomaurusian c.15,000 BP. The relationships between shifts in climate, environment, and human behaviour therefore remain obscure. The proposed project will examine the stone industries of two contrasting case study regions in Libya where the results can be compared with high quality palaeoenvironmental and palaeoeconomic data. It will apply innovative methodologies to determine the likely significance of technological change in terms of cultural (social networks) and behavioural (subsistence) shifts. Integrating the various data sets will yield a nuanced perspective on human responses to climate change in North Africa in the Late Pleistocene, of wide relevance for Palaeolithic studies generally.'

Europe’s response to the so-called ‘migration crisis’ has been driven almost exclusively by a border control agenda. This has significantly reduced the number of refugees and migrants arriving in Greece, for the time being at least, but has done nothing to address the drivers or causes of migration to Europe, including the movement of people from Libya which continues unabated, or the protection and integration needs of those who are already here. Several years into the ‘crisis’, there is still no sign of a coherent long-term response. Both the reception infrastructure and the asylum system in Greece have failed to adapt to the needs of the refugees and migrants. This is partly a Greek failure but it is also a failure of the EU. Meanwhile escalating conflicts in Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan and Iraq continue to displace hundreds of thousands of people from their homes every day. The assault on Mosul (Iraq) which began in mid-October 2016 is expected to displace 1.5 million people, many of whom are likely to cross the border into Eastern Turkey just a few hours away. Understanding the dynamics of migration to Europe and why some of these people might decide to risk their lives crossing the Mediterranean remains a pressing concern.

Though the colonial abolition of West African slavery and slave trade is well researched, the aftermath of slavery still deserves attention. What does it mean to be of slave descent today? How does the legacy of slavery and the slave trade overlap with harsh contemporary forms of marginality and exploitation? Moreover, what do we see when these questions are raised in a much broader comparative perspective? This project looks at the follow up of the abolition of slavery and the slave trade, a global process that invested the world at different times with a rich and complex variety of outcomes. Most historical research has stopped at the early colonial period, a very well documented phase of world history. Here, the analysis expands up to the present, and beyond the boundaries West African studies. Four regions of the world, which are under scrutiny for trafficking and contemporary slavery, will be studied comparatively. These are Eastern Senegal (West-Africa), Libya (North Africa), Coastal Madagascar (Indian Ocean), and North Afghanistan (Central Asia). The ambition is to link the micro-study of lived experience, cultural meanings and practices with the analysis of linkages and broader historical processes. To get results, there is need of a dialogue with human rights, legal theory, studies of gender and racial discrimination as well as scholarly insights on globalization and neo-liberalism. The ultimate objective of the project is an analytically integrated study of the aftermath of slavery that captures both the variety of concrete case-studies and the larger history of linkages between different parts of Africa and the world, Europe included. Innovation stands at the crossroad of chronological, geographical and disciplinary boundaries.

The Migrants in Countries in Crisis project aims at providing accessible, methodologically robust and policy relevant data on the migration implications of crisis situations in host countries. It does so with the broader objective of informing efforts to strengthen the preparedness of countries of origin, transit and destination and of other relevant actors to address and respond to future crises. Research objectives: Crisis situations investigated include natural disaster, violent conflict or civil unrest, which have led to a breakdown of or serious challenges to public order, and, as a result, entail a serious threat to the personal safety, physical and psychological integrity and protection of migrants. While focusing on longer term impacts of and responses to crises in countries of destination, origin and transit, the research will also investigate the availability of relevant mechanisms ensuring the protection of migrants before, during and after crisis in countries covered by the research. Six crises situations have been selected as case studies for in-depth research: Central African Republic (civil unrest 2014); Cote d'Ivorire (civil unrest 2000-2011); Lebanon (2006-today, impact on migrant domestic workers); Libya (civil unrest 2011); South Africa (xenophobic violence 2008-2015); Thailand (natural disaster 2011). The research is conducted as part of a wider project led by ICMPD supporting the global Migrants in Countries of Crisis Initiative. It is coordinated by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) and is conducted in partnership the International Migration Institute (IMI) of Oxford University. In addition, local research partners are involved in the fieldwork and analysis for the case studies. The Research employs an interdisciplinary approach to assess the impact of crises on migrants in the countries under study. The research will combine secondary desk research and primary research in the field with relevant stakeholders, including migrants, policy makers and public officials, representatives of international organisations, civil society stakeholders and humanitarian organisations, diaspora organisations, academics and journalists, and employers and recruitment agencies Project Partners: International Migration Institute (IMI), University of Oxford

The so-called migration and refugee crisis is one of the most contentious topics on the EU agenda in the current context. The recent events related to the Syrian civil war, political turmoil in Libya and the subsequent influx of refugees and other migrants towards Europe as well as perceptions caused by internal migration that led to ‘Brexit’ have had a polarsing effect on Europe. Therefore, territorial evidence on the flows of asylum seekers and refugees, their distribution between and within EU countries, regions and cities, impact on socio-economic development as well as information on crisis management and integration is in high demand. The ESPON applied research activity “Impacts of refugee flows to territorial development in Europe” addresses these issues and aims to provide relevant territorial evidence and policy recommendations. The research aims to answer the following questions: How does the distribution of asylum seekers and refugees look like at regional and urban level and how has this been changing over time as a result of European and national policy decisions in recent decades? What skills and qualifications do the refugees possess and how does the influx of refugees impact the recipient countries´ regional and local labour markets and demographic imbalances (especially concerning regions which are facing the challenges of losing population and ageing)? Do the skills and qualifications meet the needs of local labour markets and how do they compete with local population and regular migrants? How are different European regions and cities located in arrival, transit and destination countries responding to the refugee crisis in terms of providing humanitarian aid, services (accommodation, material support, healthcare provision, education, language courses, labour market programmes), community building, internal distribution of refugees and medium and long term integration? How does the diversity within Europe in terms of integration policies at regional and local levels look like? What are the main challenges and what are the good policy responses and the best practices for successful integration of refugees into the local communities, societies and labour markets at regional and local levels? What kind of support do they need? How successful have the integration measures been in the past? How to improve the use of existing funding opportunities? Is there a need to improve the legislation? What kind of impacts would the implementation of the proposal of European relocation scheme generate to European countries regions and cities? How are countries redistributing refugees internally? What are the main concerns for the host countries and communities? Consortium: VVA Europe, IT (lead contractor), Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale, IT, InTER - Insitute for Territorial Economic Development, SRB Central European University, HU International Centre for Migration Policy and Development (ICMPD), AT Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BE Bernd Parusel, SE Bastian A. Vollmer, DE Richard Williams, UK Gianni Antonio Carbonaro, UK

Dans un contexte de pluralisation du religieux, de labilité des identités religieuses et d’hybridation des pratiques, les États doivent adapter leurs cadres d’action avec des outils plus ou moins appropriés. La plus grande circulation religieuse est devenue source de tensions, d’affrontements et d’enjeux politiques. Les questions religieuses apparaissent aussi centrales dans l’évolution politique des pays du Maghreb et du Moyen-Orient, puisqu’elles se situent au premier plan des choix que les sociétés doivent opérer après les soulèvements populaires de 2011. Ces évolutions ont des implications sur les questions d’individuation de soi, d’émancipation du groupe social, d’entretien du lien avec le pays d’origine dans le cas de migration internationale, de repositionnement identitaire. Méthodes et approches : SHS, pluridisciplinarité et immersion Le projet est motivé par trois positionnements forts : 1. Une enquête comparative et multi-située due à la nécessité de penser les deux rives de la Méditerranée conjointement, dans une perspective résolument interdisciplinaire, attentive à la diversité des contextes et à la place centrale qu’occupent les religions dans les mobilisations et mouvements actuels. 2. La nécessité de faire intervenir des chercheurs qui ont une connaissance intime de leurs terrains, pratiquant la langue et connaissant les enjeux locaux. 3. La volonté de démontrer la complexité et la variété des modes de circulations religieuses et étudier comment elles participent toutes à ancrer de nouvelles formes religieuses dans le paysage religieux méditerranéen. Démarche suivie et moyens associés : - Équipe pluridisciplinaire : anthropologie, sociologie, géographie, histoire, science-politique - Enquêtes de terrain qualitatives en immersion Pays étudiés : France, Italie, Bosnie, Roumanie, Grèce, Turquie, Israël, Égypte, Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc.

Dans un contexte de pluralisation du religieux, de labilité des identités religieuses et d’hybridation des pratiques, les États doivent adapter leurs cadres d’action avec des outils plus ou moins appropriés. La plus grande circulation religieuse est devenue source de tensions, d’affrontements et d’enjeux politiques. Les questions religieuses apparaissent aussi centrales dans l’évolution politique des pays du Maghreb et du Moyen-Orient, puisqu’elles se situent au premier plan des choix que les sociétés doivent opérer après les soulèvements populaires de 2011. Ces évolutions ont des implications sur les questions d’individuation de soi, d’émancipation du groupe social, d’entretien du lien avec le pays d’origine dans le cas de migration internationale, de repositionnement identitaire. Méthodes et approches : SHS, pluridisciplinarité et immersion Le projet est motivé par trois positionnements forts : 1. Une enquête comparative et multi-située due à la nécessité de penser les deux rives de la Méditerranée conjointement, dans une perspective résolument interdisciplinaire, attentive à la diversité des contextes et à la place centrale qu’occupent les religions dans les mobilisations et mouvements actuels. 2. La nécessité de faire intervenir des chercheurs qui ont une connaissance intime de leurs terrains, pratiquant la langue et connaissant les enjeux locaux. 3. La volonté de démontrer la complexité et la variété des modes de circulations religieuses et étudier comment elles participent toutes à ancrer de nouvelles formes religieuses dans le paysage religieux méditerranéen. Démarche suivie et moyens associés : - Équipe pluridisciplinaire : anthropologie, sociologie, géographie, histoire, science-politique - Enquêtes de terrain qualitatives en immersion Pays étudiés : France, Italie, Bosnie, Roumanie, Grèce, Turquie, Israël, Égypte, Tunisie, Algérie, Maroc.

Le projet Cimore a permis la structuration d’un réseau de chercheurs des deux rives de la Méditerranée grâce à l’organisation d’ateliers exploratoires financés par le programme SOCMED (CNRS / IRD, septembre 2012 - septembre 2014), en s’appuyant sur la richesse des connaissances produites sur les migrations et les circulations migratoires, et la diversité des approches disciplinaires sur ce champ d’études en Méditerranée. Une première année de fonctionnement en 2012 - 2013, a permis de mettre en place un programme de recherches, international et pluridisciplinaire, sur les migrations et les mobilités dans l’espace méditerranéen, financé par une ACI de l’université de Poitiers (septembre 2013 - janvier 2015). La proposition est d’observer les transformations des différentes formes de mobilités suite aux crises politiques et économiques qui affectent la région dans son ensemble, ainsi que leur rôle dans les reconfigurations socio-spatiales. Notre démarche est double : d’une part opérer un retour sur la dimension historique des processus migratoires et d’autre part observer les changements en train de se faire en centrant l’analyse sur les expériences individuelles et familiales de la mobilité, sur les filières, les réseaux migratoires et les champs migratoires. La construction de dispositifs méthodologiques communs aura pour but d’aborder les nouvelles catégories de migrants et de circulants dans des villes considérées comme des espaces laboratoires des reconfigurations migratoires.