Libya

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Fin de régime et migrations en Libye : les enseignements juridiques d’un pays en feu

Authors Delphine PERRIN
Year 2011
Journal Name [Migration Policy Centre]
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11 Journal Article

The Libya–Italy migration corridor

Authors Daniela DeBono
Year 2020
Book Title Routledge Handbook of Migration and Development
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13 Book Chapter

Labour migration dynamics in Libya

Authors Linda Cottone
Year 2020
Book Title Labour migration dynamics in Libya
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16 Book Chapter

East Africa Migration Route Initiative. Gaps&Needs Analysis Project Country Report Libya, Ethiopia, Kenya

Authors International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)
Description
As part of the East Africa Migration Route Initiative (EAMRI), the United Kingdom Home Office, with the support of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, had tasked the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) to implement the East Africa Migration Route Gaps and Needs Analysis project, to establish a clearer picture of migration flows and trends as well as migration management capacities and frameworks in place in East Africa. The project consisted of two phases: a desk research phase, concluded with the “East Africa Migration Route Report”, and a field research phase to validate and complete the findings of the preceding desk analysis. The “East Africa Migration Route Report” had recommended focussing the field research on three countries placed along the East Africa migration route – Ethiopia, Kenya and Libya - stating that they merited “further attention in the EU’s effort to understand migration flows in East Africa.”1 The report at hand is the result of the field research missions to Ethiopia, Kenya and Libya, which took place between December 2007 and February 2008. During the missions a broad range of stakeholders were consulted on the migration flows to/through/from, and migration trends in, Ethiopia, Kenya and Libya. Migration management capacities and needs of relevant authorities were also assessed.
Year 2008
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17 Report

Libya and African Migration to Europe

Authors Olubukola S. Adesina
Year 2021
Book Title African Migrants and the Refugee Crisis
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18 Book Chapter

Reconciliation with Qaddafi An Offer Refused

Authors David Gerbi
Year 2011
Journal Name JUNG JOURNAL-CULTURE & PSYCHE
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19 Journal Article

Regional responses to forced migration : the case of Libya

Authors Sonja NITA
Description
The 2011 Libyan civil war, part of the wider Arab Spring, triggered considerable population displacements. These displacements included both Libyans and third-country nationals fleeing the country by land, air and sea. Data available for spring/summer 2011 shows that an estimated 1,128,985 people left Libya to seek shelter in Tunisia, Egypt, Niger, Algeria, Chad and Sudan as well as in Malta and Italy. Research has, thus far, mainly focused on the response of the international community (UNHCR and IOM, above all), the European Union and individual countries in dealing with large numbers of displaced persons (Kelly and Wadud 2012, Fargues and Fandrich 2012, Tucci 2012, Forced Migration Review 2012). Less attention has been given to those regional entities of which Libya has been a member. These include: the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States (LAS), the Community of Sahel Saharan States (CEN-SAD), the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the Organization for the Islamic Conference (OIC). The aim of this paper is, therefore, to shed light on the (actual and potential) role of these regional organizations in alleviating those fleeing from Libya.
Year 2013
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20 Report

Egypt's International Migration after the Revolution: Is There Any Change?

Authors Ayman Zohry
Year 2013
Journal Name Confluences Méditerranée
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25 Journal Article

Libyan Legislation on Labour: Political Tool or Legalization?

Authors Azza K. MAGHUR
Description
Libya with its 4,000 km of land and 1,700 km of coast frontiers is one of Africa’s main hubs for irregular migrants, especially those en route to Europe. A rich country with high oil revenues, Libya has, on its southern borders, poverty-stricken and unstable sub Saharan countries; and is an attractive destination for neighboring Arab states workers, seeking employment. Libyan foreign policy during the late eighties and the nineties, encouraged African and Arab irregular workers to come to Libya. Their presence was permissible. However, once Libya became an irregular migration hub and certain internal problems came to the surface relating to irregular migration, Libya discovered its lack of legal instruments to face this reality. Moreover, the reactivation of the Libyan private sector after more than a decade of a dominant public sector, led to disorder in the rapidly developing labour market. In labour market terms, Libyan legislative policy was reactive rather than strategic. The Libyan government, including the Ministry of Manpower, issued decisions to better organize the work market, while laws issued in the 1970s and 1980s are still in force and clogging up the system. Moreover, decisions dating from periods of Arab and African enthusiasm remain operative. All this led to discrepancies in Libyan legislation. Libya today is in need of strategic long-term legislative policy towards foreign workers in general, and those in the private sector in particular. Résumé Avec ses 4 000 kilomètres de frontières terrestres et 1 700 kilomètres de frontières côtières, la Libye est un pivot pour les migrants irréguliers, en particulier pour ceux en partance vers l’Europe. Pays riche du fait de ses revenus pétroliers, ses frontières méridionales sont bordées par des Etats subsahariens instables et enserrés dans la pauvreté, et elle constitue une destination attractive pour les travailleurs des pays arabes voisins à la recherche d’un emploi. La politique étrangère libyenne des années 80 et 90 encouragea les travailleurs irréguliers africains et arabes à venir dans le pays. Leur présence était tolérée. Cependant, lorsque la Libye devint un nœud de la migration irrégulière et que certains problèmes internes remontèrent à la surface en ce qui concerne la migration irrégulière, elle découvrit son manque d’instruments juridiques pour faire face à la réalité. De plus, la réactivation du secteur privé libyen après plus d’une décennie de domination du secteur public créa un désordre sur le marché du travail alors en développement rapide. En termes de marché du travail, la politique législative libyenne était plus réactive que stratégique. Des décisions visant une meilleure organisation du marché du travail ont été adoptées par le gouvernement libyen, y compris le ministère de la main d’œuvre, tandis que les lois des années 70 et 80 restent en vigueur et grèvent le système. Les décisions datant des périodes d’enthousiasme arabe et africain demeurent elles aussi opérantes. Tout ceci conduisit à des contradictions dans la législation libyenne. La Libye a aujourd’hui besoin d’une politique législative stratégique sur le long terme concernant les travailleurs étrangers en général, et ceux du secteur privé en particulier.
Year 2009
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26 Report

Highly-skilled Migration (Libya): Legal aspects

Authors Azza K. MAGHUR
Description
Libya, a country that gained independence in 1951, has known only two contradictory regimes: a monarchy from 1951-1969, and a revolution since 1969. With oil as its main source of revenue, and after ten years of UN backed-sanctions, in addition to a decade of public sector dominance, Libya suffers from both brain drain and brain waste. The active Libyan market of today, after its return to the international community, and given decades of economic and administrative instability, requires skilled and unskilled labour. Libya’s labour policies have always been motivated by politics. There has not been a labour strategy, and the need for skilled labour has been a constant in a rich country with only six million inhabitants.Libya today is country full of promise that offers opportunities to its own citizens. It is still, however, unable either to contain brain waste, or to stop brain drain, especially in the medical field. The private sector which has been reactivated after years of public sector dominance is hungry for labour and regulation is imminent. Economic activities, in infrastructure and building for example, need the labour market, private and public, to be properly regulated. La Libye, devenue indépendante en 1951, n’a connu que deux régimes opposés : une monarchie de 1951 à 1969 et une révolution depuis 1969. Avec le pétrole comme principale source de revenu, après dix ans de sanctions onusiennes, et une décennie de prédominance du secteur public, la Libye subit à la fois une fuite et un gaspillage des cerveaux. Le marché du travail libyen actuel requiert de la main d’oeuvre qualifiée et non qualifiée depuis son retour sur la scène internationale après des décennies d’instabilité économique et administrative. Les politiques de l’emploi libyennes ont toujours été motivées par la politique. En l’absence de stratégie de l’emploi, le besoin de main d’œuvre est une constante dans ce pays riche pourvu de seulement six millions d’habitants.La Libye d’aujourd’hui est un pays plein de promesses, porteur d’opportunités pour ses citoyens. Elle est cependant encore incapable de réduire le gaspillage des cerveaux et de stopper la fuite des cerveaux, surtout dans le domaine médical. Le secteur privé, réactivé après des décennies de domination publique, a faim de main d’œuvre et la régulation est imminente. Les activités économiques, dans les infrastructures ou le bâtiment par exemple, ont besoin d’un marché du travail, public comme privé, réglementé.
Year 2010
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27 Report

Soldiers of fortune: The future of Chadian fighters after the Libyan ceasefire

Authors Alexandre Bish
Description
Conflict zones are key hubs in the global criminal economy, and nowhere is this correlation more evident than in the Sahel and central Sahara, where the proliferation of armed actors and their involvement in many of the subregion’s plethora of illicit markets have contributed to cyclical instability in the region. In the Sahel and central Sahara, armed actor involvement in the region’s illicit markets have been key contributors to cyclical instability there. Chadian fighters have long been key actors within the constellation of armed groups active in the region, but the October 2020 ceasefire in Libya – and the ensuing drop in fighting – are reshaping the role that they play in regional illicit markets and stability dynamics. Chadian fighters first emerged as key actors challenging peace and security in Libya while fighting as mercenaries there after the fall of Qaddafi in 2011. However, the consolidation of their peacetime involvement in Sahelian illicit economies since mid-2020 poses a more enduring, widespread, and unpredictable form of instability. This report describes the typologies of Chadian fighters active in Libya and the central Sahara, and their role as mercenaries and enablers in the transnational mercenary trade in Libya’s second civil war. The Chadian government’s failure to reintegrate rebels after the war is then analyzed before exploring how this has led to Chadian fighters consolidating their involvement in criminal economies. Finally, the risks of this involvement and, in particular, the menace that Chadian fighters pose to border security in the region are presented. This report’s release is timed to coincide with the planned government-led ‘national dialogue’ which will discuss the future of rebel armed groups in Chad and should pave the way for elections. It makes the case for the need to provide a safe corridor for Chadian fighters to return to Chad to prevent further destabilisation of the wider Sahel and Central Sahara region.
Year 2021
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28 Report

Expanded Borders: Policies and Practices of Preventive Refoulement in Italy

Authors Chiara Marchetti
Book Title The Politics of International Migration Management
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30 Book Chapter

Migrant Smuggling from Africa to Spain, Italy and Malta: A Comparative Overview

Authors Thanos Maroukis, Anna Triandafyllidou
Book Title Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe
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33 Book Chapter

The role of the southern Libyan Saharan cities in building their relations with neighbouring countires

Authors Ali Jarad, Almokhtar Attwairi, Tarek Elaswed, ...
Year 2022
Journal Name Bulletin of the Serbian Geographical Society
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34 Journal Article

Migration after the Arab Spring

Authors Philippe FARGUES, Christine FANDRICH
Description
This paper provides a statistical assessment of migration before and after the uprisings in the Southern Mediterranean. It will review European and Arab state policies regarding migration and will ultimately encourage the factoring of the outcomes of the Arab Spring within migration policies on both shores of the Mediterranean. The assessment is based upon the most recent statistical data gathered directly from the competent offices in European Member States; from policy documents emanating from the European Union and concerned States; and from first-hand accounts from surveys conducted in Spring 2012 by scholars in six Arab countries (within Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Jordan and Lebanon) in collaboration with the Migration Policy Centre (MPC). Notably, migration to Europe has not been accelerated by the Arab Spring, apart from a short-lived movement from Tunisia, but has simply continued along previous trends. In sharp contrast, migration within the Southern Mediterranean has been deeply impacted by the events as outflows of migrants and refugees fled instability and violence in Libya and Syria.
Year 2012
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35 Report

'Terra promessa': migration and settler colonialism in Libya, 1911-1970

Authors Emanuele Ertola
Year 2017
Journal Name Settler Colonial Studies
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36 Journal Article

EU Neighbourhood Migration Report 2013

Authors Philippe FARGUES
Description
This report covers migration in 18 EU neighbouring countries, including: Algeria; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Egypt; Georgia; Jordan; Lebanon; Libya; Mauritania; Moldova; Morocco; Palestine; Russia; Syria; Tunisia; Turkey and Ukraine. Each country report provides the most recent update on the demographic, legal, and socio-political aspects of both inward and outward migration stocks and flows.
Year 2013
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37 Report

The commercialization of responsibility in European Union’s migration policy

Authors Natalia Szulc, Adam Szymaniak
Year 2021
Journal Name Sprawy Międzynarodowe
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42 Journal Article

The end of an affair? Libya and Sub-Saharan Africa

Authors Asteris Huliaras, Konstantinos Magliveras
Year 2011
Journal Name The Journal of North African Studies
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44 Journal Article

Qadhafi's comeback: Libya and sub‐Saharan Africa in the 1990s

Authors Asteris Huliaras
Year 2001
Journal Name African Affairs
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46 Journal Article

Triangular migration diplomacy: the case of EU–Italian cooperation with Libya

Authors Michela Ceccorulli
Year 2022
Journal Name Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica
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47 Journal Article

Transnational humanitarianism: blurring the boundaries of the Mediterranean in Libya

Authors Natalia Ribas-Mateos
Year 2021
Book Title Handbook on Human Security, Borders and Migration
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48 Book Chapter

Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV & HIV Co-Infection and Risk Factors Analysis in Tripoli-Libya

Year 2014
Journal Name PLOS ONE
Citations (WoS) 13
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49 Journal Article

Economies of transit: exploiting migrants and refugees in Indonesia and Libya

Authors Melissa Phillips, Antje Missbach
Year 2017
Journal Name International Journal of Migration and Border Studies
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50 Journal Article
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