Research
Database

The starting point of this multi-disciplinary research programme is the vertiginous growth in international migration and the recent “refugee crisis” in Europe, as well as the ever-present questions of social and economic integration of recent refugees and other immigrants. The programme aims to examine the challenges and opportunities created by novel initiatives that aim to support labour market integration of refugees and other immigrants who have been granted residency in Sweden – including the problems of coordination and organisation between the plethora of initiatives. The research will be conducted within a practice-based approach to organising (Gherardi & Nicolini, 2002; Nicolini, 2012) and aims to produce novel knowledge to facilitate the establishment of more sustainable processes and practices for integrating refugees and other immigrants in the labour market.

Research Questions Every immigrant to a country is the emigrant of another. For the contemporary migrant, the migration policies in both countries of origin and countries of destination define their options to enter, settle and belong to them. Our 3-year project seeks to adopt a comprehensive view of migration policy that includes both its emigrant/emigration and immigrant/immigration sides, bridging for the first time the two sides of migration policy which both the policy and research communities have assumed to exist, but which have not been analyzed in their connections. To wit, our question is: how does policy offer or hinder a path for migrants to become or remain an integral part of the polity? Our theoretical framework will bridge the stages of entry, residency, and access to citizenship and look for patterns of how states manage the process of migrant inclusion in or exclusion from the polity. We will gather cross-regional evidence on the variety and depth of policy configurations governing migration trajectories. With these data we will chart the connections between policies of mobility, settlement and belonging, keeping an eye to underlying principles structuring them, and possibly to threads of coherence across the “two sides”. Using a comparative area study angle, we seek to develop a broadened perspective on the migration policy landscape. Thus, we will look at cases from Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Asia to cover a wide breadth of migratory profiles, institutional contexts and, thanks to that variety, to uncover noteworthy innovations. We hope to refine a theoretical model that can be later piloted in studies for some states in other regions such as Africa and the Middle East, where conflict and limited state capacities have presented challenges to empirical investigations on migration policies. The project’s overarching research question is: How do policies define the chances of immigrants/emigrants to become/remain an integral part of their receiving and sending polities? The partial research questions that we aim to answer are: What are the migration policies of the countries under study across three world regions? How are those migration policies linked to each other (i.e. immigration policy, immigrant policy, access to citizenship, emigration policy, emigrant policies, and retention of citizenship for emigrants)? Are overarching principles observable through the configurations of policies? Is there coherence between policies? What is the interaction that occurs within policy configurations over time? How are guiding principles of migration policy created and institutionalised? Which guiding principles for migration policy are balanced in distinct policy mixes? Contribution to International Research Only recently have a few scholars realised how crucial the “policy nexus” is between “admission”, “settlement” and “access to citizenship” policies. So far, these policies have been studied separately. The first important lacuna this project aims to cover is to look at the intricate links between these policies which roughly correspond to the state regulating the (ideal) stages of migration from mobility to settlement. Of course, not all migrants have the intention to settle and become citizens somewhere else, but we want to look at policies from the perspective of the possibilities they open to migrants to do so, shall migrants want to. We want to see for whom are those paths of entry, settlement and citizenship open, and for whom are truncated and when. Next, what is still missing from the picture of migration policies in international research is to look at the emigration side of policy. We know much about the different policies that regulate immigration. However, in this project we also want to consider the policies that regulate emigration, the rights of emigrants, and their retention of citizenship. By covering this second lacuna it will be possible for us to consider two sides of migration policy in different countries and ask questions of coherence across those two sides. A third lacuna is that we know little about these policies beyond the Western “usual suspects”. Yet, by definition, migration issues span across countries and regions, and our grasp of policy models and options remains poor if we do not take into account a wide range of policies that are decisive along the path from emigration to access to citizenship. Moreover, much innovation in emigration policies emanates from developing countries. Thus, a broad, cross-regional scope is crucial to reveal the range of variations among migration policy configurations. Firmly rooted in comparative area studies, this project aims at gaining policy-relevant insights on this important migration policy nexus. Research Design and Methods To answer the overarching research question we will combine methods of data collection and analysis across three concatenated phases, each refining the partial descriptive and explanatory questions. In the first phase we will create a dataset on the migration policies which will combine existing data and gather additional information for policies not yet surveyed. The dataset will let us explore policy configurations and their relation to variables that define migration systems in a global scale. In turn, these analyses will be the basis on which we will select cases for the second phase of the project: a comparative cross-regional study of up to six cases. In this second phase we will trace the evolution of different policy configurations. After these two phases are completed, the knowledge and explanations generated can be tested on other pilot cases and we will be able to work on policy implications. Preliminary Results The team, consisting now of the three core researchers, plus our highly motivated student assistants is busy compiling the information on emigrant, emigration, immigration, immigrant policies and citizenship policies for both immigrants and emigrants in close to 30 countries. We are looking forward to complete this data collection towards the end of 2018. For the moment, the data questionnaire we are using to compile the information systematically is already a contribution to the comparative study of migration policies, as it has consolidated the questionnaires used for other existing datasets created in recent years for different parts of the comprehensive policy scenario we are putting together. It involved an exhaustive exercise of study of the complementarities and overlaps in these other efforts by colleagues in the discipline. Our data collection tool will be published online by GIGA with an open access license to serve the academic and policy communities by the end of the summer 2018. Also, we have started to give visibility to our project through participations in several international conferences and we have inaugurated our presence in social networks, seeking to reach out to the academic and policy communities interested in migration policies across countries.

To what extent is human smuggling a criminal enterprise driven by solidarity and cooperation? This is the question that my project “MAPS – Migrants And People Smugglers” addresses through a comparative study – of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Central American smuggling corridors. Having almost concluded my research in the Eastern Mediterranean corridor, the project will concentrate almost exclusively on the Central American route in order to identify similarities and differences in the organizational structures of smuggling networks, the smuggler-migrant relationship, and the profile of the facilitators. MAPS seeks to make a contribution to studies on Human Smuggling and Irregular Migration, where there is a keen interest in – yet still insufficient knowledge about – the interaction between migrants and facilitators and where criminological perspectives still dominate the debate. MAPS adopts a critical perspective and departs from the idea that smugglers obey only to a profit making logic. Inviting instead for a more complex understanding of their roles, it argues that human smuggling is embedded within ethnic networks and local economies, which are grounded on deep notions of solidarity and reciprocity. By expanding current knowledge around smuggling and its related policies, the project also aims to provide an empirical platform for policy engagement. In order to achieve its research aims, I will be based at the San Diego State University (SDSU), located at the proximities of the US/Mexican border and renown for being a centre of excellence on migratory trends from Central American. Here, I will be trained in Critical Criminology, Hispanic Studies and Social Network Analysis under the supervision of Prof Sheldon Zhang. Upon returning to my European host institution, the EUI, I will bring my new skills and further improve my policy and dissemination training under the supervision of Prof Triandafyllidou at the Cultural Pluralism Area of the GGP (EUI).

Research on trade unions has identified the crises and challenges trade unions face, not only in relation to employers and the state, but also regarding how to keep the trade union and workers together. One particular challenge is how to build solidarity in a context in which the number of migrant workers is increasing and working class support for anti-immigrant extreme right parties is growing. The research question framing this proposal is how an important organisation for Swedish industrial relations negotiate what seems to be a fundamental contradiction among its members. The aim is to analyse the strategies and actions taken by trade unions in relation to migrant workers, ethnic diversity and members and activists displaying support for extreme right parties. The theoretical framework is drawn from labour studies and industrial relations research along with migration and ethnic studies, supplemented with gender studies.. Methodologically, the project is an ethnographic study of five blue collar trade unions and Landsorganisationen, employing semi-structured interviews and participant observation, complemented with document analysis.

The idea of boundary making has moved to the centre of influential agendas in immigration research. While many studies show the location and meaning of ethnic boundaries to vary across contexts, the conditions under which actors pursue different strategies of boundary making and produce different configurations of boundaries remain largely unknown. A major reason is the lack of a contextual unit of analysis that allows one to look at a large number of comparable social fields in which processes of boundary making unfold. My project is based on the idea that studying peer dynamics across a large number of schools constitutes strategic research material for understanding boundary making. I aim to develop a theory of boundary making that explains which combinations of attributes tend to become the basis of peer group affiliation and identities depending on school context. Realising this agenda has recently become possible through advances in multilevel longitudinal social network analysis and the collection of unique panel data on complete networks of over 18,000 students in more than 900 Dutch, English, German, and Swedish classrooms in 2010 and 2011. In order to investigate how the current influx of refugees transforms the configurations of boundaries, I will strategically complement this data by conducting a new three-wave panel study in one third of the original German schools. As part of this data collection, I will conduct the first smartphone-based experience sampling study on adolescents’ everyday boundary work, which allows me to capture its everyday salience as well as the impact of public discourse and political events. Aside from breaking new ground in the interdisciplinary fields of boundaries studies, immigration research, and network science, my project will potentially have an important social impact by identifying new factors that support or hinder the social integration of minority students.

This research project aims to understand the organizational and cognitive consequences of the election of specific national political representatives by citizens living abroad. The proposal is based on a comparative analysis of two expatriate populations with such rights, Italians and French, in two host countries, Belgium and Canada. The focus of the research is the motivations, representations and strategies of politically active emigrants in branches of home political parties abroad. The research will be done through an original multi-methods research design – computer-assisted discourse analysis, qualitative comparative analysis and quantitative questionnaire analysis – to gather rich and sociologically relevant data. The combination of CAQDAS techniques with QCA, as a comparative tool of analysis, will produce robust results and provide good grounds for tentative generalization beyond the considered case studies. The project will originally contribute to the theoretical advancement of many research fields. It will develop the theory of political parties, since the knowledge is weak and fragmentary concerning the role and functioning of political parties abroad, and almost inexistent in non-contentious contexts. The project will also advance the theory of transnational politics, since it will focus on two dimensions underdeveloped in the existing literature: the involvement of emigrants in home politics and the analysis of banal transnational politics. The project will finally contribute to the theory of national identity and citizenship since it will question the reconfiguration of established nation states that might result from giving citizenship rights and representation to nationals living abroad. In a policy perspective the research responds to recurring demands to further investigate the governance of migration as well as the implications of multilevel citizenship in a context of growing mobility of EU citizens from, to and within the EU.

How does first-time, sustained exposure to ethnic outsiders influence ingroup bias? And how does such exposure impact upon support for right-wing ideas and parties? We focus on Eastern Germany where during the 'refugee crisis' in 2015, refugees were near-exogenously allocation to some municipalities but not to others. Like other regions in Central and Eastern Europe, before 2015 Eastern German municipalities had very low numbers of foreign residents. And, similar to other regions in Europe, since then, Eastern Germany has seen a surge in support for right-wing populist parties with a pronounced anti-immigrant agenda. Can the sudden and unexpected presence of newcomers help to explain this surge? Or has, on the contrary, exposure made individuals more open-minded and willing to support refugees and other ethnic outsiders? We address these questions with a survey conducted among 1,320 individuals in 236 closely matched Eastern German municipalities, half of which received refugees. Our measures include survey responses, voting and behavioral games.

Internationale Migration hat sich in den wissensbasierten westlichen Industriegesellschaften zu einer wesentlichen Bedingung ökonomischen Wachstums entwickelt und gewinnt auch auf individueller Ebene zunehmende Bedeutung für die Verteilung sozialer Positionen und Lebenschancen. Ziel des Forschungsprojektes ist es, am Beispiel der Aus- und Rückwanderung aus bzw. nach Deutschland die individuellen Konsequenzen internationaler Migration auf den weiteren Lebensverlauf zu untersuchen. In Anlehnung an klassische Differenzierungen der Sozialstrukturanalyse und der Ungleichheitsforschung erfolgt die Analyse der Konsequenzen internationaler Migration entlang von vier Dimensionen des Lebensverlaufs: Erwerbstätigkeit und Einkommen, Wohlbefinden und Lebenszufriedenheit, Partnerschaft und Familie, sowie soziale Beziehungen und gesellschaftliche Partizipation. Konzeptionell verfolgt das Projekt das Ziel, die Wanderungsfolgen nicht nur als Frage der Integration in die Aufnahmegesellschaft (destination) zu betrachten. Die Konsequenzen der Mobilität sollen deshalb auch durch einen Vergleich mit der nicht-mobilen Bevölkerung der Herkunftsgesellschaft (origin) und als Ergebnisse individueller Lebensverläufe (migration) analysiert werden (Destination-Origin-Migration-Ansatz). Datengrundlage dieses über einen Zeitraum von acht Jahren geplanten Langfristvorhabens ist die im Rahmen des Projekts zu etablierende German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS), die erstmals eine empirische Basis zur Untersuchung der Konsequenzen internationaler Migration auf den Lebensverlauf zur Verfügung stellen wird.

Located in Western Mali, at the junction with Senegal and Mauritania, the area of Kayes has a long history of sustained involvement in transnational migration, notably towards France. The region bears the material and social imprints of decades of international migration in its infrastructures, buildings, family relations, and local notions of success and failure. Though this migration and its social effects have been the topic of a wide range of studies, the local understandings and discussions of these dynamics have been under-researched. Dwelling on developments in anthropology and African studies that highlight the importance of local expressive practices, this project focuses on three arenas where emigration and, more specifically, return have been debated: a village created by returnees in 1977; a local radio initiated by emigrants in 1987; individual trajectories of returnees from France to one village. In each field-site, biographical narratives will be combined with corpora of local productions of distinct sorts: personal documents such as family letters or cassettes; public discourses such as listeners’ letters to the radio and songs; and personal archives including photographs. The project will discuss the issue of return, a heavily politically and morally loaded one, by bringing together the individual and collective stories of returnees from distinct generations (those returning as adults in the 1970s and those returning in the 2000s), and the public discourses of each time. It will also question the way it is currently memorialized. While contributing to anthropological discussions on return migration, the ambition of the project is also to offer a better understanding of a key zone of emigration to Europe. Since the European Union is committed to address the root causes of migration, and funds initiatives to prevent migration, providing knowledge on local debates on migration can offer resources for designing effective programs in this field.

In der zweiten Hälfte des Jahres 2015 erlebte Deutschland einen dramatischen Anstieg im Zuzug von Flüchtlingen, der sich insbesondere durch den Konflikt in der Arabischen Republik Syrien speiste. Mit mehr als einer Million Hilfesuchender im Jahr 2015 ist dieser Massenzustrom von Flüchtlingen nach Deutschland der größte seiner Art seit den frühen 1990er Jahren. Die Unterbringung und Versorgung dieser Flüchtlinge stellt Deutschland vor eine Reihe von Herausforderungen, sowohl aus wirtschaftlicher, als auch politischer, sozialer und juristischer Sicht. Die Unterbringung und Integration von Flüchtlingen belastet die öffentlichen Haushalte, sozialen Wohlfahrtsysteme, das Bildungssystem sowie die Immobilien? und Arbeitsmärkte und sie wirft Fragen auf hinsichtlich des sozialen und politischen Zusammenhalts im Land, der Sicherheit und Kriminalität sowie zwischenstaatlicher Regelungen für eine faire Verteilung von Flüchtlingen. Aufgrund der Aktualität der Ereignisse mangelt es jedoch an (mitunter grundlegendsten) Daten zu diesem Massenzustrom an Flüchtlingen nach Deutschland. Auch ist empirische Evidenz zu den Auswirkungen dieses Zustroms bis dato kaum vorhanden. Folglich ist der Wissenstand darüber, wie dieser Zustrom die Gesellschaft in Deutschland, die Innenpolitik und die Wirtschaft beeinflusste sehr gering. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für die Frage, wie dieser Einfluss auf regionaler Ebene von wirtschaftlichen Faktoren und der Verteilung und Unterbringung von Flüchtlingen durch staatliche Behörden beeinflusst wurde. In diesem Forschungsprojekt untersuchen wir diese Frage indem wir die Auswirkungen des Massenzustroms an Flüchtlingen nach Deutschland in vier Kernbereichen analysieren: (1) Wahlergebnisse, (2) Immobilienmärkte, (3) Gewalt gegen Ausländer und Kriminalität durch Ausländer, sowie (4) Spendenverhalten, sowohl monetär als auch in Form von Gütern und Freiwilligendiensten.

Das geplante Vorhaben befasst sich mit den Zuzugsdynamiken und den sprachlichen, strukturellen und sozio-kulturellen Integrationsprozessen von jüngst Zugewanderten in Deutschland. Anschließend an das internationale Verbundprojekt SCIP (Socio-cultural Integration Processes among New Immigrants in Europe) zielt es darauf ab, auf Grundlage neu zu erhebender Paneldaten (zwei Erhebungswellen) und anhand einer größeren Zahl von Neuzuwanderergruppen die derzeit Zuziehenden angemessen zu beschreiben, aktuelle Fragen der Migrations- und Integrationsforschung zu beantworten und wichtige Informationen für die politische Steuerung des Migrations- und Integrationsgeschehens zu liefern. Die empirische Untersuchung von Neuzuwanderern setzt an drei Forschungsdefiziten an: Erstens bleibt in der bisherigen Forschung das relative Gewicht von Herkunfts- und Ziellandeffekten auf Integrationsverläufe weitgehend ungeklärt, da in den meisten Datensätzen Einwanderer befragt werden, die bereits länger im Zielland leben. Zweitens wird die Erklärung des Migrations- und Integrationsgeschehens dadurch erschwert, dass die meisten Datensätze immer noch Querschnittscharakter aufweisen. Und drittens hat sich die Migrations- und Integrationsforschung überwiegend auf die gering qualifizierten Arbeitsmigranten sowie Migranten aus den ehemaligen Kolonien und ihre Nachkommen konzentriert. Anhand einer standardisierten Befragung jüngst nach Deutschland zugewanderter Polen, Türken, Rumänen, Italiener, Syrer und Iraker sollen die Themenbereiche Zuwanderung und Settlement, sprachliche und strukturelle Integration sowie Identität, Akkulturation und Religion gezielt in einem Forschungsdesign bearbeitet werden, das die Analyse herkunftsgruppenspezifischer Integrationsverläufe gestattet, gleichzeitig aber auch der inneren Heterogenität innerhalb der Herkunftsgruppen Rechnung trägt. Die ausgewählten Herkunftsgruppen weisen einerseits eine deutliche Varianz im Hinblick auf Merkmale wie ihr durchschnittliches Bildungs- und Qualifikationsniveau, ihre religiösen Zugehörigkeiten oder ihre Migrations- bzw. Fluchtursachen auf, andererseits lässt sich an ihnen auch die Bedeutung ethnischer Gruppengrenzen für die Entstehung gruppenspezifischer früher Integrationsverläufe analysieren. Um eine ausreichend hohe Anzahl von Zuwanderern unterschiedlicher Herkunftsgruppen zu befragen, soll in dem geplanten Vorhaben eine incentivierte Mixed-Mode Erhebung von Neuzuwanderern in den jeweils zuzugsstärksten Kreisen durchgeführt werden. Ein Zusatzprojekt zur Erfassung der Grenzziehungsdynamiken seitens der Mehrheitsangehörigen in denselben Kreisen ist für den Bewilligungsfall geplant (Helbling/Traunmüller).

In the last forty years, researchers in the Field of Migration and Ethnic Studies looked at the integration of migrants and their descendants. Concepts, methodological tools and theoretical frameworks have been developed to measure and predict integration outcomes both across different ethnic groups and in comparison with people of native descent. But are we also looking into the actual integration of the receiving group of native ‘white’ descent in city contexts where they have become a numerical minority themselves? In cities like Amsterdam, now only one in three youngsters under age fifteen is of native descent. This situation, referred to as a majority-minority context, is a new phenomenon in Western Europe and it presents itself as one of the most important societal and psychological transformations of our time. I argue that the field of migration and ethnic studies is stagnating because of the one-sided focus on migrants and their children. This is even more urgent given the increased ant-immigrant vote. These pressing scientific and societal reasons pushed me to develop the project BAM (Becoming A Minority). The project will be executed in three harbor cities, Rotterdam, Antwerp and Malmö, and three service sector cities, Amsterdam, Frankfurt and Vienna. BAM consists of 5 subprojects: (1) A meta-analysis of secondary data on people of native ‘white’ descent in the six research sites; (2) A newly developed survey for the target group; (3) An analysis of critical circumstances of encounter that trigger either positive or rather negative responses to increased ethnic diversity (4) Experimental diversity labs to test under which circumstances people will change their attitudes or their actions towards increased ethnic diversity; (5) The formulation of a new theory of integration that includes the changed position of the group of native ‘white’ descent as an important actor.

Background and aim of the project: Since 2015, migration towards and within Europe has created a ‘stress’ in the EU asylum and migration systems, challenging the adequacy of the legal design of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). This impacted the implementation of both the CEAS and national asylum systems in practice and called its further harmonisation into question. The notion of harmonisation is not a fixed term, but rather incorporates varied meanings and practices. CEASEVAL will carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the CEAS in terms of its framework and practice. It will make an analysis of harmonisation which goes beyond the formal institutional setting and takes into account the complex relations among the actors engaged from the local and the national levels, to the European level, in order to explain the success and the failure of coordinated action between these varied actors. Research Objectives: Based on an interdisciplinary and multilevel research approach, CEASEVAL will innovatively: 1. combine multiple disciplines in order to explore different perspectives of the CEAS, 2. develop a new theoretical framework of multilevel governance of the CEAS, which will be empirically tested across several EU Member States and third countries, 3. provide a critical evaluation of the CEAS by identifying and analysing discrepancies in the transposition and incorporation of European standards in the area of asylum in domestic legislation, as well as differences in their implementation, and 4. elaborate new policies by constructing different alternatives of implementing a common European asylum system. On this basis, CEASEVAL will determine which kind of harmonisation (legislative, implementation, etc.) and solidarity is possible and necessary. Project Partners: Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Université du Luxembourg (UL), Forum Internazionale ed Europeo die Richerche sull ‘Immigrazione Associazione / International and European Forum on Migration Research (FIERI), University of Sussex (UOS), International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), Centre for International Information and Documentation in Barcelona (CIDOB), TÁRKI Tarsadalomkutatasi Intezet Zrt / Tarki Social Research Institute (TARKI), Helsingin Yliopisto / University of Helsinki (UH), European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE), New Bulgarian University (NBU), Koç University (KU), Elliniko Idryma Europaikis kai Exoterikis Politikis / Hellenic Foundation for European And Foreign Policy (ELIEEP/ELIAMEP), Stichting VU / Free University of Amsterdam (STICHTING)

The educational achievement of students from working-class ethnic minority or immigrant back-grounds is vitally important for their integration into the labor market and society. We know from research that their disadvantaged family back-ground, such as low parental education and income, significantly influences these students’ academic achievement. However, as students increasingly spend most of their time in school contexts, school has also become one of the key factors for under-standing educational performance. In this context, interactions of specific school regulations, practices, and structures with the skills, values, and cultures of students can greatly contribute to the development of educational policies for reforming schools in a way that would increase the educational achieve-ment of students from disadvantaged backgrounds. This study conceptualizes school-related factors as institutional habitus and seeks to understand how schools’ institutional habitus accommodate students from different ethnic and minority back-grounds for making empirical contributions to the development of inclusive and intercultural school structures. This report is based on a comparative study that investigates the components of the institutional habitus of two different schools, one in Turkey and one in Germany, and how they influence the educa-tional performance of children from working-class Kurdish ethnic minority backgrounds in Turkey and working-class Turkish immigrant backgrounds in Germany. This exploratory, qualitative study included interviews with teachers, students, school principals, and experts in the field of education, as well as participatory observations in the classroom and beyond.

ANDRUPOS is a leading edge web based document examination system capable of authenticating printing techniques, printer and paper sources. It is built on research projects and studies, in which the feasibility and the relevant technologies in ICT, software and analysis technologies have been validated and tested with pilot users. ANDRUPOS is a game changer in document fraud detection such as ID documents, passports or banknotes, as it enables for the first time an automatic reliable detection method, giving quick and confident reports on possible fraud and – another very new not yet available feature – links counterfeits with printers, so that also different counterfeits and cases can be traced back to the people responsible for it like organized crime. Fraudulent identity and security documents are integral prerequisites for the smuggling of migrants, trafficking in persons, terrorist mobility, to facilitate the smuggling of drugs, weapons and other goods and they simplify cross-border crime of all types. Counterfeit documents enable opening of bank accounts or receiving illegal social insurance benefits. Making and using fraudulent documents by organised crime produce huge civil, social and personal losses. The target market comprises banking (national banks), border security (airports, border crossing points), public and private forensic institutes as well as law enforcement agencies. ANDRUPOS pro-actively targets the needs and requirements of national and European users like Law Enforcements Agencies, Criminal Offices, National Police Services, Customs Investigation Bureaus, National Banks, Financial/Customs. The main objective of the FTI project now is to do the final optimization and upgrading as well as customization and then going into a final validation phase with test at first customer stations.