Research
Database

Depuis son accession à l’indépendance, le Tchad a connu une situation politique tumultueuse qui a favorisé un mouvement de population vers l’intérieur et vers l’extérieur. Le cadre juridique des migrations est basé sur les instruments internationaux et nationaux. Sur le plan international, le Tchad a signé de nombreux accords bilatéraux et multilatéraux avec des pays ou organisations dans deux buts : disposer d’une main d’œuvre hautement qualifiée et assurer la formation des futurs cadres tchadiens qui, pour la plupart, ne sont pas retournés au pays. Sur le plan interne, les constitutions, les lois et les textes d’application créent un cadre favorisant l’entrée des non nationaux au Tchad en vue de l’aider à atteindre les objectifs énoncés. Trois catégories de migrants relèvent du phénomène de la guerre civile vécue au Tchad pendant plus de quatre décennies. Il est observé que ceux qui étaient envoyés avec des bourses pour étudier ont fini par s’installer ailleurs après une haute qualification obtenue grâce à la prise en charge par leur communauté nationale. Une deuxième catégorie est constituée des demandeurs d’asile qui cherchent à préserver leur vie et celle de leur famille suite aux menaces ou des effets collatéraux de la guerre. La troisième catégorie est formée de hauts cadres qui quittent le pays pour s’enrôler dans les groupes armés. Généralement, ils constituent l’élite des rebellions, s’installent dans les pays d’accueil loin des lieux d’affrontement et ne reviennent que sous la protection d’un accord de paix suivi d’une loi d’amnistie. La migration hautement qualifiée existe mais elle est difficile à maîtriser. Aucune statistique générale et fiable n’est disponible. A ce jour, les services publics ne savent même pas quelle est l’importance du phénomène au Tchad et encore moins à l’extérieur, d’où la nécessité de poursuivre la recherche. Abstract Since independence Chad has experienced political difficulties which have encouraged Chadians to flee both inside and outside the country. The legal framework of migration in Chad is based on national and international acts. At the international level, Chad has signed numerous bilateral and multilateral agreements with countries or organisations for two purposes: keeping highly-qualified labour and assuring training for Chadians, who have not, for the most part, come back to the country. At the national level, constitutions, laws and executive instructions allow foreign nationals into Chad in order to help the country reach the goal noted above. One type of migrant are the students who were given scholarships and sent to study abroad, but who often remained abroad with a qualification paid for by their national Community. A second type of migrant are the asylum seekers and their families driven out of the country by threats and war. The third type of migrant are the highly-skilled staff who left the country in order to join foreign armed groups. In general, they make up the elite of rebellions, established in a host-country, very far from the front line and they only return under the protection of peace agreements and amnesties. Highly-qualified migration exists in Chad, but it is very difficult to get to grips with it. No general and reliable statistics are available. The public services there have not yet learnt the importance of the phenomenon in Chad and still less abroad. For this reason research must continue.

Europe’s constantly ageing population posits a number of challenges for the European Community. One of the main issues lies in shedding age discrimination that prevents the social inclusion of older people in society. A first step in doing so is to identify negative stereotypes and to uncover the mechanisms that lead to them. Past research has focused solely on psychological factors neglecting the societal context. Hence, the proposed research aims to fill this important gap by investigating the joint impact of societal and psychological variables on shaping age stereotypes and ageism. For this purpose, an explanatory model is developed and tested in a series of four cross-cultural studies. In the first phase of the project (Study 1 and 2) secondary data from the Ageism module in the European Social Survey will be analyzed. Data are available from more than 50,000 individuals coming from 28 countries in Europe. An explanatory model will be tested with the use of multilevel structural equation modeling that allows examining psychological and societal predictors simultaneously. Study 1 will focus on younger and middle-aged people’s attitudes towards the elderly by examining outcome variables such as prejudice and intergenerational contact. Study 2 will concentrate on the elderly and investigate outcome variables such as experiences of ageism and subjective well-being. In the second phase of the project, a systematic cross-cultural survey will be constructed to further investigate the impact of different societal stereotypes on real-life issues that were not assessed in the ESS. In Study 3, 400 older people from four countries will be surveyed and among others their self-esteem and willingness to engage in voluntary work will be assessed. Study 4 is a quasi-experimental field study that will be conducted in two countries. We will observe to what extent negative age stereotypes are translated into ageist behavior.

The study focus on the role of the civil servants in the implementation process of social policies. The projects purpose is to study Swedish integration and labour market policies. Issues of how race/ethnicity, gender, sexuality and class are done in the meeting between civil servants and their clients are often absent in research on public administration. The study focuses on, from a race/ethnicity, gender, class and sexuality perspective, how labour market establishment of newly arrived Swedes are made. Empirically, the material will be gathered at institutions that are responsible for the integration of newly arrived immigrants, i.e. employment offices. The project has an intersectional approach and is theoretically framed within gender studies and ethnicity studies. The study also takes it theoretical point of departure in welfare state research and public administration studies. The methods used are participant observation, in-depth interviews and discourse analysis.