Migration familiale et conjugale

Family migration in general, and more specifically migration for the purpose of family formation, has become one of the most important forms of immigration to European countries. Consequently, family migration and family formation receive increasing attention, particularly in the field of migrant integration. This is reflected not only in recently introduced programmes in many countries which link admission and integration, but also in examining the role of the family in integration processes. For example, bi-national or inter-ethnic marriages and partnerships can be understood as an expression of successful integration, assuming that these relations require a high level of intercultural interaction, social contacts outside their own group and the acceptance of different values. Existing literature indicates that this and similar conclusions are much too simplistic and refers to the variety of considerations, motives and ambitions that influence partner choices. Particularly in German-speaking countries, the state of knowledge on partner choice, marriage and family formation patterns of migrants is poorly understood. Existing studies are often limited to specific aspects of the phenomenon, such as "forced marriages" or "arranged marriages", which neglect a comprehensive analysis and an informed debate on the impact of these patterns on the integration of third country nationals in general. Objectives of the study: The study will examine: • marriage patterns and motives in major immigrant groups in Austria over time; • the effects of changing marriage patterns and marriage structures on the integration characteristics of immigrant spouses and their children in Austria; • whether integration policies support the needs of immigrant spouses and their children; • options for policy development in the respective areas.

"In dem Forschungsvorhaben wird die Fluchtmigration von Familien und Frauen untersucht. Das umfasst Fragen wie das Treffen von Migrationsentscheidungen im Familienkontext, die Selektivität der Fluchtmigration unter Genderaspekten, die besonderen Risiken der Flucht für Frauen und den Familiennachzug. All diese Faktoren sind nicht nur für das Verständnis der gender— und familienspezifischen Aspekte von Fluchtprozessen relevant, sondern auch für die spätere soziale Teilhabe und strukturelle Integration von geflüchteten Frauen und Familien. Darüber hinaus wird die spätere Integration und Teilhabe von Frauen und Familien in Deutschland untersucht. Dazu gehören Fragen wie Genderdifferenzen in der Teilhabe an Sprachkursen und anderen Integrationsmaßmahmen, an Bildung und Ausbildung, in der Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt und ihre Ursachen sowie die Teilhabe von geflüchteten Kindern und Jugendlichen am Bildungssystem und ihre Betreuung. Das Projekt wird in Kooperation mit dem IAB durchgeführt."

"Transnationale Familien, in denen Familienmitglieder im Herkunftsland verbleiben, während ein oder mehrere Familienmitglieder ins Ausland migrieren, sind ein Phänomen, das seit Ende der 1990er Jahre verstärkt in den Fokus der Wissenschaft gerückt ist. Jedoch beschäftigen sich bis jetzt nur wenige Studien umfassend mit transnationalen Familienkonstellationen im Kontext von Fluchtmigration. Sowohl die ursprüngliche Migrationsentscheidung als auch die Situation im Zielland hängen dabei nicht alleine von den migrierenden Individuen, sondern auch von ihrem familiären Kontext ab. Ziel des Projektes ist es daher, zu untersuchen, welcher Zusammenhang zwischen unterschiedlichen Familienkonstellationen und den durch die Flucht bedingten Veränderungen und dem Leben der geflüchteten Personen in Deutschland besteht. Das in Kooperation mit dem Forschungszentrum des Bundesamts für Migration und Flüchtlinge durchgeführte Projekt analysiert dabei, welche Formen, Strukturen und regionale Verortung transnationale Familien aufweisen. Darüber hinaus wird nicht nur die Entstehung von transnationalen Familien beleuchtet, sondern auch deren Veränderungen, die durch den Verbleib der Migrantinnen und Migranten im Zielland, Weiterwanderung oder deren Rückkehr ins Herkunftsland oder Familienzusammenführung ausgelöst sind. Durch die mit der Migration verbundene räumliche Trennung einzelner Familienmitglieder verändern sich die Beziehungen innerhalb einer Familie: Es soll daher außerdem untersucht werden, wie die Beziehungen zu den zurückgebliebenen Familienmitgliedern im Herkunftsland gepflegt werden sowie welche familiären Austauschprozesse existieren. Des Weiteren sollen im Rahmen dieser Studie auch die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Familienkonstellationen und sozialen Netzwerken beziehungsweise der sozialen Einbindung in Deutschland herausgearbeitet werden."

This paper gives an overview of the current integration standards established within the Common European Asylum System and highlights the possible effects of the changing EU and national legal environment on the integration of beneficiaries of international protection. These integration standards are the starting point of the development of the integration indicators within the project “National Integration Evaluation Mechanism” (NIEM), which aims to support key integration and social actors in 14 EU Member States and Turkey to evaluate and improve the integration outcomes of beneficiaries of international protection. The EU’s greatest impact on the integration of beneficiaries of international protection has been through the stable legal framework of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The recast Asylum Procedures, Reception Conditions, Qualification and Family Reunification Directives all build on the standards set by the 1951 Geneva Convention and aim for its full and effective implementation. They set a series of standards that shape the integration process, starting from the reception phase until the full legal, socio-economic and socio-cultural integration allowing refugees to realise their full potential to contribute to society. These binding legislative acts are complemented by the Common Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration Policy in the EU1 and its re-affirmation, 10 Years On2 , which guide Member States on how to respond to the needs and opportunities that beneficiaries of international protection bring to their new homes. However, in the past year, the emergence and strengthening of exclusionary, anti-migrant narratives has threatened to undermine national – and now the EU’s – stable legal framework and level of ambition to promote refugee integration. The negative political discourse induced a surprisingly coordinated race-to-the-bottom reply at national level, whose approach is reflected in the most recent European Commission Communication “Towards a Reform of the European Common Asylum System and Enhancing Legal Avenues to Europe”. This document shows a fundamental change in the approach towards beneficiaries of international protection. These proposals reframe the logic of asylum to a more temporary legal status in its nature and have more often recourse to the cessation clause4 , without assessing the long-term consequences: how will it affect the integration of beneficiaries of international protection?

The planned study aims at the investigation of the phenomenon what is known as marriage migration (also called transnational marriage) to Germany by male Muslim migrants. By means of biographical narrative interviews with male migrants from North Africa and Turkey, the research project aims at dealing with the multidimensional and multifaceted character of male marriage migration to Germany. The subject male marriage migration can be approached from different perspectives and related aspects. In the frame of this research project, through a sampling which consists of married couples composed of a male migrant from one of the countries mentioned above and a female descendant of a migrant family with a residence permit in Germany, we want to consider this issue in all its complexity and implications regarding the debates on integration of the migrants, integration of male migrants into the labour market, gender relations and dynamics within the migrant family, and (un) chancing conceptions and visions of manhood in migration processes and the contestation/ negotiation of migrant masculinities. Regarding the studies of the last years it is noteworthy that all marriage migration studies are rather focussing on women as migrating subjects. Although it is noticed, too, that there are men as well migrating to their wives, there is no study focussing exclusively on migrating men in context of marriage. This fact may be - especially in Germany - an expression of the emotional public discussion concerning forced marriages. Nevertheless, the marriage migration of men is the desideratum of past and current marriage migration studies. This gap will be filled with the following research proposal. Our hypothesis is that women of the second or third generation of migrant families might be hoping for a realistic chance of founding a family and bringing up children through marrying a partner from the country of origin while they continue to work and remain the bread winners in the country of immigration and thus strengthen their autonomy (while their husbands are waiting for working permits and/or job opportunities and meanwhile have to take over care obligations within the family). In general, we want to show that male marriage migration can be seen both as "cause and the effect" of changing gender orders.

Internal migration (long-distance moves within national borders) is generally assumed to be beneficial to individuals and households. This FamilyTies project has been designed to make a decisive contribution to a much more comprehensive explanation of internal migration and its labour-market outcomes than current, mainly economic, explanations have achieved thus far. It introduces a novel perspective on internal migration and immobility, which focuses on the role of family outside the household in deciding on whether and where to relocate, and which takes into account contemporary family complexity: the family ties perspective. The aim is to identify the role of family ties in internal migration, immobility and labour-market outcomes. The objectives are: 1. Identifying the role of family ties as a deterrent of migration and key determinant of immobility. 2. Explaining migration towards family in relation to migration in other directions. 3. Determining to what extent and for whom family-related motives drive migration and immobility. 4. Unravelling how individual labour-market outcomes of migration versus immobility differ between (im)mobility related to family ties and (im)mobility due to other factors. Geo-coded register and census data containing micro-links between family members will be used for Sweden, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium, as well as survey data for Sweden, the Netherlands, the UK, the USA and New Zealand. These will be analysed using advanced applications of hazard regression, logistic regression, OLS regression and structural equation models, which take into account the multilevel and multi-actor structure of the data and issues of endogeneity and self-selection. The project will provide major new insights into migration, immobility and labour-market outcomes, and input for better predictions and policies concerning migration, population growth and decline, ethnic segregation, labour-market flexibility and family support.

Protracted humanitarian crisis particularly affects the most vulnerable groups, such as the elderly. Due to insufficient social protection/public welfare services and based on negotiated rules of intergenerational solidarity, seniors rely on their families (especially women) for support and care. Crisis-induced “survival migration” creates transnational families and raises questions of care for parents remaining in the countries of origin. The fact that little is known about transnational caregiving strategies in the specific context of crisis-induced migration-or the gender dimensions involved in coordinating and performing such care-justifies the need for additional in-depth research to better understand this important subject. The project aims to investigate the perceptions and strategies of transnational care for elderly parents remaining in (crisis-affected) countries of origin, particularly focusing on gender, filial duty and reciprocity and how they structure care dynamics. By combining an intersectional approach with critical agency, subjectivities and individual strategies are conceptualized as interrelated within a broader context of structural inequality and power relations. The project focuses on two cases of protracted humanitarian crisis migration: Syrian migrants in Switzerland and Venezuelan migrants in Chile and Peru. These crisis-induced migratory flows can be read as “South-North” and “South-South” migration and constitute an ideal ground of comparison in the examination of transnational care dynamics. The proposed methodological approach systematically analyzes the perspectives/practices of transnational households and networks by including both sides of the transnational caregiving relationships, consisting of: 40 narrative, problem-centered interviews with Syrian men and women in Switzerland and 100 with Venezuelan men and women in Peru (60) and Chile (40); 20 semi-structured interviews with parents in Syria and 60 with parents in Venezuela; and analysis of legal documents and migration policies. The project will address knowledge gaps in transnational care, gender and migration studies in the context of protracted humanitarian crisis, offering new insight into intergenerational and gendered questions of caregiving, reciprocity and moral duties of filial piety, as well as caregiving negotiations within wider transnational kinship networks. The proposed research will produce original findings that will inform the future design and implementation of undergraduate, master or doctoral-level courses and academic programs at partner universities, as well as in the field of continuing education for professionals and other actors related to issues of migration in protracted humanitarian crises, care and gender. Results are expected to impact public policies and support systems (e.g., social work) addressing migration, caregiving and family dynamics, both within and across relevant countries (Chile, Peru, Switzerland). The project builds on and deepens existing South-South/South-North academic networks by proposing further cooperation between HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland School of Social Work Fribourg (Switzerland), OST-Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences (Switzerland), the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP, Peru), the University of Tarapacá (Chile) and the Catholic University Silva Henríquez (Chile).

Family related migration has been a main mode of immigration into the EU over the past few decades. The EU’s Family Reunification Directive for third country nationals and their family members (IRL and UK failing to opt into same) aims to ensure the fair treatment of legally residing migrants from non-EU/EEA countries. Paragraph 4 of the Directive states that family reunification ‘helps to create sociocultural stability, facilitating the integration of third country nationals in the MS which also serves to promote economic and social cohesion’. Despite these aims, government discretion and wide interpretation have resulted in anomalies, unnecessary delays, discriminatory practices, many refusals and in cases, no independent appeals mechanisms for redress. Project aims Although there is a large body of knowledge on the legal framework for family reunification, the impact of legal and administrative rules on the actual reunification process and on the integration more generally remains under-researched. Before this background the project aims to study in depth a) the application of the respective laws in practice, b) the impact on family life and c) compliance with EU and Human Rights Standards. The research will consider how immigration law can present obstacles to or assist integration of third country nationals and their families. As a specific objective, the project will promote admission policies that favor integration. Outcomes The project covers seven countries (UK, IRE, AT, DE, BG, PT, NL). The outputs are based on empirical research on: • The legal and policy framework in the respective countries, • European and national case law, • The impact of regulations and policies on the admission of family members from third countries, • The impact of regulations and policies on the integration of third country nationals and their families. Project partners: Immigrant Council of Ireland, The Aire Centre, Centre for Migration Law Nijmegen, Johann Daniel Lawaetz Foundation Hamburg, High Commissioner for Immigration and Intercultural Dialogue Portugal (AICIDI), Institute for Legal Studies Bulgaria, International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD)

Protracted humanitarian crisis particularly affects the most vulnerable groups, such as the elderly. Due to insufficient social protection/public welfare services and based on negotiated rules of intergenerational solidarity, seniors rely on their families (especially women) for support and care. Crisis-induced “survival migration” creates transnational families and raises questions of care for parents remaining in the countries of origin. The fact that little is known about transnational caregiving strategies in the specific context of crisis-induced migration-or the gender dimensions involved in coordinating and performing such care-justifies the need for additional in-depth research to better understand this important subject. The project aims to investigate the perceptions and strategies of transnational care for elderly parents remaining in (crisis-affected) countries of origin, particularly focusing on gender, filial duty and reciprocity and how they structure care dynamics. By combining an intersectional approach with critical agency, subjectivities and individual strategies are conceptualized as interrelated within a broader context of structural inequality and power relations. The project focuses on two cases of protracted humanitarian crisis migration: Syrian migrants in Switzerland and Venezuelan migrants in Chile and Peru. These crisis-induced migratory flows can be read as “South-North” and “South-South” migration and constitute an ideal ground of comparison in the examination of transnational care dynamics. The proposed methodological approach systematically analyzes the perspectives/practices of transnational households and networks by including both sides of the transnational caregiving relationships, consisting of: 40 narrative, problem-centered interviews with Syrian men and women in Switzerland and 100 with Venezuelan men and women in Peru (60) and Chile (40); 20 semi-structured interviews with parents in Syria and 60 with parents in Venezuela; and analysis of legal documents and migration policies. The project will address knowledge gaps in transnational care, gender and migration studies in the context of protracted humanitarian crisis, offering new insight into intergenerational and gendered questions of caregiving, reciprocity and moral duties of filial piety, as well as caregiving negotiations within wider transnational kinship networks. The proposed research will produce original findings that will inform the future design and implementation of undergraduate, master or doctoral-level courses and academic programs at partner universities, as well as in the field of continuing education for professionals and other actors related to issues of migration in protracted humanitarian crises, care and gender. Results are expected to impact public policies and support systems (e.g., social work) addressing migration, caregiving and family dynamics, both within and across relevant countries (Chile, Peru, Switzerland). The project builds on and deepens existing South-South/South-North academic networks by proposing further cooperation between HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland School of Social Work Fribourg (Switzerland), OST-Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences (Switzerland), the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP, Peru), the University of Tarapacá (Chile) and the Catholic University Silva Henríquez (Chile).

The Immigration Policies in Comparison (IMPIC) database includes data on migration policies for 33 OECD countries and the period 1980-2010. The IMPIC defines immigration policy as “government’s statements of what it intends to do or not do (incl. laws, regulations, decisions, or orders) in regards to the selection, admission, settlement and deportation of foreign citizens residing in the country”. The index covers: 1) labour migration; 2) family reunification; 3) refugees and asylum; 4) co-ethnics (e.g., easy access to co-ethics -e.g., children of emigrants). A total of 69 indicators are identified for the four policies fields. Indicators are coded between 0 (more liberal policies) and 1 (more restrictive polices) capturing the extent to which ‘a regulation limits or liberalises the rights and freedoms of immigrants.

In Luxembourg, family reunification is one of the main reasons for immigration of third-country nationals. In fact, “family member” and “private reasons (family links)” residence permits (first deliveries and renewals) represented more than a third of all residence permits issued during the last three years. While the right to family reunification was solely provided by international law and regulated by administrative practice until 2008, the transposition of Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right to family reunification led to a much more precise and detailed legal framework. A notable change in legislation has been proposed with the introduction of bill n° 6992 , namely the harmonisation of the conditions that apply to third-country national employees with those of Blue Card holders and researchers. Thus, family reunification requirements for certain categories of applicants shall be alleviated through the abrogation of the 12-month residence requirement for the sponsor. In order to apply for family reunification in Luxembourg, sponsors have to meet a number of requirements for exercising the right to family reunification, which include the provision of suitable accommodation for the size of their family; meeting health and safety standards; health insurance; as well as stable and regular resources to provide for themselves and their family members. As recommended by Directive 2003/86/EC, Luxembourg sets out more favourable conditions to beneficiaries of international protection for the exercise of their right to family reunification. Thus, they do not have to comply with the above-mentioned requirements in case they apply for family reunification within 3 months of being granted the status. Family members who have come to Luxembourg under family reunification have access to education, orientation, vocational training, lifelong learning and professional retraining once their residence permit has been issued. Family members furthermore have access to the labour market. In case the family member has resided in Luxembourg for less than one year when the application is submitted, it will be submitted to the labour market test. Family members can also, under a number of conditions, benefit from guaranteed minimum income, social aid, long-term residence status as well as citizenship. National stakeholders noted that the requirement of finding appropriate accommodation and proving stable and regular resources is one of the main challenges for sponsors. For family members as well as sponsors, having sufficient financial resources to cover the costs of family reunification can be another challenge to accessing family reunification. Family members of beneficiaries of international protection in particular face the more procedural challenge of providing proof of identity and family links, which can be difficult due to lacking documentation, differing administrative practices in the country of origin and/or the lack of cooperation of institutions. Gaining access to family reunification is also particularly difficult for beneficiaries of international protection who arrived in Luxembourg as unaccompanied minors but reached adulthood during the examination of their file, as they must provide proof of their family member’s dependency upon them. The limited number of diplomatic representations of Luxembourg abroad poses a challenge both to family members who must present themselves there, as well as for the Luxembourgish authorities who require information on certain countries. Perceived as a best practice with regard to family reunification are the information that NGOs and the lawyers in the field of migration and asylum provide to beneficiaries of international protection with regard to procedures of family reunification, thereby contributing to the beneficiary’s ability to enter an application for family reunification within the 3-month period. The practice of accepting the submission of an application of family members of beneficiaries of international protection that contains only a commencement of proof of family links and allowing for the finalisation at a later date is also perceived as a good practice, as it enables them to exercise their right to family reunification while benefitting from more favourable conditions. Furthermore, the issuance of a “laisser-passer” for beneficiaries of international protection who cannot obtain travel documents is perceived as a big step forward by national stakeholders. Lastly, Restoring Family Links, a service provided by the Luxembourgish Red Cross, is also considered a reliable tool with regard to tracing missing family members abroad.

In view of the increased numbers of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants entering the EU, FRA publishes monthly reports highlighting key developments about the fundamental rights situation of people arriving in selected EU Member States (up to 14 Member States, including AT, BG, DE, DK, EL, ES, FI FR, HU, IT, NL, PL, SE, SK). The monthly overviews are published as of January 2016 and include a focus section on a particular topic of concern each month, e.g. hate crime, unaccompanied children, family reunification, etc. FRA published weekly overviews encompassing a period of eight weeks from September to November 2015. From January 2016 FRA is publishing monthly updates that cover a variety of different issues, including: - initial registration and asylum applications, with particular attention to the situation of vulnerable people - criminal proceedings initiated for offences related to irregular border crossing - child protection - reception conditions for new arrivals, focusing on the situation of children and other vulnerable people - access to healthcare - public response such as rallies of support, humanitarian assistance or voluntary work - racist incidents such as demonstrations, online hate speech or hate crime.

Cette note de synthèse présente les principaux résultats de l’étude réalisée en 2016 par le Point de contact luxembourgeois du European Migration Network intitulée «Le regroupement familial des ressortissants de pays tiers: pratiques nationales» ainsi que du rapport de synthèse, élaboré par la Commission européenne à parti r des études nationales de 26 points de contacts nationaux du EMN (AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, EL, ES, FI, FR, HR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, LU, MT, NL, NO, PL, SK, SI, SE, UK). L’étude vise à comparer les politiques et pratiques nationales en matière de regroupement familial entre les différents États (membres). Plus précisément l’étude examine les: • critères d’admissibilité des membres de famille; • conditions pour le regroupement familial, ainsi que les mesures d’intégration avant et après l’admission; • aspects procéduraux de la demande de regroupement familial; • droits accordés aux ressortissants de pays ti ers réunis en famille dans l’Union européenne; • conditions de non-renouvellement ou de retrait du titre de séjour «membre de famille». L’étude se réfère à la situation telle qu’elle s’est présentée depuis 2011 et jusqu’à la fin de l’année 2016. Elle ne porte pas sur les ressortissants de pays tiers membres de famille d’un citoyen de l’Union ou d’un pays assimilé, tombant dans le champ d’application de la libre circulation des personnes.

The Indian migration to Sweden began in the twentieth century with students, labour migrants, and asylum seekers settling in the country and children being adopted from India by Swedish parents. In the beginning of the twenty-first century the Indian population in Sweden has increased considerably as an effect of family reunification, natural increase, and an intensified immigration of students and skilled laborers in response to changing immigration policies and internationalization processes of higher education. This case study provides an overview of the migration and the demographic and socio-economic profile of the Indian population in Sweden. As the study illustrates, Indians in contemporary Sweden have diverse migrations histories and constitute a more heterogeneous group of people with different economic, social and cultural backgrounds. While media discourses and perceptions of India have often privilege religion, the Indians in Sweden have used religion and culture as key elements for organizing collective activities and creating representation and visibility in society. In general the Indians have succeeded fairly well in their economic, social and cultural integration into Swedish society, while their political participation has been more restricted.

"Inhalt und Fragestellung Migrationsprozesse lassen sich nur angemessen verstehen, wenn man sie nicht nur als individuelle Handlungen, sondern als Teil komplexer familiärer Gesamtstrategien betrachtet. Infolge von Migrationen einzelner Familienmitglieder entstehen transnationale Beziehungsstrukturen, die für das Verständnis von Nach-, Rück- oder Weiterwanderungen sowie schlussendlich auch für die Integrationspfade der Zugewanderten mitbestimmend sind. Bekannt sind etwa Phänomene wie Fernbeziehungen, getrennte Familien (freiwillig oder aufgrund rechtlicher Barrieren), Migrationswaisen, ferngesteuerte Pflege oder Skype-Eltern. Während darüber in der theoretischen Migrationsforschung Konsens besteht, existieren nur unzureichende quantitative empirische Erhebungen dieser Phänomene. Nicht zuletzt die Diskussion um den Familiennachzug subsidiär Schutzberechtigter hat gezeigt, dass es an gesichertem systematischen Wissen über die genauen Muster der transnationalen Familienbeziehungen sowie über deren tatsächliche Effekte auf Migrations- und Integrationsprozesse fehlt. Ziel des Projektes ist daher der Aufbau einer langfristigen Beobachtung der transnationalen Familienbeziehungen von Zugewanderten in Deutschland sowie deren Effekte auf Migration und teils auch Integration. Ziel ist es, ein Monitoringsystem zu etablieren, das Auskunft über die Entwicklung der mit den Familienstrukturen verbundenen Zuwanderungs- und Abwanderungspotentiale gibt. Methodik Zunächst werden eine Literaturrecherche durchgeführt sowie bestehende Datensätze auf ihre Relevanz für dieses Projekt geprüft. In einer zweiten Phase werden die Grundzüge eines Monitoring entwickelt. Arbeitsschritte In einer ersten Phase des Projekts sollen die grundsätzliche Machbarkeit geprüft und entsprechende Instrumente und Designs entwickelt werden. Dazu wird zunächst der theoretische und empirische Erkenntnisstand systematisch erhoben und aufbereitet. Dies dient u.a. auch der Identifikation von geeigneten Indikatoren, die für ein Monitoring relevant sind. Parallel dazu werden vorhandene nationale und internationale Standarddatensätze, aber auch kleinere Erhebungen systematisch daraufhin überprüft, inwieweit sie die benötigten Informationen enthalten. Am Ende des Projektes stehen eine Empfehlung, ob und wie eine entsprechende Langzeitbeobachtung aufgebaut werden kann, und ein Projektantrag für die konkrete Umsetzung."