Gesetzliche Bestimmungen und Schutz für Reisende & Migranten

Human trafficking is a social phenomenon characterized by high public danger. Individual states and international community develop a set of legal and organizational measures to combat it. For instance, in accordance with the UN Protocol on prevention and suppression of human trafficking, measures aimed at combat against human trafficking include criminalization of this deed; protection of crime victims; assistance in repatriation; encouragement of international cooperation etc. The legal system regulating the fight against human trafficking in the Russian Federation comprises various legal measures; however most of them are of general nature, i.e. focused not only on prevention of human trafficking, but also on combat against other illegal acts. The only special measure is criminalization of deeds associated with human trafficking and use of slave labor. Therefore, analysis of the Russian national legislation indicates that the main emphasis in the fight against human trafficking is made on the use of criminal law mechanisms.

Le présent rapport a pour objet de décrire les solutions du droit tunisien en matière de traite de personnes et de trafic de migrants. Il tente de montrer qu’une différence importante existe entre les règles qui régissent le trafic de migrants et celles qui s’appliquent à la traite de personnes est à noter. En effet, un ensemble de facteurs permet d’expliquer l’importance et l’extrême sévérité de l’arsenal juridique que le droit tunisien comporte en matière de lutte contre le trafic de migrants : recrudescence incessante du phénomène des migrations clandestines à partir des côtes tunisiennes, pressions européennes et surtout italiennes importantes, engagements internationaux de la Tunisie… En revanche, la traite internationale de personnes ne fait pas l’objet d’une réglementation spécifique. Les autorités tunisiennes n’ont pas jugé nécessaire l’adoption de mesures supplémentaires à celles qui existent déjà au sein du droit tunisien. Plusieurs raisons pourraient expliquer le fait que la traite ne soit pas un phénomène très répandu en Tunisie : extrême sévérité dans le traitement des migrations clandestines, importance du quadrillage policier de la société, insuffisance de la protection juridique des étrangers,… Le droit tunisien comporte néanmoins un ensemble de règles qui condamnent la traite de personnes en soi, mais aussi les deux principaux phénomènes auxquels aboutit la traite des personnes : l’exploitation sexuelle et l’exploitation économique. La protection apportée par ces normes paraît cependant souvent insuffisante. La plupart des règles applicables relèvent du droit pénal. Mais d’autres branches du droit, comme le droit du travail, le droit administratif, les droits de l’homme ou encore la condition des étrangers régissent également les deux questions. Le présent rapport se divise en deux parties principales : une première partie expose les règles juridiques applicables aux auteurs de la traite des personnes et du trafic des migrants, et la seconde partie est relative à celles qui régissent ses victimes. Abstract This report sets out the solutions in Tunisian law against trafficking and smuggling. It attempts to show the important differences between rules applying to the smuggling of migrants and the rules applying to trafficking in persons. A series of factors explains the scope and the severity of the legal framework combating the smuggling of migrants: a continuous increase in clandestine migration from the Tunisian coasts, strong European and above all Italian pressure, international commitments… Strangely, there is no specific regulation against trafficking in persons. The Tunisian authorities have not found it necessary to adopt new rules here. Some reasons might explain why trafficking is not a widespread phenomenon in Tunisian: the severity of sanctions against clandestine migration, strict police control, insufficient protection of foreign nationals… Tunisian law does, however, contains rules which combat trafficking, including two phenomena connected to trafficking: economic exploitation and sexual exploitation. Nevertheless, the protection offered by these instruments does not seem sufficient. Most of the relevant rules are part of criminal law, but other domains of law, like labour law, administrative law, human-rights law and the status of foreign nationals also govern the two issues. The report is divided into two parts: the first part sets out the rules applying to persons charged with the felony of trafficking and smuggling, the second part presents the rules protecting victims.

PERSEUS contributes to Europe’s efforts to monitor illegal migration and combat related crime and goods smuggling by proposing a large scale demonstration of a EU Maritime surveillance System of Systems, on the basis of existing national systems and platforms, enhancing them with innovative capabilities and moving beyond EUROSUR’s 2013 expectations, addressing key challenges:  supporting the network created by National Contact Centres, Frontex and EMSA through increased capabilities, including transnational exchange of useful and available information, and associated procedures and mechanisms, thereby supporting the creation of a common information sharing environment  generation of a common situational picture  improved detection and identification of non collaborative/suspicious small boats and low flying aircraft  enhanced and increasingly automated detection of abnormal vessel behaviours, identification of threats and tracking of reporting and non-reporting vessels PERSEUS articulates this demonstration through 5 exercises grouped in 2 campaigns, implementing missions of drug trafficking and illegal migration control and delivering surveillance continuity from coastal areas to high seas. PERSEUS delivers a comprehensive set of validated and demonstrated recommendations and proposes standards. PERSEUS has assembled major users and providers, ensuring privileged access to existing surveillance systems and assets for an optimised coverage of the area of interest. These users will define, assess and validate the alignment of PERSEUS’s recommendations to their needs. PERSEUS also includes an evolution mechanism to enlarge the user base and integrate emerging technologies during its lifetime. PERSEUS will augment the effectiveness of operational capabilities of the existing systems – a relevant and coordinated contribution to the establishment of an integrated European-wide maritime border control system

EU trade, transport, tourism and economic development are directly dependent on open and safe seas and oceans. EU's maritime borders are widely spread including various topologies from open sea to semi-enclosed cabins with islands and islets. This poses great challenges that affect securing maritime border areas. Failing to protect against a wide array of maritime threats and risks may result in these areas becoming arenas for international conflicts, terrorism or organized crime, where smuggling, irregular immigration and drug trafficking are the most common ones. RANGER aims at re-enforcing EU by combining innovative Radar technologies with novel technological solutions for early warning, in view of delivering a surveillance platform offering detection, recognition, identification and tracking of suspicious vessels, capabilities exceeding current radar systems. It will be a platform, consisting of 2 radar technologies, a novel Over-The-Horizon Radar combined with a Multiple Input Multiple Output one implemented exploiting the latest photonics advancements, and an Early Warning System exploiting deep and adaptable machine learning schemes able to Automatically detect radar Targets. It safeguards seamless fitting and interoperability with CISE (enhanced maritime surveillance and cross border SaR operations), through the development of a CISE translation Gateway, exporting on-demand CISE services directly to end-users, by strengthening the information exchange between national authorities and the European Agency. RANGER leverages the experience of its consortium, a balanced blend of technology providers, domain experts and end-users, delivering a cost efficient, environmental friendly solution, abiding to regulations and legislation for the protection of human lives. Two pilot exercises are foreseen to thoroughly assess RANGER’s ability to deliver on its promises, enhancing its potential to become a flagship platform for the European Maritime Surveillance industry.

The research seeks to push the boundaries of our understanding of, and social and legal responses to, trafficking in illicit cultural objects. The global market in illicit cultural objects is a structure of relatively rich consumers at one end of the supply chain (collectors, dealers, museums) and relatively poor looters at the other end, in source countries characterised by high levels of the 'natural resource' of cultural objects and low levels of policing resource to devote to their protection against looting (i.e. usually illegal excavation) and other forms of theft. While there has been some research into the market, compared to other international criminal markets such as the drugs trade, very little is known about the motives and activities of participants in the international trade in illicit cultural objects, their trading norms and routines, the pricing structures and criminal mark-ups, mechanisms of smuggling used in this market in order to avoid detection at customs and by other law enforcement agencies, etc. Even such apparently simple matters as the relative size of the criminal side of the antiquities trade are not currently known. Structures of international, and domestic national, law and regulation have been established in response to the moral concern the illicit trade raises, rather than being based on an evidence-oriented investigation of the practical elements of the trade mentioned. While some of these regulatory efforts have had modest success, for the most part they have been a failure in stopping the illicit trade, which continues today. This research proposal establishes a multi-method and multi-sited programme of research which aims to gather and analyse all available evidence on the trade, produce new measures of size and illicit activity using innovative methodological approaches and new data sources, and conduct ethnographic research into the illicit trade. All these data sources will be used to devise best practice in regulation.

The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the information and communication channels that migrants use upon their arrival in Italy, and which may help determine their secondary movements. The pages that follow present findings drawn from surveys and interviews and focus groups carried out in Italy with 686 migrants (including irregular migrants, asylum seekers, and migrants who qualified for refugee status, humanitarian protection or subsidiary protection) during the second half of 2017. These findings are followed by recommendations involving the development of more effective mechanisms for migration information dissemination and for awareness-raising campaigns for migrants within the context of the EU’s Action Plan against Migrant Smuggling.

The index evaluates policy efforts against human trafficking in the three prime areas of prosecution, protection and prevention (3Ps) worldwide.

one should note that over the recent decade Belarus has paid special attention to the problem of human trafficking. Belarus joined key international legal acts in this field and set up an efficient system for combat against human trafficking, prevention of this category of crimes, protection of human trafficking and exploitation victims. Following international standards, Belarusian legislators introduced liability for human trafficking and associated crimes into the Criminal Code. However at present there is still a need to improve legal norms concerning identification of crime elements in case of such crimes as “use of slave labor’ and some others.

In Italy, as in many European countries, agriculture and domestic work are sectors characterised by high levels of irregular work without contract and with no respect of minimum pay, humane living conditions or access to basic services. Generalised informality however sometimes leads to cases of sever exploitation and outright human trafficking. This report focuses on the conditions that can lead from irregular work to abuse and trafficking in agriculture and domestic work – we question the cultural and economic aspects that make such situations possible. We also review the relevant legislation punishing exploiters and protecting victims with a view of identifying existing gaps and make suggestions for improvement. Indeed while the Italian legal framework is particularly progressive as regards the assistance and protection of victims of trafficking and severe exploitation, related legal practices and implementation of policies on the ground suffer from several shortcomings. For instance, the implementation of Article 18 of Legislative Decree No. 286/1998, which provides victims of exploitation and trafficking with special protection and assistance as well as with a residence permit for humanitarian reasons, has been arbitrary and inconsistent throughout the country, especially in cases of labour exploitation. In addition, Italy has inadequately transposed into national law Directive 2011/36/EU on trafficking and lacks a comprehensive law on labour exploitation. In recent years anti-trafficking interventions have not been a priority and programmes for assistance of victims of trafficking and severe exploitation have been under-funded. There is no effective system of data collection on the victims participating in these programmes; the national plan against trafficking has been adopted only recently (February 2016) after a severe delay of more than one year with respect to the established deadline; there is a lack of structured campaigns against trafficking and serious exploitation. This report stresses the need for an integrated and comprehensive approach to trafficking and labour exploitation in agriculture and domestic work and makes specific recommendations for each of the two sectors.

Trafficking in human beings is a crime against the victim’s fundamental rights. It can take several forms, such as sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery and servitude-related practices, as well as the removal of organs. This practice is prohibited under numerous EU and international instruments. Yet, persistent demand for sexual services and for low-wage workers employed in manual jobs continues to provide opportunities for traffickers to exploit human beings. This EMN study provides an overview of measures and best practices around detection, identification and protection of third-country national victims of trafficking in human beings from January 2015 to December 2020. The European study provides an answer to a number of key questions. How do EU Member States, Norway and Georgia tackle human trafficking of third-country nationals? How do countries ensure cooperation at EU and international level? What were the main challenges and good practices identified in respect of the impact of COVID-19?

The index is based on the reports of the monitoring body of the Council of Europe Convention against Human Trafficking. GRETA stands for the Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. It assesses compliance with 35 policy requirements on legal institutional framework, assistance protection, enforcement, prevention. Main focus: institutional capacity and operational performance of law enforcement. Restricted access.

"Flüchtlinge sind oftmals zugleich Täter, indem sie Migrationsdelikte begehen, und Opfer, wenn sie zur gezielten Ausbeutung nach Europa gebracht werden. Das Projekt widmet sich dem Problem, dass dieselben Flüchtlinge den Strafverfolgungsorganen in Deutschland und Österreich sowohl als Täter in Bezug auf Migrationsdelikte als auch als Opfer im Hinblick auf Menschenhandel, wenn sie zur gezielten Ausbeutung nach Europa gebracht werden, begegnen können. Opferschutzmaßnahmen kommen den Menschenhandelsopfern jedoch oft nicht zugute, weil sie den Strafverfolgungsbehörden und Gerichten vor allem als Täter auffallen. Im Rahmen des Projekts werden praktische Vorgehensweisen erarbeitet, die helfen zu vermeiden, dass Flüchtlinge in der derzeitigen Situation überhaupt erst zu Menschenhandelsopfern werden, und die dazu beitragen, Menschenhandelsopfer besser zu identifizieren und zu schützen. Strafrechtsdogmatisch werden die Ausgestaltung von Gesetzen und die Folgen der Gesetzesanwendung analysiert. Eine Bearbeitung der Probleme erfolgt empirisch (durch Fragebogen und Interviews), rechtsdogmatisch (durch rechtsvergleichende Gesetzes- und Entscheidungsanalyse) und rechtspolitisch (durch Erforschung der internationalen und supranationalen Vorgaben und Empfehlungen und ihrer Umsetzung) aus strafrechtlicher Sicht. Empirisch wird erhoben, ob das Problem der erhöhten Gefahr des Menschenhandels den Flüchtlingen selbst und den Behörden und Gerichten bewusst ist, und welche Präventions- und Schutzmaßnahmen für sinnvoll erachtet werden. Im Hinblick auf Zoll- und Strafverfolgungsbehörden und Gerichte wird empirisch erforscht, inwieweit den zuständigen Stellen Identifizierungsprobleme bekannt sind, wie die Praxis der Identifizierung von Menschenhandelsopfern derzeit aussieht und mit welchen Problemen die Praktiker in der derzeitigen Sondersituation konfrontiert sind. Strafrechtsdogmatisch wird analysiert, welcher Schutz »Opfer-Tätern« zukommt, insbesondere inwieweit Täter von Migrationsdelikten, die zugleich Menschenhandelsopfer sind, de lege lata und de lege ferenda zu verfolgen und zu bestrafen sind und inwieweit ihnen auch im Prozess gegen sie selbst in ihrer Tätereigenschaft Opferschutzmaßnahmen zu garantieren sind. Im Hinblick auf das in Deutschland mögliche Absehen von Strafe nach § 154c StPO wird hinterfragt, inwiefern diese Regelung angesichts der Tatsache zielführend ist, dass praktisch viele Menschenhandelsopfer aus Angst nicht mit den Strafverfolgungsbehörden kooperieren, und ob schon allein der Verdacht, dass eine Person ein Menschenhandelsopfer ist, eine Straffreiheit unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen rechtfertigen kann. Als Ergebnis sollen – auch im funktionalen Rechtsvergleich mit ausländischen Lösungsansätzen – rechtspolitische Vorschläge und Gesetzesentwürfe für die nationalen (deutschen und österreichischen) und internationalen Praktiker und Gesetzgeber erarbeitet werden. Ziel ist es, die Behörden und Gerichte zu entlasten und zugleich eine Eindämmung von Menschenhandelsopfern unter den Flüchtlingen zu bewirken und die Chance auf Identifizierung von Menschenhandelsopfern, die in der Regel – gerade wenn sie zugleich auch Täter eines Migrationsdelikts sind – ihre Situation nicht offenlegen, zu erhöhen."

The RESILAND initiative aims at implementing a 24-month process to reinforce participation, capacities and resilience of Children on the Move as key dimensions for their effective protection from trafficking and exploitation.