Welfare and social work (social benefits, social insurance, other material support)

This topic looks at how newly-arrived migrants are integrated within the welfare system. Studies included in this topic examine their access to social benefits, social insurance or other material support, and how this is regulated or facilitated through policy and practice. 

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Migration and Transnational Social Protection in (post) Crisis Europe (MiTSoPro)

Description
MiTSoPro focuses on the link between migration and welfare across different European and non-European countries. The first part of the project closely examines migrants’ access to welfare in home and host countries. In doing so, the project adopts a top-down analytical approach of the concept of Transnational Social Protection from above, thus aiming to provide answers to the following research questions: Do migrants have access to social protection in Europe and beyond? What kind of social benefits can they access in their countries of residence and what type of social protection entitlements can they export from their countries of origin? Do some migrant groups benefit from an easier formal access to welfare benefits than others? Do some countries offer more inclusive social protection regimes for immigrants and emigrants alike? The first part of the project provides an in-depth analysis of eligibility conditions for accessing welfare entitlements across 40 countries. The project thus includes all EU Member States and 12 non-EU sending countries distributed across different continents, whose nationals represent an important share of the migration inflows towards European countries (the 12 non-EU countries included in the project are: Argentina, China, Ecuador, India, Lebanon, Morocco, Russia, Senegal, Serbia, Switzerland, Tunisia and Turkey). For each country, we systematically analyse migrants’ access to social benefits across five core policy areas that are closely examined via a broad range of indicators (i.e. specific types of social benefits in kind and cash): 1) Health care (benefits in kind and cash in case of sickness and invalidity benefits); 2) Unemployment (covering both unemployment insurance and unemployment assistance); 3) Old-age pensions (including contributory and non-contributory pensions); 4) Family benefits (maternity, paternity, parental, and child benefits); 5) Guaranteed minimum resources (social assistance programmes aiming to provide a “safety net” aiming to protect individuals from severe poverty). The data collection process was conducted between April 2019-January 2019, based on a survey with national experts across all country analysed. The survey included standardized questions, thus ensuring comparability across the different countries analysed, despite their different political settings and migration histories. The project covers national legislations in place in 2019. This first dataset on migrants’ access to welfare entitlement is complemented by a second one that examines the programmes and initiatives led by home countries authorities to respond to the social protection needs of their non-resident nationals. Covering the same 40 countries, this second dataset highlights the role of three key actors (consulates, diaspora institutions and home country ministries/agencies responsible for specific social policy areas) through which sending states interact with their nationals abroad across the five policy areas previously mentioned. The data collection of this second dataset is based on another survey conducted between April 2018-January 2019 with national experts across the 40 countries analysed in the project.
Year 2019
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1 Data Set

Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Sweden

Authors Anton Ahlén, Joakim Palme
Year 2020
Book Title Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond
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2 Book Chapter

EU Citizenship, Duties and Social Rights

Authors Martin Seeleib-Kaiser
Book Title Debating European citizenship
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3 Book Chapter

Portability of Social Protection in the European Union

Authors James Wickham, Elaine Moriarty, Alicja Bobek, ...
Book Title An Anthology of Migration and Social Transformation
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4 Book Chapter

Determinants of immigrants' cash-welfare benefits intake in Spain

Authors Nuria Rodriguez-Planas
Year 2013
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER
Citations (WoS) 2
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5 Journal Article

Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for French Citizens Abroad

Authors Jean-Thomas Arrighi de Casanova, Jean-Michel Lafleur
Year 2020
Book Title Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 2)
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6 Book Chapter

Migrants', 'mobile citizens' and the borders of exclusion in the European Union

Authors Martin RUHS
Year 2018
Book Title Debating European citizenship
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7 Book Chapter

Immigrants and welfare receipt in Ireland

Authors A Barrett, B Maitre, Corona Joyce
Year 2013
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER
Citations (WoS) 1
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8 Journal Article

Mobile Populations in Immobile Welfare Systems: A Typology of Institutions Providing Social Welfare and Protection Within a Mobility Framework

Authors Ester Serra Mingot, Valentina Mazzucato
Year 2017
Journal Name Mobile Populations in Immobile Welfare Systems: A Typology of Institutions Providing Social Welfare and Protection Within a Mobility Framework
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9 Journal Article

Are Migrants Overrepresented Among Individual Welfare Beneficiaries?

Authors Igor Jerzy Jakubiak
Year 2020
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
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10 Journal Article

Towards a ‘Holding Environment’ for Europe’s (Diverse) Social Citizenship Regimes

Authors Anton Hemerijck
Book Title Debating European citizenship
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11 Book Chapter

The Economy of Undocumented Migration: Taxation and Access to Welfare

Authors Mats Tjernberg
Year 2010
Journal Name European Journal of Migration and Law
Citations (WoS) 2
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12 Journal Article

TRYING TO SECURE A FUTURE IN UNCERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES. THE SOCIAL SECURITY OF TEMPORARY MIGRANT WORKERS IN FINLAND

Authors Mika Helander, Peter Holley, Heidi Uuttana
Year 2016
Journal Name Arbor. Ciencia, pensamiento y cultura
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13 Journal Article

Towards Solidarity and Recognition? Changing Social Citizenship in China after a Decade of Social Policy Development

Authors Wen Zhuoyi
Year 2015
Journal Name Asian Journal of Social Science
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14 Journal Article

Explaining Mexican-Immigrant Welfare Behaviors: The Importance of Employment-Related Cultural Repertoires

Authors Jennifer Van Hook, Frank D. Bean
Year 2009
Journal Name American Sociological Review
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15 Journal Article

Commentary: A Citizenship without Social Rights? EU Freedom of Movement and Changing Access to Welfare Rights

Authors Roxana Barbulescu, A Favell
Year 2020
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
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16 Journal Article

Determining Refugee Status in the European Context: The Legal and Institutional Framework

Authors Julia Dahlvik
Book Title Inside Asylum Bureaucracy: Organizing Refugee Status Determination in Austria
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17 Book Chapter

The fiscal burden of rising dependency ratios

Authors Joe Ruggeri, Yang Zou
Year 2007
Journal Name Population Research and Policy Review
Citations (WoS) 2
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18 Journal Article

Social Rights and Migrant Realities: Migration Policy Reform and Migrants’ Access to Health Care in Costa Rica, Argentina, and Chile

Authors Shiri Noy, Koen Voorend
Year 2016
Journal Name Journal of International Migration and Integration
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19 Journal Article

Migration and Transnational Social Protection in (post) crisis Europe

Principal investigator Jean-Michel Lafleur (Principal Investigator)
Description
The negative employment and social developments across Europe since the start of the crisis, coupled with increased fiscal constraints and changing migration patterns, have led to increasing depictions of EU and third-country immigrants as ‘abusers’ of their social protection systems. Member States have accordingly sought reduce migrants’ ability to access social protection benefits, despite the fact that they are disproportionately at risk of poverty and social exclusion. This project looks at the different strategies that migrants have to access social protection within (post) crisis Europe and does so by explicitly integrating social policy and migration studies’ approaches on the phenomenon. More precisely, it aims to study transnational social protection, that we define as migrants’ cross-border strategies to cope with social risks in areas such as health, long-term care, pensions or unemployment that combine entitlements to host and home state-based public welfare policies and market-, family- and community-based practices. This study thus consists in, first, identifying the social protection policies and programs that home countries make accessible to their citizens abroad, and then compiling this information into an online database. We will then aggregate the results of the database into a Transnational Social Protection Index (TSPIx) in order to determine the overall level of engagement of each state with citizens abroad in a comparative way. Second, on the basis of the results of the index, we will select case studies of migrants from two EU and two non-EU countries that vary in their level of engagement in providing social protection to their citizens abroad. We will then undertake multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork to qualitatively assess the informal social protection strategies used by migrants and examine their interaction with formal host and home state social protection provision.
Year 2016
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20 Project

Migration and Transnational Social Protection in (post-)crisis Europe

Description
The negative employment and social developments across Europe since the start of the crisis, coupled with increased fiscal constraints and changing migration patterns, have led to increasing depictions of EU and third-country immigrants as ‘abusers’ of their social protection systems. Member States have accordingly sought reduce migrants’ ability to access social protection benefits, despite the fact that they are disproportionately at risk of poverty and social exclusion. This project looks at the different strategies that migrants have to access social protection within (post) crisis Europe and does so by explicitly integrating social policy and migration studies’ approaches on the phenomenon. More precisely, it aims to study transnational social protection, that we define as migrants’ cross-border strategies to cope with social risks in areas such as health, long-term care, pensions or unemployment that combine entitlements to host and home state-based public welfare policies and market-, family- and community-based practices. This study thus consists in, first, identifying the social protection policies and programs that home countries make accessible to their citizens abroad, and then compiling this information into an online database. We will then aggregate the results of the database into a Transnational Social Protection Index (TSPIx) in order to determine the overall level of engagement of each state with citizens abroad in a comparative way. Second, on the basis of the results of the index, we will select case studies of migrants from two EU and two non-EU countries that vary in their level of engagement in providing social protection to their citizens abroad. We will then undertake multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork to qualitatively assess the informal social protection strategies used by migrants and examine their interaction with formal host and home state social protection provision.
Year 2016
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21 Project

Migration and Transnational Social Protection in (post) crisis Europe

Description
The negative employment and social developments across Europe since the start of the crisis, coupled with increased fiscal constraints and changing migration patterns, have led to increasing depictions of EU and third-country immigrants as ‘abusers’ of their social protection systems. Member States have accordingly sought reduce migrants’ ability to access social protection benefits, despite the fact that they are disproportionately at risk of poverty and social exclusion. This project looks at the different strategies that migrants have to access social protection within (post) crisis Europe and does so by explicitly integrating social policy and migration studies’ approaches on the phenomenon. More precisely, it aims to study transnational social protection, that we define as migrants’ cross-border strategies to cope with social risks in areas such as health, long-term care, pensions or unemployment that combine entitlements to host and home state-based public welfare policies and market-, family- and community-based practices. This study thus consists in, first, identifying the social protection policies and programs that home countries make accessible to their citizens abroad, and then compiling this information into an online database. We will then aggregate the results of the database into a Transnational Social Protection Index (TSPIx) in order to determine the overall level of engagement of each state with citizens abroad in a comparative way. Second, on the basis of the results of the index, we will select case studies of migrants from two EU and two non-EU countries that vary in their level of engagement in providing social protection to their citizens abroad. We will then undertake multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork to qualitatively assess the informal social protection strategies used by migrants and examine their interaction with formal host and home state social protection provision.
Year 2016
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22 Project

Welfare use of migrants in The Netherlands

Authors Asian Zorlu
Year 2013
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER
Citations (WoS) 6
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23 Journal Article

Channels of Entry and Preferred Destinations: The Circumvention of Denmark by Chinese Immigrants

Authors Mette Thuno
Year 2003
Journal Name International Migration
Citations (WoS) 5
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24 Journal Article

Welfare and the Children of Immigrants: Transmission of Dependence or Investment in the Future?

Authors Kelly Stamper Balistreri
Year 2010
Journal Name Population Research and Policy Review
Citations (WoS) 2
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25 Journal Article

Demagnetisation of Social Security and Health Care for Migrants to the UK

Authors Neville Harris
Year 2016
Journal Name European Journal of Social Security
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26 Journal Article

Immigration and welfare state cash benefits: the Danish case

Authors Peder J. Pedersen
Year 2013
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER
Citations (WoS) 1
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27 Journal Article

Immigrants, natives and social assistance: Comparable take-up under comparable circumstances

Authors EJ Castronova, H Kayser, Frick, ...
Year 2001
Journal Name International Migration Review
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28 Journal Article

Does social insurance enrollment improve citizen assessment of local government performance? Evidence from China

Authors Xian Huang, Qin Gao
Year 2018
Journal Name Social Science Research
Citations (WoS) 2
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29 Journal Article

Family planning and reproductive health: the link to environmental preservation

Authors J. Joseph Speidel, Deborah C. Weiss, Sally A. Ethelston, ...
Year 2007
Journal Name Population and Environment
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30 Journal Article

From diversity to conviviality: intra-EU mobility and international migration to Denmark in times of economic recession

Authors Deniz Neriman Duru, Hans-Jorg Trenz, Hans-Jörg Trenz
Year 2017
Journal Name Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
Citations (WoS) 3
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31 Journal Article

Building Social Europe Requires Challenging the Judicialisation of Citizenship

Authors Susanne K. Schmidt
Book Title Debating European citizenship
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32 Book Chapter

Beiträge der Zivilgesellschaft zur Bewältigung der Flüchtlingskrise – Leistungen und Lernchancen

Authors Ruth Simsa, Maian Auf, Sara-Maria Bratke, ...
Description
„Gäbe es die Zivilgesellschaft nicht, wäre das gesamte Asylsystem mittlerweile zusammengebrochen“ (I 17, Führungskraft, Nov.15). Die Flüchtlingskrise hat gezeigt, dass die Zivilgesellschaft eine wichtige Rolle bei der Bewältigung von Herausforderungen der Immigration und Integration spielt. Im Herbst und Winter 2015 wäre es ohne zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement in Österreich zu einer humanitären Katastrophe gekommen. Die Zivilgesellschaft hat in dieser Zeit besonders hohe Beiträge geleistet, sei es in der Erstversorgung, in der Organisation von Flüchtlingsunterkünften, in Integrationsmaßnahmen und in der Mobilisierung und Koordination freiwilliger Hilfe. Zudem haben zivilgesellschaftliche AkteurInnen auch die öffentliche Meinung mitgeprägt und die Vernetzung von Freiwilligen befördert. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass Integration ohne weitere Beiträge der Zivilgesellschaft und ihrer Organisationen auch in Zukunft nicht möglich sein wird. In dem vorliegenden Projekt wurde daher folgenden Fragen nachgegangen:  Was hat die Zivilgesellschaft im Herbst 2015 zur Bewältigung der sogenannten Flüchtlingskrise geleistet und wie wurde dies erreicht?  Wie wurde die Arbeit der Zivilgesellschaft von syrischen Flüchtlingen wahrgenommen?  Was kann daraus für die Bewältigung weiterer Herausforderungen der Immigration und Integration gelernt werden? Alle genannten Probleme bzw. Lernchancen müssen vor dem Hintergrund der Ausnahmeund Krisensituation sowie der hohen Leistungen der Zivilgesellschaft betrachtet werden. Eine große Herausforderung für die Organisationen waren Informationsdefizite und sich laufend ändernde Rahmenbedingungen. Auch die gesellschaftliche Polarisierung, Rechtsunsicherheiten bzw. die Nichteinhaltung von Gesetzen durch politische Instanzen und Defizite der wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Aufgabenübernahme waren belastend. Zum Teil hat die Zivilgesellschaft Aufgaben des Staates übernommen. Wo im Auftrag der öffentlichen Hand gearbeitet wurde, gab es häufig mangelnde finanzielle Planungssicherheit und späte Zahlungen für geleistete Arbeit. Die Situation der AsylwerberInnen war aufgrund der mangelnden politischen Abstimmung bzw. Bereitschaft zusätzlich belastet. Das Spektrum der angebotenen Leistungen war extrem breit, neben der Erstversorgung und Akuthilfe umfasst es die Organisation von Wohnraum, Weiterbildungen oder Freizeitgestaltung, Kinderbetreuung, Übersetzungsarbeit, Rechtsberatung, Unterstützung bei Behördenwegen, gesundheitliche Versorgung und vieles mehr. Die Bereitschaft zu freiwilligem Engagement nahm im Herbst 2015 ein Hierzulande nie dagewesenes Ausmaß an. Freiwillige haben sich in nahezu allen Bereichen der Flüchtlingsarbeit engagiert. Viele Freiwillige wurden selbstorganisiert und spontan tätig, ein Großteil allerdings half im Rahmen bestehender NPOs oder neugegründeter Vereine. Für die zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen war die Mitarbeit dieser vielen Menschen absolut notwendig, um das hohe Leistungsniveau anzubieten. Mit viel Einsatz und Empathie wurde nicht nur ein hohes Maß an Hilfe geleistet, sondern damit auch ein politisches Statement für Menschlichkeit und Toleranz gesetzt. Das Management der vielen HelferInnen war unter den gegebenen dynamischen Rahmenbedingungen allerdings auch eine Herausforderung. So war eine vorausschauende Bedarfsplanung aufgrund externer Faktoren, wie der Öffnung bzw. Schließung von Grenzen oder der Bereitstellung von Unterkünften und Transportmöglichkeiten kaum möglich. Insgesamt betrachtet haben es die NPOs geschafft, sehr flexibel auf Anforderungen zu reagieren. 2 Die Mobilisierung und Gewinnung von HelferInnen hat über alle Organisationen hinweg größtenteils gut, schnell und unbürokratisch funktioniert, u.a. mittels intensiver und effektiver Nutzung von Social-Media. So konnten die Leistungen der Freiwilligen trotz eines Rückgangs der Engagementbereitschaft im Laufe des Winters aufrecht erhalten bleiben. Aufgrund des hohen und schwer planbaren Bedarfs wurden breite, unspezifische Maßnahmen zur Gewinnung von Freiwilligen gesetzt. Dadurch konnten ausreichend HelferInnen mobilisiert werden, vielfach kam es aber auch zu einem temporären Überangebot an Freiwilligen. In der akuten Phase gab es oft nur eingeschränkte Möglichkeiten zur Selektion von Freiwilligen, es waren kaum Auswahlverfahren möglich und auch die Möglichkeiten zur Orientierung und Einschulung der HelferInnen waren begrenzt und es kam mitunter zu einem Mis-match zwischen Tätigkeiten und Ansprüchen der HelferInnen. Zu Beginn der Akutphase im September fehlten oft klare Kompetenzaufteilungen zwischen Haupt- und Ehrenamtlichen. Andererseits entstanden daraus große Spielräume für die Freiwilligen, die sich vielfach selbst organisierten, Strukturen aufbauten und sich in einem Mix aus Erfahrenem und Neuem selbst einschulten, koordinierten und in ihrer Arbeit ergänzten. Häufig waren diese Spielräume auch der Ausgangspunkt für die Gründung neuer Initiativen. Die Übertragung von Verantwortung an die Freiwilligen hat v.a. dann gut funktioniert, wenn Organisationen klare Ziele und Ansprechpersonen definierten. Weiters wichtig waren Information, Feedback-Kanäle und die Einbindung der Freiwilligen in die Gestaltung der Tätigkeit. War dies nicht gegeben, kam es zu Überforderung, Frustrationen oder auch Konflikten mit bestehenden oder neu eingeführten Ablauf- und Entscheidungsstrukturen. Eine weitere Herausforderung stellte die hohe Fluktuation sowohl unter Freiwilligen als auch z.T. unter den hauptamtlichen KoordinatorInnen dar. Diese erschwerte die Etablierung von strukturierten Kommunikationskanälen und die Informationsweitergabe und führte zu Ineffizienzen in der Ablauforganisation und Ärger bei manchen Freiwilligen. Dies betraf eher etablierte NPOs. Basisinitiativen, die ihre Strukturen um aktuelle Ziele formten, konnten teilweise sehr rasch funktionale Kommunikationskanäle aufbauen. Sowohl Freiwillige als auch Hauptamtliche waren oft mit enormen Belastungen konfrontiert. Maßnahmen gegen Überlastung und Supervisionsangebote und sonstige Formen der Unterstützung waren daher für alle MitarbeiterInnen wichtig. Sie wurden sehr geschätzt, und hätten früher und stärker angeboten werden können. Neben der Tätigkeit selbst trugen auch Anerkennung in (sozialen) Medien der Organisationen und in den Teams zur Motivation bei. Es gab große Unterschiede in der Struktur und Kultur der beteiligten Organisationen. Hier ist ein Kontinuum beobachtbar, entlang der Differenz Hierarchie/Struktur versus Flexibilität/Offenheit. Die eher hierarchisch organisierten Einsatzorganisationen konnten schnelle Entscheidungen treffen, rasch mit ähnlichen Organisationen kooperieren und sie konnten auf die für Katastrophenfälle vorbereiteten Strukturen zurückgreifen. Selbst etablierte Hilfsorganisationen mussten diese erst durch learning by doing aufbauen. Neu gegründete Basisinitiativen wiederum hatten den Vorteil von Flexibilität und Offenheit für spontane Entscheidungen. Für manche Freiwilligen waren diese Strukturen motivierend, andere fühlten sich in klareren Strukturen wohler. In fast allen Organisationen wurde aber von strukturellen Änderungen berichtet, so waren Einsatzorganisationen mit der Notwendigkeit flexiblerer Bereiche konfrontiert, Basisinitiativen machten häufig eine vergleichsweise rasche Entwicklung zu stärkeren Strukturen durch. Die Organisationen haben generell Herausforderungen des sehr raschen Größenwachstums und der Notwendigkeit organisationaler Flexibilität überraschend gut bewältigt. Es wurde Mehrarbeit bewältigt, rasch neues Personal eingestellt und eingesetzt, Regeln bewusst zeitweise außer Kraft gesetzt, aber gleichzeitig notwendige Strukturen bewahrt. Fast alle Organisationen berichten von deutlichen Lernschritten. 3 Kooperationen innerhalb der Zivilgesellschaft funktionierten grundsätzlich gut, in der Regel umso besser, je ähnlicher die PartnerInnen einander waren. Die Kooperationen zwischen strukturell unterschiedlichen AkteurInnen war zum Teil schwieriger, hier gab es unterschiedliche Standards in Bezug auf Verlässlichkeit, Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit, Spielraum für Einzelpersonen etc. Zur Kooperation mit der öffentlichen Hand gab es unterschiedliche Aussagen, z.T. wurde diese als erfolgreich beschrieben, z.T. aber auch kritisiert, v.a. die Nicht-Wahrnehmung von Aufgaben seitens der öffentlichen Hand betreffend. Die Einrichtung der Stelle eines Flüchtlingskoordinators durch die Stadt Wien wurde sehr positiv wahrgenommen, sie unterstützte die Bündelung des Hilfsangebots, v.a. durch die zentrale Informationsstelle. Wenngleich die Arbeit von vielen als sehr befriedigend wahrgenommen wurde, so war sie auch extrem belastend. Zum einen waren viele Hauptamtliche wie Freiwillige zu lange im „Notfallmodus“, sie arbeiteten am Limit. Es gab Freiwillige, die für den Einsatz ihren Job gekündigt oder ihr Studium aufgegeben hatten, Engagement im Ausmaß von 15h oder mehr pro Tag war keine Seltenheit. Auch seelische Belastungen wurden von fast allen wahrgenommen, deutlich mehr allerdings von Personen, die für diese Art von Tätigkeit nicht ausgebildet waren. Die befragten syrischen Flüchtlinge schätzen die vergleichsweise gute Behandlung in Österreich, die Leistungen der Zivilgesellschaft und die soziale Absicherung – sofern sie bereits in deren Genuss kommen. Gleichzeitig berichten alle von erheblichen Problemen, v.a. in Bezug auf lange und ungewisse Verfahren, die Situation und Versorgungslage in Notquartieren, Deutschkurse, Schwierigkeiten bei der Wohnungs- und Arbeitssuche nach Erhalt des Asylbescheides. Manche sind auch enttäuscht, da sie höhere Erwartungen an Österreich hatten, nicht zuletzt aufgrund falscher Versprechungen durch SchlepperInnen. Generell war das Anwachsen zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements positiv für das Image der Zivilgesellschaft und der NPOs, für das Selbstbild und die persönliche Weiterentwicklung vieler Beteiligter, für Kontakte zwischen Einheimischen und Asylsuchenden und natürlich auch für die Aufrechterhaltung der Versorgung. Gesellschaftspolitisch ist es dennoch kritisch zu beurteilen, dass quantitative und qualitative Standards dem Wollen und Können privater AkteurInnen überlassen wurden. Verantwortungsbewusste Menschen haben somit auf eigene (zeitliche und materielle) Kosten die Lücke geschlossen, die der Staat gelassen hatte. Eine professionelle und mit Ressourcen abgesicherte Grundversorgung durch die öffentliche Hand und NPOs könnte Sicherheit stiften. Der Zivilgesellschaft bliebe Spielraum für Aufgaben der Integration, u.a. der Schaffung eines engmaschigen Netzes von direkten Kontakten zwischen den Zugewanderten und der lokalen Bevölkerung. Hier kann auch eine wichtige Rolle für größere NPOs liegen, nämlich die Unterstützung lokaler, basisorientierter Initiativen, die Integrationsarbeit leisten. „Im Moment (Anm. November 2015) habe ich das Gefühl, ganz Österreich ist Zivilgesellschaft. Der Staat hat sich ganz zurückgezogen, überzeichnet gesagt“ (I 17).
Year 2016
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33 Report

Immigration and the Worker Citizen

Authors Bridget Anderson
Book Title Citizenship and its Others
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35 Book Chapter

Counting the costs: Denmark's changing migration policies

Authors Eva Ostergaard-Nielsen
Year 2003
Journal Name International Journal of Urban and Regional Research
Citations (WoS) 18
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36 Journal Article

Social Welfare Transfers and Poverty Transitions in Hong Kong: Evidence from Two-Wave Panel Data

Authors Paul S. F. Yip, Chenhong Peng, Ho Kit Wong, ...
Year 2020
Journal Name SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH
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37 Journal Article

Deservingness in the Danish context: Welfare chauvinism in times of crisis

Authors Martin Bak Jørgensen, Martin Bak Jorgensen, Trine Lund Thomsen
Year 2016
Journal Name Critical Social Policy
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38 Journal Article

Reversing welfare reform? Immigrant restoration efforts and food stamp receipt among Mexican immigrant families

Authors Stephanie Potochnick
Year 2016
Journal Name Social Science Research
Citations (WoS) 1
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39 Journal Article

Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference: Immigrant Integration, Multiculturalism and the Welfare State in Cross-National Perspective

Principal investigator Ruud Koopmans (Principal Investigator)
Description
"Theoretical background and objectives This project explores how policies regarding immigrant rights and welfare state regimes have affected the socio-economic integration of immigrants. Most of the literature on immigrant integration assumes that the granting of easy access of immigrants to citizenship rights and government recognition and support for cultural diversity promote the socio-economic integration of immigrants. At the same time, existing work (e.g., Borjas, van Tubergen) has shown that immigrants with low human capital resources tend to migrate preferably to countries with equal income distributions and extensive social security protection. This raises the question whether immigrant integration policies that grant easy access to citizenship rights, and thus also full access to welfare state rights, might have the unintended consequence that they produce a high rate of dependence of immigrants on welfare state arrangements and attendant socio-economic marginalisation in other domains. If integration policies in addition do not demand cultural assimilation (e.g., in the domain of language) the risk of lower-skilled immigrants to become dependent on welfare benefits may further increase. This hypothesis of an interaction effect between integration policies and welfare state regimes is confronted with cross-national data on labour market participation, residential segregation, and imprisonment of immigrants. Where possible, these comparisons are controlled for cross-national differences in the composition of immigrant populations by drawing on comparative data for particular ethnic groups. The analysis includes eight West European countries that have turned into immigration countries at roughly the same time in the 1960s and early 1970s, where institutions have therefore had several decades to affect integration outcomes. They vary both strongly regarding integration policies (including the highest, Sweden, and the second lowest scoring country, Austria, in the 2007 Migrant Integration Policy Index) and regarding welfare state regimes (with Sweden and the United Kingdom at the extremes). Research design, data and methodology The study relies on various indicators of immigrant rights, prevalent typologies and indicators of welfare state regimes, and data from the European Labour Force Survey, International Prison Statistics, as well as results from a large number of previous studies on immigrants' labour market participation, residential segregation and imprisonment. To control for composition effects, the labour market data refer to immigrants from non-EU countries, and for specific country contrasts specific ethnic groups (Turks and ex-Yugoslavs). Residential segregation data refer to a few dozen European cities, partly referring to specific ethnic groups (e.g., Turks, Maghrebians, Caribbeans, Pakistani) and partly to more general categories (Muslims, foreigners, immigrants). Findings Across the three domains of socio-economic integration a consistent cross-national patterns is found (with the exception of residential segregation in the United Kingdom) in which the gap or the degree of segregation between immigrants and the native population is largest in the countries that combine easy access to citizenship rights and a large degree of accommodation of cultural differences with a relatively encompassing and generous welfare state (Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium). Both the United Kingdom, which combines inclusive integration policies with low welfare state provision levels, and the three Germanophone countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland), which combine restrictive policies with – at least in the German and Austrian cases – moderately strong welfare states, show relatively small gaps between immigrants and natives. These findings are confirmed for contrast comparisons for specific ethnic groups. For instance, compared to the native population, Turks in the Netherlands have much lower rates of labour market participation than German Turks, and similarly ex-Yugoslavs in Austria perform much better than those in Sweden. Because the results are mostly based on aggregate data – although some of the studies that are used do control for individual-level variables – they need to be further tested by taking individual and local context data more systematically into account. This will be one of the aims of the analyses in the context of project 6.3 further below."
Year 2009
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40 Project

Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Turkish Citizens Abroad

Authors Seda Aydin, Eva Østergaard-Nielsen
Year 2020
Book Title Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 3)
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41 Book Chapter

Welfare-Based Income Among Immigrants in the Netherlands: Differences in Social and Human Capital

Authors Jeanette A. J. Renema, Marcel Lubbers
Year 2019
Journal Name JOURNAL OF IMMIGRANT & REFUGEE STUDIES
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42 Journal Article

Beyond welfare reform: Reframing undocumented immigrants' entitlement to health care in the United States, a critical review

Authors Anahi Viladrich
Year 2012
Journal Name Social Science & Medicine
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43 Journal Article

The Power of Citizenship: How Inclusion Affects Attitudes on Social Benefits Among Naturalized Citizens and Foreign Residents

Authors Melanie Kolbe, Markucs Crepaz
Year 2016
Journal Name Comparative Politics
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44 Journal Article

The Welfare State as Safety Net in Migration Preferences: Empirical Evidence from an Experiment Among Dutch Master Students

Authors Petra W. de Jong, Kim Caarls, Helga A. G. de Valk
Year 2021
Journal Name Population Research and Policy Review
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45 Journal Article

What is the Border For?

Authors Michael Blake
Year 2020
Journal Name JOURNAL OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY
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46 Journal Article

The welfare use of immigrants and natives in Germany: the case of Turkish immigrants

Authors RT Riphahn, Monika Sander, Christoph Wunder
Year 2013
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER
Citations (WoS) 10
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47 Journal Article

Constructions of migrant rights in Canada: is subnational citizenship possible?

Authors Rupaleem Bhuyan, Tracy Smith-Carrier
Year 2012
Journal Name Citizenship Studies
Citations (WoS) 13
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48 Journal Article

National Immigration and Integration Policies in Europe Since 1973

Authors María Bruquetas-Callejo, Jeroen Doomernik
Book Title Integration Processes and Policies in Europe
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49 Book Chapter

Policing Norwegian Welfare: Disciplining and Differentiating within the Bottom Rungs

Authors Erika K. Gubrium, Ariana Fernandes Guilherme
Year 2014
Journal Name Social Inclusion
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50 Journal Article

The impact of acquiring unrestricted work authorization on Romanian and Bulgarian migrants in the United Kingdom

Authors Martin RUHS, Jonathan WADSWORTH
Year 2018
Journal Name [Migration Policy Centre]
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51 Journal Article

Investigating Social Welfare Change in Urban Village Transformation: A Rural Migrant Perspective

Authors Haijun Bao, Yi Peng, Yan Fang, ...
Year 2018
Journal Name Social Indicators Research
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52 Journal Article

Global social protection : setting the agenda

Authors Peggy LEVITT, Charlotte LLOYD, Armin MUELLER, ...
Year 2015
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53 Working Paper

Social protection of non-removable rejected asylum-seekers in the EU

Authors Paul Schoukens, Siemen Buttiens
Year 2017
Journal Name European Journal of Social Security
Citations (WoS) 3
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54 Journal Article

Providing social protection to mobile populations: symbiotic relationships between migrants and welfare institutions

Authors Ester Serra Mingot, Ester Serra Mingot, Valentina Mazzucato
Year 2018
Journal Name Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
Citations (WoS) 1
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55 Journal Article

Estonian Migrants’ Aspiration for Social Citizenship in Finland: Embracing the Finnish Welfare State and Distancing from the ‘Non-Deserving’

Authors Rolle Alho, Rolle Alho, Markku Sippola, ...
Year 2019
Journal Name Journal of International Migration and Integration
Citations (WoS) 1
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56 Journal Article

Deterrence Index

Description
The Deterrence Index addresses the extent to which policies are a deterrence for asylum seekers. The Index seeks to quantify cumulatively the resulting mix of countries’ changing asylum rules. Five key deterrence measures have been considered from three areas: Three sets of instruments are included: (1) access control policy, which refers to the rules and procedures governing the admission of foreign nationals and its instruments include visa policy, regulations for carriers, safe third country provisions, etc. In this area, the deterrence measure refers to the introduction of so-called ‘safe third country’ provisions, which mean that persons seeking asylum in country A will be refused entry into that country, if on their way to country A, they have travelled through state B, a country which country A regards as a ‘safe country’ and in which the asylum seeker could have applied for asylum. (2) asylum determination procedures. Rules concerning determination procedures relate to entry into a country's refugee recognition system, appeal rights, and rules concerning protection that is subsidiary to the rather narrowly defined Geneva Convention criteria for full refugee status. In this area, the deterrence measure refers to rules concerning the granting of subsidiary protection status which allow asylum seekers to remain in a country of destination even though their application for full refugee status under the Geneva Convention is refused. (3) migrant integration policy. policy is concerned with rights and benefits given to asylum seekers inside a country of destination. Here measures are: freedom of movement vs. a compulsory dispersal policy; cash welfare payments vs. a system of vouchers; and third, the right to work under certain conditions vs. a general prohibition to take up employment as an asylum seeker. Policy-makers can introduce changes in the regulations in these three areas in an attempt to raise the deterrence effect of their policy, which in turn is expected to make their country less attractive to asylum seekers in relative terms. The dataset includes scores for 17 OECD countries for 1985 and 2000. To calculate the index, the researcher analysed two sets of annual yearbooks, the OECD’s ‘Trends in International Migration’ (SOPEMI) and the US Committee for Refugees’ ‘World Refugee Survey’ for the years 1985–2000. For each of the five measures, Thielemann creates a dummy variable (value 1 value whether a measure was in operation in a country). The aggregation is additive, with no weighting applied.
Year 1999
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57 Data Set

Migrationsnetzwerke und Risikodiversifizierung: Wie sich Schocks in den USA auf die Arbeitssuche in Mexiko auswirken

Principal investigator Esther Gehrke (Principal Investigator)
Description
Internationale Migration ist in den letzten fünf Jahrzehnten stark angestiegen. In den Zielländern scheint dies weitgehend zu Produktivitätssteigerungen geführt zu haben. Gleichzeitig ist noch relativ wenig über die Entwicklungseffekte internationaler Migrationsnetzwerke auf die Herkunftsländer bekannt.Im Rahmen dieses Projektes sollen die Auswirkungen internationaler Migration auf Haushaltsentscheidungen in Herkunftsländern untersucht werden. Während sich die bisherige Literatur weitgehend auf die Einkommenseffekte von Rücküberweisungen konzentriert, soll in diesem Projekt festgestellt werden, ob der Zugang zu internationalen Migrationsnetzwerken - also Netzwerken zwischen Migranten und ihren zurückgebliebenen Angehörigen - einen ex-ante Versicherungseffekt auf Haushalte in den Herkunftsländern hat. Es gibt klare Evidenz dafür, dass Unsicherheit die Entscheidungen von Haushalten und Individuen beeinflusst. Wenn also Migrationsnetzwerke der Risikodiversifizierung dienen, so sollten sie auch solche Entscheidungen beeinflussen, die risikobehaftet sind. So ist beispielsweise bekannt, dass Arbeitssuchende, die einem hohen Maß an Risiko ausgesetzt sind, eher niedrig entlohnte Jobs annehmen als sich der zeitaufwändigen und ungewissen Arbeitssuche nach besser passenden Jobs zu widmen. Findet Risikoabsicherung über Migrationsnetzwerke statt, dann kann dies dazu führen, dass mehr Arbeitssuchende auf den für sie passenden Arbeitsplätzen landen. Damit würden Migrationsnetzwerke in den Herkunftsländern zu Wohlfahrtsverbesserungen führen, die über die direkten Effekte von Rücküberweisungen hinausgehen.Aufgrund der Endogenität von Migration, werden in diesem Projekt die Auswirkungen von Schocks in Migrationsnetzwerken zwischen Mexiko und den USA untersucht. Es werden dabei insbesondere solche Schocks in Betracht gezogen, die die Wirksamkeit dieser Netzwerke im Hinblick auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit, im Falle eines zukünftigen Schocks Einkommensunterstützung zu erhalten, beeinflussen. Beispiele für solche Schocks sind regionale Änderungen in Einwanderungsgesetzen, Abschiebungspraktiken oder wirtschaftliche Rezessionen. In einem ersten Schritt sollen neue Datenquellen (wie Daten sozialer Medien) ausgewertet werden, um Migrationsnetzwerke zwischen den USA und Mexiko auf subnationaler Ebene zu lokalisieren. Anhand hochfrequenter Arbeitsmarktdaten wird dann analysiert, wie sich Schocks in diesen Netzwerken auf die Arbeitssuche von Haushalten, ihre Berufswahl und letztlich die Arbeitsplatzqualität in Mexiko auswirken. In einem Doppelten-Differenz-Ansatz werden dazu räumliche Unterschiede in der typischen Zielregion von Migranten aus Mexiko innerhalb der USA mit zeitlicher Varianz im Auftreten von Schocks in diesen Regionen kombiniert.Die Ergebnisse dieses Projekts leisten einen Beitrag zu der aktuellen Debatte über die Kosten und Nutzen internationaler Migration, und geben Rückschlüsse auf die zugrunde liegenden Beweggründe für Migrationsentscheidungen.
Year 2018
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58 Project

Welfare reform and the intra-regional migration of beneficiaries in New Zealand

Authors Philip S. Morrison, PS Morrison, C Waldegrave, ...
Year 2002
Journal Name Geoforum
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59 Journal Article

EU Citizens, Residence Rights and Solidarity in the Post-Dano/Alimanovic Era in Germany

Authors Stamatia Devetzi
Year 2019
Journal Name European Journal of Migration and Law
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60 Journal Article

Ineligible parents, eligible children: Food Stamps receipt, allotments, and food insecurity among children of immigrants

Authors Jennifer Van Hook, KS Balistreri, Kelly Stamper Balistreri
Year 2006
Journal Name Social Science Research
Citations (WoS) 58
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61 Journal Article

Sidestepping the State: Practices of Social Service Commodification among Nicaraguans in Costa Rica and Nicaragua

Authors Caitlin E. Fouratt, Koen Voorend
Year 2018
Journal Name Journal of Latin American Studies
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62 Journal Article

Governance, Forced Migration and Welfare

Authors Peter Dwyer, P Dwyer
Year 2005
Journal Name Social Policy & Administration
Citations (WoS) 17
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63 Journal Article

Citizenship, immigration, and the European social project: rights and obligations of individuality

Authors Yasemin Nuhoglu Soysal
Year 2012
Journal Name The British Journal of Sociology
Citations (WoS) 54
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64 Journal Article

Surviving through the kindness of strangers: can there be "wellbeing" among undocumented refugee children?

Authors Asa Wahlstrom Smith
Year 2020
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUALITATIVE STUDIES ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
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65 Journal Article

Immigrant welfare receipt across Europe

Authors A Barrett, B Maitre
Year 2013
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER
Citations (WoS) 17
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66 Journal Article

Moving for a 'better welfare'? The case of transnational Sudanese families

Authors Ester Serra Mingot, Valentina Mazzucato
Year 2019
Journal Name Global Networks
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67 Journal Article

Globalization, Migration and Development

Authors John Samuel, Susan George
Year 2002
Journal Name Canadian Studies in Population
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68 Journal Article

Migration for welfare: nurses within three regimes of immigration and integration into the Norwegian welfare state

Principal investigator Marie Louise Seeberg (Principal Investigator), Marta Bivand Erdal (), Jørgen Carling (), Aslaug Gotehus (), Elzbieta Gozdziak (), Izabella Main (), Marek Pawlak (), Hans Christian Sandlie (), Taylor Vaughn ()
Description
WELLMIG innovatively brings together the perspectives that migrants not only depend on, but also make significant contributions to the welfare state. On the one hand, nurses - male and female - with education from their countries of origin contribute directly to the institutions of a Norwegian welfare state in need of hands to take care of an aging population. On the other hand, they also gain rights of access to benefits and welfare provisions. The combination of these two aspects brings to centre stage some of the dilemmas that arise when the welfare state encounters the globalisation of labour. We propose to study the different pathways of Polish, Swedish and Filipino nurses into the Norwegian labour market and society, examining the impact of mobility regimes on migrants' lives. Comparing Scandinavian, EU, and non-EU migrants, we will explore how and when migration, gender, race and ethnicity matter, and bring together regimes of immigration and integration in a mutually informative way. The comparison offers the opportunity to examine the impact of these regimes on migrants' integration into work and society in Norway. The project also expands the concept of work-life balance across the life course and takes into account transnational lives. We plan for consistency and comparison across different fieldwork sites. Our methodology comprises mixed methods and multi-sited fieldwork, including fieldwork in sending states. While the issue of nurse migration is highly policy relevant, it raises theoretical questions of central concern to the social sciences, regarding the mutual relations between individuals and structures, between the transnational and the national, and between dimensions of power, identity, equality and difference. Applying an intersectional perspective on gender, migrancy and class, we will study how immigration and integration policies are shaped and interplay, and how they affect migrants' choices and experiences.
Year 2016
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69 Project

Lessons from the South-North Migration of EU Citizens in Times of Crisis

Authors Mikolaj Stanek, Jean-Michel Lafleur
Book Title South-North Migration of EU Citizens in Times of Crisis
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71 Book Chapter

International Migration, Immigration Policy and Welfare Spending

Authors N Gaston
Year 2015
Journal Name International Migration
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72 Journal Article

Controlling Immigrant Integration in the Euro-Mediterranean Region: A Compelling Turnaround in Times of Economic Crisis

Authors Encarnacion La Spina
Year 2017
Journal Name REVISTA CRITICA DE CIENCIAS SOCIAIS
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73 Journal Article

Far from a Burden: EU Migrants as Pioneers of a European Social Protection System from Below

Authors Marie Godin
Year 2020
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
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74 Journal Article

Immigrants’ Attitudes towards Welfare Redistribution. An Exploration of Role of Government Preferences among Immigrants and Natives across 18 European Welfare States

Authors Tim Reeskens, Wim van Oorschot
Year 2015
Journal Name European Sociological Review
Citations (WoS) 15
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75 Journal Article

State dependence in welfare receipt: transitions before and after a reform

Authors RT Riphahn, Christoph Wunder
Year 2016
Journal Name EMPIRICAL ECONOMICS
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76 Journal Article

Effects of welfare reform policies on Mexican immigrants’ infant mortality rates

Authors Rosa M. Cho
Year 2011
Journal Name Social Science Research
Citations (WoS) 8
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77 Journal Article

The long-term impact of employment bans on the economic integration of refugees

Authors
Year 2018
Journal Name SCIENCE ADVANCES
Citations (WoS) 3
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78 Journal Article

Welfare participation by immigrants in the UK

Authors S Drinkwater, C Robinson
Year 2013
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER
Citations (WoS) 8
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79 Journal Article

Welfare reform and immigrant fertility

Authors C Amuedo-Dorantes, Susan L. Averett, Cynthia A. Bansak, ...
Year 2016
Journal Name Journal of Population Economics
Citations (WoS) 2
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80 Journal Article

Introduction: The Dynamics of Social Integration and Social Exclusion at the Neighbourhood Level

Authors Marco Martiniello, Sophie Body-Gendrot
Book Title Minorities in European Cities
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81 Book Chapter

Asylum Policy Index

Description
The Asylum Policy Index addressed the change in the nature (restrictiveness) of policies for asylum seekers in 19 OECD countries. It focuses on the changes in asylum and related policies in these countries between 1999 and 2006. The index is based almost entirely on legislation rather than on general impressions about the toughness of asylum policy. Taking 1997 as a baseline, the score decreases by -1 if the policy adopted is open to asylum seekers, or increases by 1 if the policy is restrictive. It is important to stress that this is a crude measure of policy change that does not reflect differences across countries in the finer details of policy change or in its enforcement. Nor is it an absolute measure of toughness but merely the difference in policy stance as compared with the beginning of 1997. The 15 components of policy are divided into three groups, each consisting of five components. Those representing the ability of asylum seekers to gain access to the country’s territory are labelled access; those representing the toughness of the country’s refugee status determination procedure are labelled processing; and those relating to the welfare of asylum seekers during and after processing are labelled welfare. The asylum policy index discussed in the text was constructed from annual country reports on policy developments given in three sources. These are: the OECD’s annual publication International Migration Outlook (Paris: OECD) (formerly Trends in International Migration), the country reports of the European Council on Refugees and Exiles (2006), and the country reports of the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants.
Year 2006
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82 Data Set

Immigrant Responses to Social Insurance Generosity

Authors B Bratsberg, O Raaum, K Roed
Year 2020
Journal Name LABOUR ECONOMICS
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83 Journal Article

Differences in welfare take-up between immigrants and natives - a microsimulation study

Authors Kerstin Bruckmeier, Juergen Wiemers
Year 2017
Journal Name INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANPOWER
Citations (WoS) 1
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85 Journal Article

Transnational Social Protection: Migrants' Strategies and Patterns of Inequalities

Authors T Faist, Basak Bilecen, Karolina Barglowski, ...
Year 2015
Journal Name Population, Space and Place
Citations (WoS) 22
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86 Journal Article

Welfare Chauvinism, Economic Insecurity and the Asylum Seeker “Crisis”

Authors Boris Heizmann, Alexander Jedinger, Anja Perry
Year 2018
Journal Name Societies
Citations (WoS) 1
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87 Journal Article

The Role of the Welfare State in the Integration of Immigrants: Comparative Analysis of Latino Communities in Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States

Description
The purpose of this project is to determine the role of the Welfare State in the integration of immigrants. The project seeks to understand (1) how immigrants obtain information about, and access to, local and national social assistance programs, (2) how their experiences vary across Welfare States and (3) how these experiences shapes their identity formation, which, in turn, can either help or hinder their integration into the host society. This research is based on an original approach based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with Latino immigrants in three countries. This project focuses on Latino immigrants because they are a large immigrant group in each of the sites, enabling a comparison of Welfare States. This research offers an innovative perspective on the relations between social services (and social service providers) and recipients of these services. Contrary to most studies in healthcare policy, which focus on the experiences of social workers while minimizing those of immigrants, this project focuses on the experiences of immigrants. The uniqueness of this research also lies in the fact that it comparatively examines the experiences with policies put in place by countries offering different social benefits and categorized as different types of Welfare States. It addresses larger sociological, political and legal issues related to identity formation, immigrant integration and the role of public policies in shaping these processes. The project’s ambition is to create models of integration through social services, which would apply to broader contexts and therefore allow for the applicability of the findings in different contexts. The transferability of the results will offer a stepping stone to improve our understanding of the complexities of immigrant integration into the host society across different countries, thereby advancing knowledge and informing policy on Migration Studies at the European and International levels.
Year 2019
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88 Project

‘Feed them First, Then Ask Virtue of Them’: Broadening and Deepening Freedom of Movement

Authors Andrea Sangiovanni
Book Title Debating European citizenship
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89 Book Chapter

Welfare Programme Participation and the Wellbeing of Non-local Rural Migrants in Metropolitan China: A Social Exclusion Perspective

Authors Yeqing Huang, F Guo
Year 2017
Journal Name Social Indicators Research
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90 Journal Article

Deserving Shelter: Conditional Access to Accommodation for Rejected Asylum Seekers in Austria, the Netherlands, and Sweden

Authors Ilker Atac
Year 2019
Journal Name JOURNAL OF IMMIGRANT & REFUGEE STUDIES
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91 Journal Article

Problems Tamil asylum seekers encounter in accessing health and welfare services in Australia

Authors Derrick Silove, Zachary Steel, Patrick D. McGorry, ...
Year 1999
Journal Name Social Science & Medicine
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92 Journal Article

Refused Asylum Seekers as the Hyper-Exploited

Authors Hannah Lewis, Louise Waite, Stuart Hodkinson, ...
Book Title Vulnerability, Exploitation and Migrants
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93 Book Chapter

The Importance of Employment in the Acculturation Process of Well-Educated Iraqis in Finland: A Qualitative Follow-up Study

Authors Anu Yijala, Tiina Luoma
Year 2019
Journal Name REFUGEE SURVEY QUARTERLY
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94 Journal Article

Wages, welfare benefits and migration

Authors J Kennan, James R. Walker
Year 2010
Journal Name JOURNAL OF ECONOMETRICS
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95 Journal Article

Public assistance receipt among immigrants and natives: How the unit of analysis affects research findings

Authors Jennifer Van Hook, Jennifer E. Glick, Frank D. Bean
Year 1999
Journal Name Demography
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96 Journal Article

Does Economic Crisis Always Harm International Migrants? Longitudinal Evidence from Ecuadorians in Barcelona

Authors C. O. N. Moser, Philipp Horn
Year 2015
Journal Name International Migration
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97 Journal Article

Political Protest in Asylum and Deportation. An Introduction

Authors Sieglinde Rosenberger
Book Title Protest Movements in Asylum and Deportation
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98 Book Chapter

Asylum Policies and Protests in Austria

Authors Verena Stern, Nina Merhaut
Book Title Protest Movements in Asylum and Deportation
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99 Book Chapter

Asylum seeking in Australia

Authors CA Stevens
Year 2002
Journal Name International Migration Review
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100 Journal Article
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